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devise a hypothesis that explains the geographical distribution of modern species, that if backed by evidence would support the theory of evolution. Devise a hypothesis that explains the geographical distribution of modern species, that is backed by evidence would refute the theory of evolution. regarding chapter 22 descent with modification campbell 10ed Solution One of the difficulties in knowledge the ecological basis for species range distributions is knowing the general significance of abiotic factors like temperature, precipitation, topography, or earth situations (i.e., bioclimatic or potential niche) vs. biotic interactions among species like predation, opposition or mutualisms (biotic or noticed niche) in deciding wherever species can be found geographically. Moreover, if weather change stands to improve species geographic locations, we however don\'t know if their biotic interdependencies, established by their interactions, will become unravelled called community disassembly or if community can transfer as intact units. Modern analyses of species geographic range distributions concentration on bioclimatic niches, with restricted work to think about biotic interactions. Classically there were two hypotheses for the progress of humans, the multiregional hypothesis - modern Homo sapiens evolved simultaneously for the duration of the old world from archaic Homo sapiens Homo sapiens with exchange of with exchange of genetic data by gene flow and the out-of-Africa hypothesis - modern humans evolved in Africa and transferred out changing previously widely dispersed archaic humans. The newest kind, the modern horse (Equus), is a lot larger in size, is one-toed, and has teeth appropriate for grazing. The transitional forms are well preserved as fossils, as are a great many other types of extinct horses that evolved in different directions and remaining no living descendants..

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92 S C I E N T I F I C A M E R I C A N R e p r i n t e d f r o m t h e O c t o b e r 1 9 9 4 i s s u e ome creators announce their inventions with grand éclat. God proclaimed, “Fiat lux,” and then flooded his new universe with brightness. Others bring forth great discoveries in a modest guise, as did Charles Darwin in defining his new mechanism of evolutionary causality in 1859: “I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natur- al Selection.” Natural selection is an immensely powerful yet beautifully simple theory that has held up remarkably well, under intense and unrelenting scrutiny and testing, for 135 years. In essence, natural selection locates the mechanism of evolutionary change in a “struggle” among organisms for reproductive success, leading to improved fit of populations to changing environments. (Struggle is often a metaphorical description and need not be viewed as overt combat, guns blazing. Tactics for reproductive success include a variety of nonmartial activities such as earlier and more frequent mating or better cooperation with partners in raising offspring.) Natural selection is therefore a principle of local adaptation, not of general advance or progress. Yet powerful though the principle may be, natural selection is not the only cause of evolutionary change (and may, in many cases, be overshadowed by other forces). This point needs emphasis because the standard misapplication of evolutionary theory assumes that biological explanation may be equated with devising accounts, often speculative and conjectural in practice, about the adaptive value of any given feature in its original environment (human aggression as good for hunting, music and religion as good for tribal cohesion, for example). Darwin him- self strongly emphasized the multifactorial nature of evolutionary change and warned against too exclusive a reliance on natural selection, by placing the following statement in a max- imally conspicuous place at the very end of his introduction: “I am convinced that Natural Selection has been the most important, but not the exclusive, means of modification.” Reality versus Conceit N A T U R A L S E L E C T I O N is not fully sufficient to explain evolutionary change for two major reasons. First, many other causes are powerful, particularly at levels of biological organization both above and below the traditional Darwinian focus on organisms and their struggles for reproductive success. At the low- est level of substitution in individual base pairs of DNA, change is often effectively neutral and therefore random. At higher levels, involving entire species or faunas, punctuated equilibrium can produce evolutionary trends by selection of species based on their rates of origin and extirpation, whereas mass extinc- tions wipe out substantial parts of biotas for reasons unrelat- ed to adaptive struggles of constituent species in “normal” t.

