Germ cells are set aside during animal development and give rise to .pdf
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Germ cells are set aside during animal development and give rise to the gonads during embryogensis. Discuss the implications of this with regards to inheritance of the genetic mutations inherited from a parent vs. mutations acquired during the lifespan of the organism. Solution Inheritance of the genetic mutations inherited from a parent: Genetic mutations inherited from a parent are also called germline mutations because they are present in the parent’s germ cells i.e. their egg or sperm cells. These cells give rise to the gonads during embryogenesis. When embryogenesis takes place the resulting fertilized egg cell receives DNA from both parents. The mutated germ cells thus result in formation of mutated DNA making it an inherited mutation. Mutations acquired during the lifespan of the organism: When mutation takes place during lifespan and in some cells of the body, it results in acquired mutation. These can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or can occur if a mistake in DNA copieng during cell division. Acquired mutations takes place in somatic cells which are other than the germ cells. Such mutations which are not inherited do not take place in germ cells..
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That are the two major types of mutations are chromosomal aber.pdf
That are the two major types of mutations? are chromosomal aberrations gene mutations
different? are the 5 types of chromoso are some types of gene
Solution
1.Gene mutations and chromosomal mutations are the two types of mutations.
A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene,such that
the sequence differs from what is found in most people.Mutations range in size;they can affect
anywhere from a single DNA building block (base pair) to a large segment of a chromosome that
includes multiple genes.
Gene mutations can be classified in two major ways:
Hereditary mutations are inherited from a parent and are present throughout a persons life in
virtually every cell in the body.These mutations are also called germline mutations because they
are present in the parents egg or sperm cells,which are also called germ cells.When an egg and a
sperm cell unite,the resulting fertilized egg cell receives DNA from both parents. If this DNA
has a mutation,the child that grows from the fertilized egg will have the mutation in each of his
or her cells.
Acquired mutations occur at some time during a persons life and are present only in certain
cells,not in every cell in the body.These changes can be caused by environmental factors such as
ultraviolet radiation from the sun,or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself during
cell division.Acquired mutations in somatic cells (cells other than sperm and egg cells) cannot be
passed on to the next generation.
The four main types of chromosomal mutations are deletion,duplication,inversion and
translocation.A fifth chromosomal mutation is known as a deficiency.This occurs when a
chromosome is lost sometime during fertilization or development of a fetus.A deletion is the loss
of a chromosomal fragment.This causes genes to be lost in the fetus.A duplication mutation
occurs when chromosomal fragments are doubled,resulting in duplication of genetic
material.Inversion mutations occur when chromosomes change their original directions.During
inversion,mutated chromosomes break and flip at their breakage point.Translocation mutations
occur when nonhomologous chromosomes pair together.All these mutations can be harmful or
benign depending on the chromosomes they affect.
2.A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene,such that
the sequence differs from what is found in most people.Genetic mutations can either be acquired
or inherited.Inherited gene mutations are passed from affected parents to their children.Somatic
or acquired mutation is the alteration in the DNA sequence of the gene that is brought after
exposure to certain environmental factors like radiation.Gene mutation usually occurs in two
different ways,base substitution and frame shifts.Base substitution involves replacing one base
pair and its complementary partner,while frame shifts develop when there is one or several bases
involved.
Chromosome mutation occurs when there are changes.
EXTRA CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE & GENOME IMPRINTING
Cytoplasmic Inheritance:
Imagine genetic information passing from a mother to her child. It happens through tiny structures called organelles in the cell.
These organelles have their own set of instructions, separate from the cell’s nucleus.
Why is this important? Because it affects how traits are inherited!
Genomic Imprinting:
Think of it like a “parental tag” on genes. Some genes behave differently depending on whether they come from the mother or the father.
Epigenetics plays a role here—it’s like a switch that can turn genes on or off.
This process affects development and can lead to certain diseases.
Remember, these concepts help scientists understand how our genes work and why we’re unique! 🧬
Introduction
Maternal Inheritance
Organellar inheritance
Mitochondrial inheritance
Chloroplast inheritance
Inheritance involving kappa particle
INTRODUCTION
DNA or RNA is the Genetic materials carrying information from
one generation to another.
Besides these two nucleic acids the cytoplasm also
contributes to the inheritance of some characters in some
organisms.
Extra chromosomal inheritance is also defined as nonmendelian inheritance
Inheritance due to genes located in cytoplasm plasmagenes.
The genes are located in DNA present in mitochondria and in chloroplasts these
are called organellar genes. This type of inheritance is also called as
cytoplasmic inheritance.
The evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance was first presented by Carl Correns in
mirabilis jalapa.
In 1943, Sonnenborn discovered Kappa Particles in Paramecium and they are
inherited through cytoplasm.
In cytoplasmic inheritance the character of female parent is only transmitted to
the progeny
MATERNAL INHERITANCE
The character of only one of the two parents (usually female parent) is
transmitted to their progeny.
It is usually referred to as extra-chromosomal or maternal or uniparental
inheritance.
The transmission of cytoplasm differs between sex cells:
Sperm or pollen transfer little or no cytoplasm to the zygote, but Egg
Contributes almost all of the cytoplasm to the zygote
This pattern of mtDNA inheritance is well known as "maternal
inheritance.
ORGANELLAR INHERITANCE
The cytoplasmic organelles like plastids (chloroplast) and
mitochondria are involved.
The cytoplasmic inheritance is governed by the genes of
mitochondria and chloroplast.
The genes which involve in cytoplasmic inheritance are called
plasma genes or cytoplasmic genes or extra nuclear genes.
EXMAPLES FOR NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
Plastid inheritance in Mirabilis
Kappa particles in Paramecium
Shell coiling in Snail
Cytoplasmic male sterility in Maize
Milk factor in mice
CHLOROPLAST INHERITANCE
LEAF VARIEGATION IN MIRABILIS JALAPA
The evidence for cytoplasmic inheritance was first presented by Carl
Correns in Mirabilis jalapa (Four ‘O’ clock plant).
