conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.

1. IN—SITU CONSERVATION
By:- PRIYANKA KUMAWAT
M.sc. BOTANY

2.  INTRODUCTION
 INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS
 INDIAN INITIATIVES
 PROTECTED AREA IN INDIA
 WETLAND, MANGROOVE & CORAL REEF
CONSERVATION

3.  Conservation is the protection, preservation,
management or restoration of wildlife and
natural resources.

4.  To protect resources for human kind various
environmental conservation organisation are
working world wide.
 IUCN– largest & most important conservation
network.
 UNEP– ( United Nations Environment Programme)
provide information on the state of natural
resources and their contribution to sustainable
development.
 WCMC– ( World Conservation Monitoring Centre),
monitors effectiveness of conservation efforts
especially made by IUCN, UNEP, WWF.

5.  WWF– (World Wide Fund for Nature), a non
governmental organisation, having a mission to
stop degradation of natural environment.
 GEF– (Global Environment Facility), funds the
projects that aim to protect the global environment.
 UNESCO– ( U.N. Educational, Scientific & Cultural
Organisation).
 WRI– (World Resources Institute), works for
sustainable use of biodiversity through ecosystem
approach.
Major Events Are---
 WCS (World Conservation Strategy)
 GBA (Global Biodiversity Assessment)
 MAB (Man & Biosphere Program)

6.  The government of India came up with various
wildlife conservation projects & programs to
promote wild life awareness. Such as– project tiger,
project elephant, project rhinoceros etc.
 By establishing protected area.
 By Setting up of wildlife corridors.
 By protecting or conserving wetlands, forests etc.
 Tour were initiated in India and are one of the
best way to aware people about the importance of
wildlife.

7.  In –situ conservation refers to the protection
and maintenance of organisms in their natural
habitat.
 The natural area is protected and maintained to
conserve all known or unknown species.
 The entire natural habitat is restored to ensure
proper balance in the structure and function of
the ecosystem.
 This includes the establishment of---National
park, Sanctuaries, biosphere reserves etc.

8.  A wildlife sanctuary is a protected area formed by
the order of the state or central government but
not bound by state legislation .
 Between 1936—2016, 543 sanctuaries were
established in India that cover 118,918 Km2.
 No forest could be cleared for agricultural
purposes.
 Killing, hunting, poaching is prohibited but local
people can gather flowers, fruits, firewood,
medicinal plants, etc. in small amount.

9.  Private ownership may be allowed.
 Public entry and roaming inside a wildlife
sanctuary is allowed for research, education,
and recreational purposes.
 Examples---
 Kedarnath (UP)
 Keladevi (Rajasthan)
 Askot (Uttarakhand)
 Pulicat (Andra Pradesh)

10.  National parks are protected
area, usually declared and
owned by the central
government.
 India’s first national park
was established in 1936 as
Hailey National Park (now
known as Jim Corbett
National Park) in
Uttarakhand.

11.  At present, there are 103 national park in india
covering an area of 40,500 Km2 (1.23% of
geographical area).
 The area of a national park is protected by
statutory law.
 Private rights are non existent.
 Photographs may be allowed and research and
educational work can be carried out with prior
permission.
 Human activities are prohibited and the park
cannot be used for any reason such as fruits ,
flowers and firewood or timber collection.

12.  Biosphere reserves are a special category of protected areas
of lands or coastal environments, where people are an
integral components of the system.
 The first biosphere reserve of the world was established
in 1979, since then the network of biosphere reserves has
increased to 531 in 105 countries.

13.  Objectives of biosphere reserve--
 A conservation function – to contribute to the
conservation of landscapes , ecosystem and species
variation.
 A development function – to foster economic and
human development which is socio-culturally and
ecologically sustainable .
 A logistic function – to provide support for
research , monitoring, education and information
exchange related to local, national and global
issues of conservation and development.

14.  Structure of biosphere reserve—
 Core zone:- the natural or core zone represents an
undisturbed or least distributed area of
representative ecosystem .
 Buffer zone :- the buffer zone surrounds the core
zone , and is managed for research , education and
training activities.
 Traditional activities including timber production,
hunting, fishing & grazing are permitted.
 Transition zone:- outermost part of reserve
where in activities like settlement, cropping,
forestry, recreation & other economic uses
continue in harmony with conservation goals.