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Natural Selection - Crash Course Biology.htmlI hope you like this video. I think it does a good job of summarizing natural selection. The Evolution of Life on the Earth Author(s): Stephen Jay Gould Source: Scientific American, Vol. 271, No. 4, SPECIAL ISSUE: LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE (OCTOBER 1994), pp. 84-91 Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24942873 Accessed: 21-08-2018 00:39 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected] Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Scientific American This content downloaded from 168.16.190.143 on Tue, 21 Aug 2018 00:39:21 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Copyright 1994 Scientific American, Inc. This content downloaded from 168.16.190.143 on Tue, 21 Aug 2018 00:39:21 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN October 1994 85 S ome creators announce their inventions with grand �clat. God proclaimed, ÒFiat lux,Ó and then ßooded his new universe with brightness. Others bring forth great discoveries in a modest guise, as did Charles Darwin in deÞning his new mechanism of evolutionary causality in 1859: ÒI have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection.Ó Natural selection is an immensely powerful yet beautifully simple theory that has held up remarkably well, under intense and unrelenting scrutiny and testing, for 135 years. In essence, natural selection locates the mechanism of evolutionary change in a ÒstruggleÓ among organisms for reproductive success, leading to improved Þt of populations to changing environments. (Strug- gle is often a metaphorical description and need not be viewed as overt combat, guns blazing. Tactics for reproductive success include a variety of nonmartial activities such as earlier and more frequent mating or better cooperation with partners in raising oÝspring.) Natural selection is therefore a principle of local adaptation, not of general advance or progress. Yet powerful though the principle may be, natural selection is not the only cause of evolutionary change (and may, in many cases, be overshadowed by other forces). This point needs emphasis because the standard misapplication of evolutionary theory assumes that biological explanation may be equated with devising accounts, often speculative and conjectural in practice, about the ad ...

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What scientific mechanism for evolution did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace propose in 1858? Describe how this concept works. What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? Solution 1. Charles Darwin during 1858 had proposed the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, where he has said that organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring. Alfred Wallace who is also called the Father of Biogeography, studied the geographical distribution of animal species and said the evolution is caused due to environmental pressures on varieties of species it forces different species to adapt themselves to the local conditions, leading to different populations in different locations. Both groups of scientists have said that natural selection is the single most and important factor in evolutionary changes seen in species. Scientifically, This concept works due to different phenomenon such as: a)Mutation- It is the Sudden change in the genetic makeup of an organism.And it is the driving force of evolution, which influences the population’s gene pool.The change in the genetic makeup of organism which favors the life of species makes it the fittest to survive! b)Genetic Drift-It can occur when a small group of individuals leaves a population and establishes a new one in a geographically isolated region.It occurs in a large population and helps the population to survive. c)Natural selection-This happens when populations of organisms are subjected to the environment. The fittest creatures are more likely to survive and pass their genes to their offspring, producing a population that is better adapted to the environment. 2.MicroEvolution-Microevolution is defined as changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next.These small changes in species occur by recombining existing genetic material within the group of same species. Micro Evolution is caused due to Mutation, Migration or Gene Flow, Genetic Drift and Selection (natural and artificial). Macro Evolution: It refers to major evolutionary changes over time, the origin of new types of organisms from previously existing, but different, ancestral types.It is an evolution on a larger scale where we find the descent of many species from one common ancestor over billions of years.It is very difficult to see the Macro Evolution happening because it takes a longer time to happen. But Instead, we can reconstruct the history of life using all available evidence like geology, fossils, and living organisms..

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Describe a diode array detector and CCD camera. Differentiate betwee.pdf

amrishinda

Connect a motor, two push buttons and two LEDS to the Arduino as shown below. The fan should operate as listed. Begin with int buttonPin1 = 2; int buttonPin2 = 4; int ledPinGreen = 11; int ledPinRed = 6; int motorPin = 9; Please program in Arduino as the following: 1. Fan is started or stopped by pressing push button 1 When starting the fan, ramp up using 110ms delay from 0 to 4 volts (levels 0 to 200), fan remains running at 4 volts. When stopping the fan, slow down using the same values (110ms delay and level 200 to 0). 2. When operator presses the overload switch (button 2), fan starts working at full speed (255) and the overload alarm is lit (red LED). 3. When the overload switch (button 2) is pressed again, fan returns to normal operation at 4 volts (level 200). 4. Pressing the overload button when the fan is not operating has no effect. 5. Anytime the fan is on, on/off indictor is lit, otherwise it is off. Solution const int buttonPin1 = 2; const int buttonPin2 = 4; const int ledPinGreen = 11; const int ledPinRed = 6; const int motorPin = 9 //state varibles boolean B1_state = false; //button 1 state boolean B2_state = false; //button 2 state // function declaration void motorRun_Stop(boolean); void overload(boolean,boolean); void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); // for debugging pinMode(buttonPin1,INPUT); // declaring as input digitalWrite(buttonPin1,HIGH); // activating the pullup resistor pinMode(buttonPin2,INPUT); // declaring as input digitalWrite(buttonPin1,HIGH); // activating the pullup resistor pinMode(ledPinGreen,OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPinRed,OUTPUT); pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT); } void loop() { if(digitalRead(buttonPin1)== 1) { B1_state != B1_state; motorRun_Stop(B1_state); } else if(digitalRead(buttonPin2)== 1) { B2_state != B2_state; overload(); } else { } } void motorRun_Stop(boolean x) { byte wait = 0; if(x == true ) { Serial.println(\"Motor has Overloaded\"); digitalWrite(ledPinGreen,HIGH); for (int i = 0; i<200;i++) { analogWrite(motorPin,i); wait = micros(); while((micros()-wait)>550); } } else if(x == false) { for (int i = 200; i>0;i--) { analogWrite(motorPin,i); wait = micros(); while((micros()-wait)>550); } Serial.println(\"Motor has Stoped\"); digitalWrite(ledPinGreen,LOW); } else { } } void overload(boolean x,boolean y) { byte wait = 0; if(x == true && y == true) { analogWrite(motorPin,255); Serial.println(\"Motor has overloaded\"); digitalWrite(ledPinRed,HIGH); } else if(x == true && y==false) { analogWrite(motorPin,200); Serial.println(\"Motor has stopped Overloading\"); digitalWrite(ledPinRed,LOW); } else { } }.