He observed a strange pattern of inheritance and studied inheritance
of leaf variegation
In M. jalapa, leaves may be g
Cytoplasmic Inheritance.pdf
Cytoplasmic Inheritance or Extra Nuclear Inheritance Or Maternal Inheritance or Organellar Inheritance
Recommended
That are the two major types of mutations are chromosomal aber.pdf
That are the two major types of mutations? are chromosomal aberrations gene mutations
different? are the 5 types of chromoso are some types of gene
Solution
1.Gene mutations and chromosomal mutations are the two types of mutations.
A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene,such that
the sequence differs from what is found in most people.Mutations range in size;they can affect
anywhere from a single DNA building block (base pair) to a large segment of a chromosome that
includes multiple genes.
Gene mutations can be classified in two major ways:
Hereditary mutations are inherited from a parent and are present throughout a persons life in
virtually every cell in the body.These mutations are also called germline mutations because they
are present in the parents egg or sperm cells,which are also called germ cells.When an egg and a
sperm cell unite,the resulting fertilized egg cell receives DNA from both parents. If this DNA
has a mutation,the child that grows from the fertilized egg will have the mutation in each of his
or her cells.
Acquired mutations occur at some time during a persons life and are present only in certain
cells,not in every cell in the body.These changes can be caused by environmental factors such as
ultraviolet radiation from the sun,or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself during
cell division.Acquired mutations in somatic cells (cells other than sperm and egg cells) cannot be
passed on to the next generation.
The four main types of chromosomal mutations are deletion,duplication,inversion and
translocation.A fifth chromosomal mutation is known as a deficiency.This occurs when a
chromosome is lost sometime during fertilization or development of a fetus.A deletion is the loss
of a chromosomal fragment.This causes genes to be lost in the fetus.A duplication mutation
occurs when chromosomal fragments are doubled,resulting in duplication of genetic
material.Inversion mutations occur when chromosomes change their original directions.During
inversion,mutated chromosomes break and flip at their breakage point.Translocation mutations
occur when nonhomologous chromosomes pair together.All these mutations can be harmful or
benign depending on the chromosomes they affect.
2.A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene,such that
the sequence differs from what is found in most people.Genetic mutations can either be acquired
or inherited.Inherited gene mutations are passed from affected parents to their children.Somatic
or acquired mutation is the alteration in the DNA sequence of the gene that is brought after
exposure to certain environmental factors like radiation.Gene mutation usually occurs in two
different ways,base substitution and frame shifts.Base substitution involves replacing one base
pair and its complementary partner,while frame shifts develop when there is one or several bases
involved.
Chromosome mutation occurs when there are changes.
EXTRA CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE & GENOME IMPRINTING
Cytoplasmic Inheritance:
Imagine genetic information passing from a mother to her child. It happens through tiny structures called organelles in the cell.
These organelles have their own set of instructions, separate from the cell’s nucleus.
Why is this important? Because it affects how traits are inherited!
Genomic Imprinting:
Think of it like a “parental tag” on genes. Some genes behave differently depending on whether they come from the mother or the father.
Epigenetics plays a role here—it’s like a switch that can turn genes on or off.
This process affects development and can lead to certain diseases.
Remember, these concepts help scientists understand how our genes work and why we’re unique! 🧬
Introduction
Maternal Inheritance
Organellar inheritance
Mitochondrial inheritance
Chloroplast inheritance
Inheritance involving kappa particle
INTRODUCTION
DNA or RNA is the Genetic materials carrying information from
one generation to another.
Besides these two nucleic acids the cytoplasm also
contributes to the inheritance of some characters in some
organisms.
Extra chromosomal inheritance is also defined as nonmendelian inheritance
Inheritance due to genes located in cytoplasm plasmagenes.
The genes are located in DNA present in mitochondria and in chloroplasts these
are called organellar genes. This type of inheritance is also called as
cytoplasmic inheritance.
The evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance was first presented by Carl Correns in
mirabilis jalapa.
In 1943, Sonnenborn discovered Kappa Particles in Paramecium and they are
inherited through cytoplasm.
In cytoplasmic inheritance the character of female parent is only transmitted to
the progeny
MATERNAL INHERITANCE
The character of only one of the two parents (usually female parent) is
transmitted to their progeny.
It is usually referred to as extra-chromosomal or maternal or uniparental
inheritance.
The transmission of cytoplasm differs between sex cells:
Sperm or pollen transfer little or no cytoplasm to the zygote, but Egg
Contributes almost all of the cytoplasm to the zygote
This pattern of mtDNA inheritance is well known as "maternal
inheritance.
ORGANELLAR INHERITANCE
The cytoplasmic organelles like plastids (chloroplast) and
mitochondria are involved.
The cytoplasmic inheritance is governed by the genes of
mitochondria and chloroplast.
The genes which involve in cytoplasmic inheritance are called
plasma genes or cytoplasmic genes or extra nuclear genes.
EXMAPLES FOR NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
Plastid inheritance in Mirabilis
Kappa particles in Paramecium
Shell coiling in Snail
Cytoplasmic male sterility in Maize
Milk factor in mice
CHLOROPLAST INHERITANCE
LEAF VARIEGATION IN MIRABILIS JALAPA
The evidence for cytoplasmic inheritance was first presented by Carl
Correns in Mirabilis jalapa (Four ‘O’ clock plant).
He observed a strange pattern of inheritance and studied inheritance
of leaf variegation
In M. jalapa, leaves may be g
Cytoplasmic Inheritance.pdf
Cytoplasmic Inheritance or Extra Nuclear Inheritance Or Maternal Inheritance or Organellar Inheritance
cytoplasmic inheritance
Inheritance due to genes located in cytoplasm is called cytoplasmic inheritance.
Since genes governing traits showing cytoplasmic inheritance are located outside the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, they are referred to as plasmagenes.