15.  Wetland conservation is aimed
at protecting and preserving
areas where water exists at or
near the earth surface.
 Wetlands are ecosystems In
which the land surface is
saturated or covered with
standing water either
permanently or seasonally.
 The water found in wetlands
can be saltwater ,fresh water or
brackish.

16.  The major types of wetlands are---
 Marshes are the most productive wetlands
characterized by mineral soil and are typically
dominated by grasses and floating leaved plants .
 Swamps are forested wetlands characterized by
mineral soil ,seasonally or permanently flooded ,
and dominated by trees.
 Bogs are acidic, unproductive wetlands that
develop in relatively cool but wet climate and are
typically by species of moss.
 Fens are alkaline rather than acid area, receiving
water mostly from surface and ground water
sources.

17.  The major cause for their reduction is land
reclamation, drainage, & conversion into
arable land for agricultural needs.
 Peat bogs suffered anthropogenic transformation
due to the capturing of water from mountain
springs and streams for the purposes of
generating drinking water.
 Ignorance, lack of monitoring, are also
responsible for wetland degradation.
 Fed by local dams, the erratic & scarce
precipitation is leading to vast swathes of
wetland drying up.

18.  By stopping or reducing the anthropogenic causes.
 By providing the employment in wetland
management.
 Protection , rehabilitation and sustainable use of
wetlands.

19.  The main functions performed by wetlands are---
 Water filtration– by removing excess nutrients,
slowing the water allowing particulates to settle out
of the water which can then be absorbed into plant
roots.
 Wetlands can even filter out & absorb harmful
bacteria from the water.
 Storage– wetlands can store approximately 1-1.5
million gallons of floodwater per acre and allow
groundwater to be recharged.
 Biological productivity– wetlands are able to be
highly biologically productive, also support, through
feeding & nesting of birds.

20.  Wildlife habitat– 95% of all commercially
harvested fish and shellfish are wetland dependent.
 Some parts of the area are wetlands managed for
providing habitat of migrating birds, such as
waterfowl & songbird.
 Many animals that live in other habitat use
wetlands for reproduction ex- Herons, amphibians.
 Economic benefits– hunting, fishing, bird
watching, wildlife photography, boating.
 Some of notable wetlands of india are Sundarban,
Rashikbeel, Bhitorkanika, Vembanad.

21.  Mangroves are tree or
large shrubs which are
salt tolerant and grow in
intertidal zone in tropical
& subtropical regions.
They form dense forest
along many coasts, and
are found in 123
countries and cover
above 150,000 km2
globally.

22.  Where do mangroves grow?
 Mangroves grow only in the tropics & subtropics .
They do not tolerate cold temperature well.
 They grow best in sheltered areas with low wave
energies.

23.  Clearing– cleared to make room for agricultural
land, human settlements , infrastructure and
industrial areas.
 Overharvesting– these trees are useful for
firewood, construction wood, wood chip, pulp
production& animal fodder.
 River changes– dams & irrigation reduce the
amount of water reaching mangrove forests, and
erosion due to deforestation.
 Destruction of coral reef, pollution, climate
change etc.

24.  Establishing protected are that redues
anthropogenic pressures.
 Restoration – mangrove restoration involves
reforestation using appropriate species. It usually
follows three main stages: sorting propagules,
supplying propagules to planter and planting.
 Community involvement is also key to successful
mangrove management, protection and
reforestation.

25.  Fisheries– mangroves are the home to a large
variety of fish, crab, shrimp, and mollusk species.
 Timber and plant products– wood is resistant to
rot and insects, making it extremely valuable. The
coastal and indigenous communities also collect
medicinal plants and mangrove leaves for fodder.
 Coastal protection– mangroves helps in
stabilizing the coastline and prevents erosion from
waves & storms.
 Tourism

26.  Coral reef referred to as
the ‘rainforest of the sea’ .
 They are mounds found in
marine water as a
consequence of accretion
of calcium carbonate
deposited by oceanic
organisms like corals and
shellfish.

27.  The reef faces threat from inland pollution,
climate change , overfishing by dynamite and
cyanide poisoning, coastal development, mining of
coral reef rock, ocean acidification , warming
water, and ignorance.
HOW CONSERVE IT—
• Coral reef can be conserve by establishing Marine
Protected Area in oceans.
• Reducing the threating causes.

28.  They protect the shores from storms and wave
actions by slowing down the water before it gets
to the shore , hence called barrier reefs.
 Provide protection and shelter for many
different species of fish.
 These are very important in controlling how much
carbon dioxide is in the ocean water.
 Help in nutrient recycling.