Connect a motor, two push buttons and two LEDS to the Arduino as sho.pdf

amrishinda

Consider managers (supervisors) that you have worked for in the past. What type of power did they have? Was it effective? Must be a good sized paragraph and site information Solution earlier i worked with 2 different kind of people who were my bosses. the previous one is Naveen, HOD of management studies in the college. he is a consultative manager, he recieves the targets and orders from the top level people and once he recieves the orders he called all of us and ask how to implement and what are the limitations and possibilities. here he have the ultimate power to do it and implement it. and some times he distributes the work along with power to others and they work in their own limitations. when ever he feels that if any activity involves much risk, then he used to call top level people and explain them about the consequences and the decision of them. if they ask to proceed he can move forward otherwilse they rethinks about the task and re-assign it by doing some modifications. the power has been enjoying by him is given by the position (HOD) and he is the answerable person to the higher authorities. he is the whole responsible person to the failures and even for success also. yes, it was effective and it makes sense. ofcourse some times it leads to delay the work and once a while fail also..

Consider managers (supervisors) that you have worked for in the past.pdf

amrishinda

Caterpillar is one of the Americas major exporters. The company sells its construction equipment, mining, equipment and engines to some 200 contries. Discuss the following questions briefly 1.In the 1980s a stronger dollar hurt Caterpillars competitive position, but in 2008 a stronger dollar did not seem to have the same effect. What had changed? 2. How did Caterpillar use strategy as a \"real hudge\" to reduce its exposure to foreign exchange risk? What is the downside of its its approach? 3. Explain the difference between transaction exposure and translation exposure using the material in the Caterpillar case to illustrate your answer. Solution 1.In the 1980s a stronger dollar hurt Caterpillars competitive position, but in 2008 a stronger dollar did not seem to have the same effect. What had changed? Confidence in US Assets: The dollar started to strengthen again in 2008, foreing investment in US assests was strong, Treasury bills was safe haven in economic stom Deal with Unions: in the 80´s : employee layoffs and striks, outsourcing parts of production . Mid 2000s: reached deal with union, increase of productivity. Change in company structure: Centralized to decentralized, own pricing decisions, own product desings, improved quality and efficiency Improvement in product technology & energy efficiency. 2. How did Caterpillar use strategy as a \"real hudge\" to reduce its exposure to foreign exchange risk? What is the downside of its its approach? Caterpillar´s global foot print: \"From Calgary to Cairo and from Sydney to Salt Lake city Caterpillar operates hundreds of offices and facilitites across the world. Caterpillar´s global presence, product breadth and financial strenght enable us wo tin in today´s competitive market place. Forward Exchange: When 2 parties agree to exchange and execute the deal at some specific date in the future. Downside of its approach: Currency´s value is determinated by market force, government intervention as well as demand and supply of currency: Globalisation: More competition within the global market that have adopted globalisation Forward Exchange: Based on future expectation of the foreign exchange market 3. Explain the difference between transaction exposure and translation exposure using the material in the Caterpillar case to illustrate your answer. Transaction Exposure: The extent to which income from invididual transactions is affected by fluctuation in foreign exchange valus 1980´s Us dollar strenfthens Foreign payable to Caterpillar become more expensive Loss of foreign sales = reduced revenues + Limited means of managing transaction exposure = Massive reduction in future cash flows Translation Exposure: The extent to which consolidated financial results of a corporation are affected by movements in exchange rates.