Ambe 101 @ lec 7,8
bacterial genetics: variation, adaptation, mutations, gene transfer methods, genetic code
Mutation Chromosomal Abberation
Mutation
Chromosomal Abberation
Change in chromosome
Chromosomal Arrangements
Diseases
Causes
Effects
mutations
mutations Is a process that produces a gene or chromosome that differs from the wild type.
The mutation may result due to changes either on the gene or the chromosome itself.
Baby designing
It is the new technique of designer babies ie the babies are genetically modified according to the desired trait variation.
Chromosomal aberration (Genome mutation) & Gene mutation
This presentation includes chromosomal abberation or mutation & types of Gene mutation with an example of down's syndrome.
Effects of Gene Mutation. 2Running Head EFFECTS OF GENE MUT.docx
Effects of Gene Mutation. 2
Running Head: EFFECTS OF GENE MUTATION
Effects of Gene Mutation
Name:
Institution:
Date:
Effects of Gene Mutation
What are the effects of gene mutation and its future in humanity?
Mutations are visible changes in chromosomes as well as genes. The process of mutation can happen within the cell or be transmitted from one cell to another in a multicellular organism. Rates of mutation differ from one organism to another, from one place to another, time to time and from one gene to another. DNA genes are frequently changing; mutation can be seen as accidental changes that leads to malformed proteins hence disease. Our lives begin with mutations inherited from the parents. The inherited gene mutation is germ-line mutations. Some mutations can be harmful while some beneficial. With time, genetic mutation brings about diversity which in turn sustains populations healthy. There are also silent mutations which have no effects (Adeniran, 2014).
Presence of DNA in our body cells provides a place for mutation to take place. But r, some of these transformations can fail to be transmitted to the offspring and fail to be considered for evolution. This condition is described as somatic mutation. Many times mutation is seen as insignificant cause of genetic ailment. As they display undesirable effects, contrary to many expectations, some mutations can have positive effects (U E, n.d).
A number of organisms have strong regulating genes that assist in determining how the body is laid off. A case in point is Hox genes which are common among animals that designate the direction of the head at the same time determining the place for appendages. To this extend therefore the transformation in primary body layout may not be avoided; instead it may need transformation in Hox gene and promote the natural selection (U E, n.d).
What remain common in most of the people are the harmful mutations that cause diseases. Cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia among other genes are examples of inherited gene disorders. These inherited genetic diseases in most cases are recessive and they exist in pairs (Adeniran, 2014).
Scientists approximate that a very human being has about 5-10 prospective deadly mutations. In most cases cancer is the resultant of these series mutations in a cell. In most cases this problem is as a result of p53 gene that brings the mutated cells to a standstill (Adeniran, 2014).
Categorization of Gene Mutations
A gene mutation is an eternal change in DNA arrangement making up a gene. This arrangement varies from majority of persons, ranging from DNA building block and gene size. Mutation of genes can be categorized into two: First is the hereditary mutation which is inheritable from the parent of child. Germ line mutations are responsible for these hereditary mutations, because of their presence in the parent sperm or egg cells (Harten, 1998).
Second is Acquired mutations which occurs specifically at some po ...
JAVA A double-ended queue is a list that allows the addition and.pdf
**JAVA** A double-ended queue is a list that allows the addition and removal of items from
either end. One end is arbitrarily called the front and other the rear, but the two ends behave
identically. Specify, design and implement a class for a double-ended queue. Include operations
to check if it is empty and to return the number of items in the list. For each end, include
operations for adding and deleting items. Use doubly linked list for your implementation. Call
your class Deque (pronounced \"deck\").
Solution
//package com.java2novice.ds.queue;
public class DequeDblLinkedListImpl {
private LinkedNode front;
private LinkedNode rear;
public void insertFront(T item){
//add element at the beginning of the queue
System.out.println(\"adding at front: \"+item);
LinkedNode nd = new LinkedNode();
nd.setValue(item);
nd.setNext(front);
if(front != null) front.setPrev(nd);
if(front == null) rear = nd;
front = nd;
}
public void insertRear(T item){
//add element at the end of the queue
System.out.println(\"adding at rear: \"+item);
LinkedNode nd = new LinkedNode();
nd.setValue(item);
nd.setPrev(rear);
if(rear != null) rear.setNext(nd);
if(rear == null) front = nd;
rear = nd;
}
public void removeFront(){
if(front == null){
System.out.println(\"Deque underflow!! unable to remove.\");
return;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpFront = front.getNext();
if(tmpFront != null) tmpFront.setPrev(null);
if(tmpFront == null) rear = null;
System.out.println(\"removed from front: \"+front.getValue());
front = tmpFront;
}
public int size(){
if(front == null && rear ==null){
return 0;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpFront = front;
LinkedNode tmpRear = rear;
int i=0;
while(tmpFront != rear)
{
i++;
tmpFront=tmpFront.getNext();
}
i++;
return i;
}
public void removeRear(){
if(rear == null){
System.out.println(\"Deque underflow!! unable to remove.\");
return;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpRear = rear.getPrev();
if(tmpRear != null) tmpRear.setNext(null);
if(tmpRear == null) front = null;
System.out.println(\"removed from rear: \"+rear.getValue());
rear = tmpRear;
}
public static void main(String a[]){
DequeDblLinkedListImpl deque = new DequeDblLinkedListImpl();
deque.insertFront(34);
deque.insertFront(67);
System.out.println(\"Size of the queue : \"+deque.size());
deque.insertFront(29);
deque.insertFront(765);
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.insertRear(43);
deque.insertRear(83);
deque.insertRear(84);
deque.insertRear(546);
deque.insertRear(356);
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
}
}
class LinkedNode{
private LinkedNode prev;
private LinkedNode next;
private T value;
public LinkedNode getPrev() {
return prev;
}
public void setPrev(LinkedNode prev) {
this.prev = prev;
}
public LinkedNode getNext() {
return next;
}
public void setNext(L.
Let f(z) be an entire function such that fn+1(z) equivalent 0, Prove.pdf
Let f(z) be an entire function such that fn+1(z) equivalent 0, Prove that f is a polynomial of
degree at most n?
Solution
We can prove the above formula using mathematical induction.
So lets us take multiple cases.
For f(x) = x, f(x)\'=1, f(x)\'\'=0. so for f(x)^2 the polynomial power is 1,
for f(x)=x^2, f(x)\'=2x, f(x)\'\'=2, f(x)\'\'\'=0, so for f(x)\'\'\' the polynomial is 2.
So we can deduce that for a polynomial with n power it should be differentiated n+1 times to get
fn+1(z)=0,
So it could be stated otherwise if fn+1(z)=0 then f(z) has a power of atmost x^n..
More Related Content
Similar to Germ cells are set aside during animal development and give rise to .pdf
cytoplasmic inheritance
Inheritance due to genes located in cytoplasm is called cytoplasmic inheritance.
Since genes governing traits showing cytoplasmic inheritance are located outside the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, they are referred to as plasmagenes.
Ambe 101 @ lec 7,8
bacterial genetics: variation, adaptation, mutations, gene transfer methods, genetic code
Mutation Chromosomal Abberation
Mutation
Chromosomal Abberation
Change in chromosome
Chromosomal Arrangements
Diseases
Causes
Effects
mutations
mutations Is a process that produces a gene or chromosome that differs from the wild type.
The mutation may result due to changes either on the gene or the chromosome itself.
Baby designing
It is the new technique of designer babies ie the babies are genetically modified according to the desired trait variation.
Chromosomal aberration (Genome mutation) & Gene mutation
This presentation includes chromosomal abberation or mutation & types of Gene mutation with an example of down's syndrome.
Effects of Gene Mutation. 2Running Head EFFECTS OF GENE MUT.docx
Effects of Gene Mutation. 2
Running Head: EFFECTS OF GENE MUTATION
Effects of Gene Mutation
Name:
Institution:
Date:
Effects of Gene Mutation
What are the effects of gene mutation and its future in humanity?
Mutations are visible changes in chromosomes as well as genes. The process of mutation can happen within the cell or be transmitted from one cell to another in a multicellular organism. Rates of mutation differ from one organism to another, from one place to another, time to time and from one gene to another. DNA genes are frequently changing; mutation can be seen as accidental changes that leads to malformed proteins hence disease. Our lives begin with mutations inherited from the parents. The inherited gene mutation is germ-line mutations. Some mutations can be harmful while some beneficial. With time, genetic mutation brings about diversity which in turn sustains populations healthy. There are also silent mutations which have no effects (Adeniran, 2014).
Presence of DNA in our body cells provides a place for mutation to take place. But r, some of these transformations can fail to be transmitted to the offspring and fail to be considered for evolution. This condition is described as somatic mutation. Many times mutation is seen as insignificant cause of genetic ailment. As they display undesirable effects, contrary to many expectations, some mutations can have positive effects (U E, n.d).
A number of organisms have strong regulating genes that assist in determining how the body is laid off. A case in point is Hox genes which are common among animals that designate the direction of the head at the same time determining the place for appendages. To this extend therefore the transformation in primary body layout may not be avoided; instead it may need transformation in Hox gene and promote the natural selection (U E, n.d).
What remain common in most of the people are the harmful mutations that cause diseases. Cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia among other genes are examples of inherited gene disorders. These inherited genetic diseases in most cases are recessive and they exist in pairs (Adeniran, 2014).
Scientists approximate that a very human being has about 5-10 prospective deadly mutations. In most cases cancer is the resultant of these series mutations in a cell. In most cases this problem is as a result of p53 gene that brings the mutated cells to a standstill (Adeniran, 2014).
Categorization of Gene Mutations
A gene mutation is an eternal change in DNA arrangement making up a gene. This arrangement varies from majority of persons, ranging from DNA building block and gene size. Mutation of genes can be categorized into two: First is the hereditary mutation which is inheritable from the parent of child. Germ line mutations are responsible for these hereditary mutations, because of their presence in the parent sperm or egg cells (Harten, 1998).
Second is Acquired mutations which occurs specifically at some po ...
Similar to Germ cells are set aside during animal development and give rise to .pdf (20)
Chromosomal aberration (Genome mutation) & Gene mutation
Chromosomal aberration (Genome mutation) & Gene mutation
Effects of Gene Mutation. 2Running Head EFFECTS OF GENE MUT.docx
Effects of Gene Mutation. 2Running Head EFFECTS OF GENE MUT.docx
More from amrishinda
JAVA A double-ended queue is a list that allows the addition and.pdf
**JAVA** A double-ended queue is a list that allows the addition and removal of items from
either end. One end is arbitrarily called the front and other the rear, but the two ends behave
identically. Specify, design and implement a class for a double-ended queue. Include operations
to check if it is empty and to return the number of items in the list. For each end, include
operations for adding and deleting items. Use doubly linked list for your implementation. Call
your class Deque (pronounced \"deck\").