Caterpillar is one of the Americas major exporters. The company sell.pdf

amrishinda

what numbers go with these descriptions. 1. Uses ATP hydrolysis 2.Has highly nonpolar structure 3.Powered by an ion gradient 4.Transports glucose across the membrane 5.Na+/glucose symport 6.Na+/K+ ATPase 7.Movement of water molecules 8.Direction of transport depends on concentration gradient ONLY ONE ANSWER GOES WITH EACH! For each of the following, choose the item from the list that best describes the item being described. There is only 1 best answer for each. Some of the items from the list may be used more than once, some may not be used at all Numbe Item Simple diffusion and facilitated transport Active transport None of the listed processes Simple diffusion 5 Coupled transport Facilitated diffusion and active transport Facilitated diffusion (passive transport) Active transport and coupled transport Solution 6. Na+/K+ ATPase : Active transport 5. Na+/glucose : Active transport and coupled transport 4. Transport glucose across the membrane: Faciliated transport 7. Movement of water molecules: simple diffusion and facilitated transport.

what numbers go with these descriptions.1. Uses ATP hydrolysis2..pdf

amrishinda

What are the three forms of Business Organizations? Answer the following Accounts: (A)Asset (L)Liability (SE)Stockholders\' Equity 1. Cash 2. Common Stock 3. Accounts Payable 4. Rent Expense 5. Sales or Revenue 6. Accounts Receivable What is the first financial statement to be prepared? What are the three Activities of a Business? Financial Accounting provides information for decision makers primarily inside or outside the entity? What are the Rules of Accounting called? Write the Accounting Equation? Can it be written another way? Solution The three forms of business organizations are Sole proprietorship, Partnership, and a Corporation. 1. Cash – (A) 2. Common stock – (SE) 3. Accounts payable – (L) 4. Rent expense – (SE) 5. Sales or Revenue – (SE) 6. Accounts receivable – (A) The first financial statement to be prepared is the Income Statement. The three activities of a business are Operating activities, Investing activities, and Financing activities. Financial Accounting provides information for decision makers primarily outside the entity such as shareholders, creditors, etc. The Rules of Accounting are called the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAP for short. The Accounting Equation is typically written as: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity It can also be written in two more ways as under: Liabilities = Assets – Stockholders’ Equity; or Stockholders’ Equity = Assets - Liabilities.

What are the three forms of Business Organizations Answer the follow.pdf

amrishinda

Anatomy Question: Use your own words. A girl with a defective heart receives a new heart transplanted from another child who was killed in an accident. The patient is given an antilymphocyte serum containing antibodies against her lymphocytes. The transplanted heart is not rejected, but the patient dies of an overwhelming bacterial infection. Why was the antilymphocyte serum given? Why was the patient so vulnerable to infection? Solution Ans: antilymphocyte serum is given or suppress immune response to stop graft rejection as the heart received is not matched with receiver due to different HLA or MHC on the donor and recepient tissues. So that heart I.e allograft can\'t be rejected by host immune system. But here comes a problem I.e host immune system is compromised due to antilymphocyte serum,so no longer host immune system can fight against disease.so host is more prone to diseases and soon dies.

Anatomy Question Use your own words.A girl with a defective heart.pdf

amrishinda

Why parkinsons disease is special among the different neurological.pdf

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Which statement is not true? promoters are transcribed the Pribnow box found in bacteria, consists of TATAAT Enhancers are DNA sequences exons are spliced activators are proteins Solution Promoters are transcribed This statement is false because promoters are regions which binds to transcription factors that initiate transcription upstream. Thus they are the regions that regulate the transcription but itself is not transcribed. Exons are spliced The above sequence is correct because in alternative splicing some exons may be included and some are spliced to generate multiple RNA from single DNA sequence. Hence option A is correct..

Which statement is not true promoters are transcribed the Pribnow .pdf

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When extracting DNA of an fruit how does the environemnt (how hot or.pdf

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Which ANN do you prefer amidst of the variety of ANNs? Justify the reason beyond this. Solution Recurrent neural network are the best type of Artificial neural network among various other varieties of ANN (Feedforward neural network , Radial basis function (RBF) network , Kohonen self-organizing network , Learning vector quantization , Modular neural networks , Physical neural network). Reason: 1) Recurrent neural network allows bi-directional data flow from Input source to Output Destination and vice versa.While on the other hand, other networks like Feedforward neural network propagates data linearly from input to output. 2) Connections are symmetric in Recurrent neural network and also it demonstrate learning of latent variables..

Which ANN do you prefer amidst of the variety of ANNs Justify the r.pdf

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