Solution
//package com.java2novice.ds.queue;
public class DequeDblLinkedListImpl {
private LinkedNode front;
private LinkedNode rear;
public void insertFront(T item){
//add element at the beginning of the queue
System.out.println(\"adding at front: \"+item);
LinkedNode nd = new LinkedNode();
nd.setValue(item);
nd.setNext(front);
if(front != null) front.setPrev(nd);
if(front == null) rear = nd;
front = nd;
}
public void insertRear(T item){
//add element at the end of the queue
System.out.println(\"adding at rear: \"+item);
LinkedNode nd = new LinkedNode();
nd.setValue(item);
nd.setPrev(rear);
if(rear != null) rear.setNext(nd);
if(rear == null) front = nd;
rear = nd;
}
public void removeFront(){
if(front == null){
System.out.println(\"Deque underflow!! unable to remove.\");
return;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpFront = front.getNext();
if(tmpFront != null) tmpFront.setPrev(null);
if(tmpFront == null) rear = null;
System.out.println(\"removed from front: \"+front.getValue());
front = tmpFront;
}
public int size(){
if(front == null && rear ==null){
return 0;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpFront = front;
LinkedNode tmpRear = rear;
int i=0;
while(tmpFront != rear)
{
i++;
tmpFront=tmpFront.getNext();
}
i++;
return i;
}
public void removeRear(){
if(rear == null){
System.out.println(\"Deque underflow!! unable to remove.\");
return;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpRear = rear.getPrev();
if(tmpRear != null) tmpRear.setNext(null);
if(tmpRear == null) front = null;
System.out.println(\"removed from rear: \"+rear.getValue());
rear = tmpRear;
}
public static void main(String a[]){
DequeDblLinkedListImpl deque = new DequeDblLinkedListImpl();
deque.insertFront(34);
deque.insertFront(67);
System.out.println(\"Size of the queue : \"+deque.size());
deque.insertFront(29);
deque.insertFront(765);
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.insertRear(43);
deque.insertRear(83);
deque.insertRear(84);
deque.insertRear(546);
deque.insertRear(356);
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
}
}
class LinkedNode{
private LinkedNode prev;
private LinkedNode next;
private T value;
public LinkedNode getPrev() {
return prev;
}
public void setPrev(LinkedNode prev) {
this.prev = prev;
}
public LinkedNode getNext() {
return next;
}
public void setNext(L.
Let f(z) be an entire function such that fn+1(z) equivalent 0, Prove.pdf
Let f(z) be an entire function such that fn+1(z) equivalent 0, Prove that f is a polynomial of
degree at most n?
Solution
We can prove the above formula using mathematical induction.
So lets us take multiple cases.
For f(x) = x, f(x)\'=1, f(x)\'\'=0. so for f(x)^2 the polynomial power is 1,
for f(x)=x^2, f(x)\'=2x, f(x)\'\'=2, f(x)\'\'\'=0, so for f(x)\'\'\' the polynomial is 2.
So we can deduce that for a polynomial with n power it should be differentiated n+1 times to get
fn+1(z)=0,
So it could be stated otherwise if fn+1(z)=0 then f(z) has a power of atmost x^n..
Implement threads and a GUI interface using advanced Java Swing clas.pdf
Implement threads and a GUI interface using advanced Java Swing classes.
Required data structure - the advanced data structure uses implementation of a multi-tree with
the following levels: Cave - level 0 Party - Level 1 Creature - Level 2 Artifacts - Level 3
Treasures - Level 3 Jobs
Use the Swing class JTree effectively to display the contents of the data file. Implement a JTable
to also show the contents of the data file.
Threads: Implement a thread for each job representing a task that creature will perform. Use the
synchronize directive to avoid race conditions and insure that a creature is performing only one
job at a time. The thread for each job should be started as the job is read in from the data file.
Only one job should be progressing for each creature at any moment. Use delays to show the
creature doing the task.
Use a JProgressBar for each creature to show the creature performing the task. Use JButton\'s on
the Job panel to allow the task to be suspended and cancelled. The GUI elements should be
distinct from the other classes in the program.
Solution
Please find the code below for the above problem :
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Random;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import javax.swing.JProgressBar;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JTextArea;
import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
import javax.swing.SwingConstants;
import java.awt.GridLayout;
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Font;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
public class Cave2 {
ArrayList parties = new ArrayList (); // the parties
ArrayList loners = new ArrayList (); // creatures not in parties
ArrayList drops = new ArrayList (); // Treasures not carried
ArrayList magics = new ArrayList (); // Artifacts not carried
ArrayList jobs = new ArrayList (); // Jobs to be performed
JFrame jf = new JFrame ();
JPanel jrun = new JPanel ();
JTextArea jta = new JTextArea (10, 10);
// hashmap of everything by index
HashMap hmElements = new HashMap ();
public Cave2 () {
Scanner sf = null;
String fileName = \"dataC.txt\";
try {
// sf = new Scanner (new File (fileName));
// getResourceAsStream is the way to access a data file in a jar package file
// this works in general, so leave it here as is.
sf = new Scanner (getClass().getResourceAsStream (fileName));
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println (e + \"\ File bummer: \" + fileName);
} // end open file try/catch block
if (sf == null)
return;
readFile (sf);
jta.setText (toString ());
jf.setTitle (\"Cave2\");
jf.add (jrun, BorderLayout.PAGE_END);
jrun.setLayout (new GridLayout (0, 5, 2, 5));
jf.add (new JScrollPane (jta), BorderLayout.CENTER);
jta.setFont (new Font (\"Monospaced\", 0, 12));
jf.pack ();
jf.setVisible (true);
jf.setLocationRelativeTo (null);
} // end no-parameter constru.
If a cells contents are greatly hypo-osmotic to the surrounding env.pdf
If a cell\'s contents are greatly hypo-osmotic to the surrounding environment, the cell will
probably A. burst divide shrivel expand
Solution
hypo-osmotic cell means the cell contains less amount of sloute than surrounding ..indirectly
saying cell has more water content..surrounndings are hyperosmotic ..water always moves from
hypo osmotic to hyperosmotic so here water moves out of the cell to surroundings thats leading
dehydration of cells results in shrinkage of cell answer is C shrivel.
How are the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of ba.pdf
How are the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of bats, the wings of insects
similar, how are they different, and what do we think happened in the past evolution of these
structures ?
Solution
All these structures mentioned, that is, the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of
bats, the wings of insects have a similarfunction because they all are used for movement. But
they are structurally very dissimilar. Hence they are also known as analogous characters.
The independent evolution of characters in members of different species with similar function
but differences in structure and ancestral origin is known as convergent evolution. This type of
evolution leads to the formation of analogous characters or traits. The convergent evolution of
flight of birds, bats and insects is known as functional convergence, as their function is similar.
In the very past, there must have been a common ancestor, from whom the wings and forelimbs
were evolved and structurally became different in the course of evolution..
Fom 1120, Sched Mark for follow up Question 15 of 105. A corporat.pdf
Fom 1120, Sched Mark for follow up Question 15 of 105. A corporation is required to file an
annual Form 1120 if all of the following are true EXCEPT The corporation was dissolved in the
prior year O The corporation retains no assets rts a loss The corporation no longer carries on
substantial activities Mark for follow up « Back Save /Return Later Summary Next >»
Solution
Answer to Question 1:
The correct option is (a) , a corporation was dissolved in the prior year..
Determine the missing amounts. (Hint For example, to solve for (a), .pdf
Determine the missing amounts. (Hint: For example, to solve for (a), Assets Liabilities
Stockholders Equity - $28,730.) anuary 1, 2015 Assets Liabilities Stockholders\' equity $ 86,190
$126,412 s 137904 (g) 86,190 51,714 $172,380 57,460 57460 (d) 68,952 57460 0) 114,920
28730 (a) December 31, 2015 Assets Liabilities Stockholders\' equity 109174 (b) 63,206 45,968
157,440 229,840 252824 (k) 91,936 86,190 71250 (e) 17,238 80444 (h) 149,396 160,888
Stockholders\' equity changes in year Additional investment Dividends Total revenues Total
expenses 17,238 11,492 574,600 11,492 11,492 402,220 379,236 16,089 482,664 442,442
393,026
Solution
Donatello Company:
January 1, 2015:
Stockholders’ Equity = Assets - Liabilities
Stockholders’ Equity = $86,190 - $57,460
Stockholders’ Equity = $28,730
December 31, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Assets = $63,206 + $45,968
Assets = $109,174
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Stockholders’ Equity, December 31, 2015 - Stockholders’
Equity, January 1, 2015
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $45,968 - $28,730
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $17,238
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Additional Investment + Total Revenues - Total Expenses -
Dividends
$17,238 = Additional Investment + $402,220 - $379,236 - $11,492
Additional Investment = $5,746
Leonardo Company:
January 1, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
$126,412 = Liabilities + $68,952
Liabilities = $57,460
December 31, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
$157,440 = $86,190 + Stockholders’ Equity
Stockholders’ Equity = $71,250
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Stockholders’ Equity, December 31, 2015 - Stockholders’
Equity, January 1, 2015
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $71,250 - $68,952
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $2,298
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Additional Investment + Total Revenues - Total Expenses -
Dividends
$2,298 = $17,238 + $482,664 - $442,442 - Dividends
Dividends = $55,162
Michelangelo Company:
January 1, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Assets = $86,190 + $51,714
Assets = $137,904
December 31, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
$229,840 = Liabilities + $149,396
Liabilities = $80,444
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Stockholders’ Equity, December 31, 2015 - Stockholders’
Equity, January 1, 2015
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $149,396 - $51,714
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $97,682
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Additional Investment + Total Revenues - Total Expenses -
Dividends
$97,682 = $11,492 + Total Revenues - $393,026 - $16,089
Total Revenues = $495,305
Raphael Company:
January 1, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
$172,380 = Liabilities + $114,920
Liabilities = $57,460
December 31, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Assets = $91,936 + $160,888
Assets = $252,824
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Stockholders’ Equity, December 31, 2015 - Stockholders’
Equity, January 1, 2015
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $160,888 - $114,920
Cha.
Discuss the various methods of intellectual property protection avai.pdf
Discuss the various methods of intellectual property protection available to businesses and
individuals.
Solution
The World Trade organisation (WTO) divides intellectual property in two main areas:
(i) Copyright and rights related to copyright. back to top
The rights authors have over literary and artistic works of their creation (such as books and other
types of creations, like paintings, sculpture, computer programs, music and films), are protected
by copyright, for a minimum time of 50 years after the author’s death.
Also are protected by copyright (neighbouring) the rights of performers such as actors, singers,
musicians, producers of phongrams and broadcasting agencies. The main purpose of copyright
laws is to protect and encourage authors and creators to keep working on their artistic and
creative products, having a legal base to cover them as owners of their work.
Industrial property
Industrial property is divided in two areas:
Industrial property is protected by law so as to encourage inventors, technology creators in all
areas to do their work, and to ensure they are the owners of their own work and gained
knowledge about some technical or technological solution, useful to mankind..
devise a hypothesis that explains the geographical distribution of m.pdf
devise a hypothesis that explains the geographical distribution of modern species, that if backed
by evidence would support the theory of evolution. Devise a hypothesis that explains the
geographical distribution of modern species, that is backed by evidence would refute the theory
of evolution. regarding chapter 22 descent with modification campbell 10ed
Solution
One of the difficulties in knowledge the ecological basis for species range distributions is
knowing the general significance of abiotic factors like temperature, precipitation, topography, or
earth situations (i.e., bioclimatic or potential niche) vs. biotic interactions among species like
predation, opposition or mutualisms (biotic or noticed niche) in deciding wherever species can be
found geographically. Moreover, if weather change stands to improve species geographic
locations, we however don\'t know if their biotic interdependencies, established by their
interactions, will become unravelled called community disassembly or if community can transfer
as intact units. Modern analyses of species geographic range distributions concentration on
bioclimatic niches, with restricted work to think about biotic interactions.
Classically there were two hypotheses for the progress of humans, the multiregional hypothesis -
modern Homo sapiens evolved simultaneously for the duration of the old world from archaic
Homo sapiens Homo sapiens with exchange of with exchange of genetic data by gene flow and
the out-of-Africa hypothesis - modern humans evolved in Africa and transferred out changing
previously widely dispersed archaic humans. The newest kind, the modern horse (Equus), is a lot
larger in size, is one-toed, and has teeth appropriate for grazing. The transitional forms are well
preserved as fossils, as are a great many other types of extinct horses that evolved in different
directions and remaining no living descendants..
Describe a diode array detector and CCD camera. Differentiate betwee.pdf
Describe a diode array detector and CCD camera. Differentiate between them in terms of the
output and how signal is collected.
Solution
diode array detector are linear array fabricated in single strip of semiconductor. They are used in
high level application and they are available in single or double array. typically diode array
detector cost less than CCD and have similar spectral senitivity in some range.
CCD means charge coupled device . these are also built in single semiconductor chip but they
are two dimensional. here pixels are read out sequentially. down side is CCD have long response
time than diode array..
Connect a motor, two push buttons and two LEDS to the Arduino as sho.pdf
Connect a motor, two push buttons and two LEDS to the Arduino as shown below. The fan
should operate as listed.
Begin with
int buttonPin1 = 2;
int buttonPin2 = 4;
int ledPinGreen = 11;
int ledPinRed = 6;
int motorPin = 9;
Please program in Arduino as the following:
1. Fan is started or stopped by pressing push button 1
When starting the fan, ramp up using 110ms delay from 0 to 4 volts (levels 0 to 200), fan
remains running at 4 volts.
When stopping the fan, slow down using the same values (110ms delay and level 200 to 0).
2. When operator presses the overload switch (button 2), fan starts working at full speed (255)
and the overload alarm is lit (red LED).
3. When the overload switch (button 2) is pressed again, fan returns to normal operation at 4
volts (level 200).
4. Pressing the overload button when the fan is not operating has no effect.
5. Anytime the fan is on, on/off indictor is lit, otherwise it is off.
Solution
const int buttonPin1 = 2;
const int buttonPin2 = 4;
const int ledPinGreen = 11;
const int ledPinRed = 6;
const int motorPin = 9
//state varibles
boolean B1_state = false; //button 1 state
boolean B2_state = false; //button 2 state
// function declaration
void motorRun_Stop(boolean);
void overload(boolean,boolean);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // for debugging
pinMode(buttonPin1,INPUT); // declaring as input
digitalWrite(buttonPin1,HIGH); // activating the pullup resistor
pinMode(buttonPin2,INPUT); // declaring as input
digitalWrite(buttonPin1,HIGH); // activating the pullup resistor
pinMode(ledPinGreen,OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledPinRed,OUTPUT);
pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(buttonPin1)== 1)
{
B1_state != B1_state;
motorRun_Stop(B1_state);
}
else if(digitalRead(buttonPin2)== 1)
{
B2_state != B2_state;
overload();
}
else
{
}
}
void motorRun_Stop(boolean x)
{
byte wait = 0;
if(x == true )
{
Serial.println(\"Motor has Overloaded\");
digitalWrite(ledPinGreen,HIGH);
for (int i = 0; i<200;i++)
{
analogWrite(motorPin,i);
wait = micros();
while((micros()-wait)>550);
}
}
else if(x == false)
{
for (int i = 200; i>0;i--)
{
analogWrite(motorPin,i);
wait = micros();
while((micros()-wait)>550);
}
Serial.println(\"Motor has Stoped\");
digitalWrite(ledPinGreen,LOW);
}
else
{
}
}
void overload(boolean x,boolean y)
{
byte wait = 0;
if(x == true && y == true)
{
analogWrite(motorPin,255);
Serial.println(\"Motor has overloaded\");
digitalWrite(ledPinRed,HIGH);
}
else if(x == true && y==false)
{
analogWrite(motorPin,200);
Serial.println(\"Motor has stopped Overloading\");
digitalWrite(ledPinRed,LOW);
}
else
{
}
}.
Consider managers (supervisors) that you have worked for in the past.pdf
Consider managers (supervisors) that you have worked for in the past. What type of power did
they have? Was it effective?
Must be a good sized paragraph and site information
Solution
earlier i worked with 2 different kind of people who were my bosses. the previous one is Naveen,
HOD of management studies in the college. he is a consultative manager, he recieves the targets
and orders from the top level people and once he recieves the orders he called all of us and ask
how to implement and what are the limitations and possibilities. here he have the ultimate power
to do it and implement it. and some times he distributes the work along with power to others and
they work in their own limitations.
when ever he feels that if any activity involves much risk, then he used to call top level people
and explain them about the consequences and the decision of them. if they ask to proceed he can
move forward otherwilse they rethinks about the task and re-assign it by doing some
modifications.
the power has been enjoying by him is given by the position (HOD) and he is the answerable
person to the higher authorities. he is the whole responsible person to the failures and even for
success also. yes, it was effective and it makes sense. ofcourse some times it leads to delay the
work and once a while fail also..
Caterpillar is one of the Americas major exporters. The company sell.pdf
Caterpillar is one of the Americas major exporters. The company sells its construction
equipment, mining, equipment and engines to some 200 contries.
Discuss the following questions briefly
1.In the 1980s a stronger dollar hurt Caterpillars competitive position, but in 2008 a stronger
dollar did not seem to have the same effect. What had changed?
2. How did Caterpillar use strategy as a \"real hudge\" to reduce its exposure to foreign exchange
risk? What is the downside of its its approach?
3. Explain the difference between transaction exposure and translation exposure using the
material in the Caterpillar case to illustrate your answer.
Solution
1.In the 1980s a stronger dollar hurt Caterpillars competitive position, but in 2008 a stronger
dollar did not seem to have the same effect. What had changed?
Confidence in US Assets: The dollar started to strengthen again in 2008, foreing investment in
US assests was strong, Treasury bills was safe haven in economic stom
Deal with Unions: in the 80´s : employee layoffs and striks, outsourcing parts of production .
Mid 2000s: reached deal with union, increase of productivity.
Change in company structure: Centralized to decentralized, own pricing decisions, own product
desings, improved quality and efficiency
Improvement in product technology & energy efficiency.
2. How did Caterpillar use strategy as a \"real hudge\" to reduce its exposure to foreign exchange
risk? What is the downside of its its approach?
Caterpillar´s global foot print: \"From Calgary to Cairo and from Sydney to Salt Lake city
Caterpillar operates hundreds of offices and facilitites across the world. Caterpillar´s global
presence, product breadth and financial strenght enable us wo tin in today´s competitive market
place.
Forward Exchange: When 2 parties agree to exchange and execute the deal at some specific date
in the future.
Downside of its approach:
Currency´s value is determinated by market force, government intervention as well as demand
and supply of currency:
Globalisation: More competition within the global market that have adopted globalisation
Forward Exchange: Based on future expectation of the foreign exchange market
3. Explain the difference between transaction exposure and translation exposure using the
material in the Caterpillar case to illustrate your answer.
Transaction Exposure: The extent to which income from invididual transactions is affected by
fluctuation in foreign exchange valus
1980´s
Us dollar strenfthens
Foreign payable to Caterpillar become more expensive
Loss of foreign sales = reduced revenues + Limited means of managing transaction exposure =
Massive reduction in future cash flows
Translation Exposure: The extent to which consolidated financial results of a corporation are
affected by movements in exchange rates.
what numbers go with these descriptions.1. Uses ATP hydrolysis2..pdf
what numbers go with these descriptions.
1. Uses ATP hydrolysis
2.Has highly nonpolar structure
3.Powered by an ion gradient
4.Transports glucose across the membrane
5.Na+/glucose symport
6.Na+/K+ ATPase
7.Movement of water molecules
8.Direction of transport depends on concentration gradient
ONLY ONE ANSWER GOES WITH EACH! For each of the following, choose the item from
the list that best describes the item being described. There is only 1 best answer for each. Some
of the items from the list may be used more than once, some may not be used at all Numbe Item
Simple diffusion and facilitated transport Active transport None of the listed processes Simple
diffusion 5 Coupled transport Facilitated diffusion and active transport Facilitated diffusion
(passive transport) Active transport and coupled transport
Solution
6. Na+/K+ ATPase : Active transport
5. Na+/glucose : Active transport and coupled transport
4. Transport glucose across the membrane: Faciliated transport
7. Movement of water molecules: simple diffusion and facilitated transport.
What are the three forms of Business Organizations Answer the follow.pdf
What are the three forms of Business Organizations? Answer the following Accounts: (A)Asset
(L)Liability (SE)Stockholders\' Equity 1. Cash 2. Common Stock 3. Accounts Payable 4. Rent
Expense 5. Sales or Revenue 6. Accounts Receivable What is the first financial statement to be
prepared? What are the three Activities of a Business? Financial Accounting provides
information for decision makers primarily inside or outside the entity? What are the Rules of
Accounting called? Write the Accounting Equation? Can it be written another way?
Solution
The three forms of business organizations are Sole proprietorship, Partnership, and a
Corporation.
1. Cash – (A)
2. Common stock – (SE)
3. Accounts payable – (L)
4. Rent expense – (SE)
5. Sales or Revenue – (SE)
6. Accounts receivable – (A)
The first financial statement to be prepared is the Income Statement.
The three activities of a business are Operating activities, Investing activities, and Financing
activities.
Financial Accounting provides information for decision makers primarily outside the entity such
as shareholders, creditors, etc.
The Rules of Accounting are called the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAP for
short.
The Accounting Equation is typically written as:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
It can also be written in two more ways as under:
Liabilities = Assets – Stockholders’ Equity; or
Stockholders’ Equity = Assets - Liabilities.
Anatomy Question Use your own words.A girl with a defective heart.pdf
Anatomy Question: Use your own words.
A girl with a defective heart receives a new heart transplanted from another child who was killed
in an accident. The patient is given an antilymphocyte serum containing antibodies against her
lymphocytes. The transplanted heart is not rejected, but the patient dies of an overwhelming
bacterial infection. Why was the antilymphocyte serum given? Why was the patient so
vulnerable to infection?
Solution
Ans: antilymphocyte serum is given or suppress immune response to stop graft rejection as the
heart received is not matched with receiver due to different HLA or MHC on the donor and
recepient tissues. So that heart I.e allograft can\'t be rejected by host immune system.
But here comes a problem I.e host immune system is compromised due to antilymphocyte
serum,so no longer host immune system can fight against disease.so host is more prone to
diseases and soon dies.
Why parkinsons disease is special among the different neurological.pdf
Why parkinson\'s disease is special among the different neurological movement disorders in
terms of understanding and therapy?
Solution
Hi,
Perkinson\'s disease is neurological disorder which is degenerative and progressive.
It is due to degeneration of cell of substangia nigra which is small part of brain.
Symptoms:
Therapies :
I hope my answer is satisfactory.
Thanks!!.
Which statement is not true promoters are transcribed the Pribnow .pdf
Which statement is not true? promoters are transcribed the Pribnow box found in bacteria,
consists of TATAAT Enhancers are DNA sequences exons are spliced activators are proteins
Solution
Promoters are transcribed
This statement is false because promoters are regions which binds to transcription factors that
initiate transcription upstream. Thus they are the regions that regulate the transcription but itself
is not transcribed.
Exons are spliced
The above sequence is correct because in alternative splicing some exons may be included and
some are spliced to generate multiple RNA from single DNA sequence.
Hence option A is correct..
When extracting DNA of an fruit how does the environemnt (how hot or.pdf
When extracting DNA of an fruit how does the environemnt (how hot or cold the onion is) affect
the DNA?
Solution
The temperature of the extraction will determine the working of the enzymatic systems (internal
and external). As increasing the temperature will hamper the the enzymes, further the DNA
might undergo annealing (happens in PCR).
Which ANN do you prefer amidst of the variety of ANNs Justify the r.pdf
Which ANN do you prefer amidst of the variety of ANNs? Justify the reason beyond this.
Solution
Recurrent neural network are the best type of Artificial neural network among various other
varieties of ANN (Feedforward neural network , Radial basis function (RBF) network , Kohonen
self-organizing network , Learning vector quantization , Modular neural networks , Physical
neural network).
Reason:
1) Recurrent neural network allows bi-directional data flow from Input source to Output
Destination and vice versa.While on the other hand, other networks like Feedforward neural
network propagates data linearly from input to output.
2) Connections are symmetric in Recurrent neural network and also it demonstrate learning of
latent variables..
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