Klang Mangrove forest reserve management

Mangrove is a type of forest that are widely distributed
within tropical and subtropical regions. Mangrove can
be identified by its unique type of trees and shrubs that
live in the coastal intertidal zones, where mostly
concentrated in estuaries and marine shorelines.
View of the mangrove forest in Pulau Indah (own pic)
The mangrove mud peat soil (own pic)
INTRODUCTIONKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE1

The mangrove forests are known into three main components, which are the mangrove seed, mangrove
leaves and mangrove roots.
MANGROVE SEED
seeds germinate while attached to the
tree, increase the chance of surviving.
Seed released when its ready and
dropped in to the mud. It makes
mangrove propagate rapidly
MANGROVE LEAVES
shield from water lost (through evaporation)
For some species, salt absorbed will be
extracted out
This result some salt crystal on the leaves
and drop back into the sea
MANGROVE ROOTS
One or two times a day, low tide expose the
surface and its unique root . Spike like
structure is called pneumatophors designed
to absorbed air quickly while root are not
covered by the tide. It can keep out 90% of
salt from being absorbed
The germinated mangrove seeds
(natgeo.com)
Salt crystal on leaf surface
(natgeo.com)
The pneumataphors root
(natgeo.com)
COMPONENTSKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE1

The mangrove forest has a rich sources of fruits of the inhabited animal species. The fruits, such as red mangrove
provide nutritious meals for the monkeys and tree-climbing crabs. Besides that, the rich nectar is also the main diet
for the fruit bats and honey bee species.
On the roots of mangrove trees, the algae found on the surface gives foods for the snails, as well as a source of
protein for the shrimps and young fishes.
As a biodiversity forest, the mangrove hosts some of the wildlife species, which have lived and adapted their
habitats to the surrounding. For instance, the birds live in the canopy, while shellfish attached to the roots. The
tangled root is also the nursery-breeding ground for the fish, a perfect hunting ground for the snakes and crocodiles.
Family : Viverridae-Common palm
civet Species: Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus (flickr.com)
Dusky Leaf Monkey Species:
Macaca fascicularis (flickr.com)
Great Tit (Parus major)
(flickr.com)
FLORA AND FAUNASKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE1

AKTA HUTAN NEGARA 1984
Klang Islands Forest Reserve
LAW AND ENCORCEMENTKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE1

In Selangor, mangroves forest covers around 18,088ha. They are mostly located in the west coast of Selangor,
from Sabak Bernam in the northern part to Kuala Selangor, Klang in the central to Pulau Carey (concentrated in
the islands and river mouth area of the Klang and Langat River) to Sepang in the down south.
The Klang Islands consist of seven major islands, with two of them are actively inhabited, which are Pulau
Ketam, Pulau Tengah, Pulau Selat Kering, Pulau Selat Gedong, Pulau Che Mat Zin, Pulau Kelang and Pulau
Indah, formerly known as Pulau Lumut. Only Pulau Ketam and Pulau Indah are actively inhabited by the human
population.
The size of the mangrove forest in these islands covers around 5,612 ha in Pulau Kelang, Pulau Ketam (2,365
ha), Pulau Tengah (1,400 ha) and Pulau Che Mat Zin (1,400ha). Almost 72% of mangrove forest reserves in
Selangor are located in the Klang district.
Additionally, the area covers most mangrove and mudflats area found in the country, which has listed Malaysia
as the third largest mangrove forest ecosystem in Asia Pacific region, after Indonesia and Australia. (Mohamed
Zakaria, et.al, 2009).
SITE LOCATIONKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE1

KEY AND LOCATION PLAN
Area = 11960 Ha
72% of mangrove forest reserves in
Selangor are located in the Klang district

While the rest of the islands are thick mangrove forests and mudflats, Pulau Ketam is the main fishery island of
Selangor. With 5,000 population, they are mainly Chinese fishermen, living on the raised stilt architecture,
depending on the fisheries and eco-tourism industries.
Pulau Indah is an integral component of Port Klang, has been established as an industrial zone and the base of
the Westports of Port Klang. It is a modern township area, connected to the mainland via two bridges with
many modern facilities available.
Previously, the Klang Islands Forest Reserve had been gazetted as forest reserve area by the state government
of Selangor. However, due to the repressing industrial development in the nearby area of Port Klang, the area
was degazetted and lost its status circa 1980s / 1990s. More demands from the industry players led to the
establishment of the Westports and new township development in Pulau Indah in the 1990s.
Pulau Ketam (cuti.my) Westports of Pulau Indah (benlineagencies.com)
BACKGROUNDKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE1

Consequently, the size and quality of the mangrove were declined soon after. Pulau Indah mangrove was
stood at 3000ham but after the degazettement, only 20% remained which could be disappeared soon.
In 2009, Selangor Forestry Department initiates to regazette the area of the forest reserve, but was
unfruitful.
Klang Islands Forest Reserve, is classified as Type IV by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of
Nature), which is a habitat / species management area, with the aim to protect particular species or
habitats and management. It will need regular, active interventions to address the requirements of
particular species or to maintain habitats, which is the mangrove area.
Categories of IUCN (sspp.proquest.com)
International Union for Conservation of Nature
(en.wikipedia.org)
BACKGROUNDKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE1

Due to geographical locations of the islands, located on the water body of the Straits of Malacca, most
islands can only be accessed through water transportations, either boats or small ships. Some islands
such as the inhabited Pulau Ketam has been equipped with jetty for easier transportation.
While for the rest of the islands, no jetty are available, but they can be accessed through the flow of
rivers in the middle of the islands, especially during the high tide.
With the exception of Pulau Indah, it can be accessed by roads, either by cars or lorries, via two main
bridges built on the island, connecting to the mainland of Port Klang on the northeast of the island
and to Carey Island from the southeast. The island is where the main harbour of Westports and
industrial areas are located, thus coining its transportation facilities.
ACCESS TO SITEKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE1

Main boat route from Port Klang
Main road on Pulau Indah
connected from the mainland
via two bridges
Main jetty of
Pulau Ketam
Westports of
Pulau Indah
ACCESS TO SITEKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE1

As per state by the IUCN, the Klang Island Forest Reserve has been listed as Type IV, which is a habitat /
species management area, with the aim to protect particular species or habitats and management. Thus,
it advocates a regular, active interventions to address the requirements of particular species or to maintain
habitats, which is the mangrove area.
Presently, most areas of the islands are still intact with the thick mangrove forests and mudflats, with the
exception of Pulau Ketam and Pulau Indah, whereby partly areas of Pulau Ketam have been cleared while
almost all areas of Pulau Indah have been developed, leaving small patches of mangrove forests.
Having no legal protection, the gazetted status by the authoritative body, plus with its close location to the
Port Klang, the main and busiest port of Malaysia, it is very much necessary to protect and conserve these
mangrove forests, as this is where the large area of mangrove forest are located in the state of Selangor.
OBJECTIVES OF MANGROVE CONSERVATION
KLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE1

It is also important to retain these valuable forest resources in order to
maintain the natural balance of the site, with the mangrove is home to
valuable species of flora and fauna, as well as the main natural barrier
from the soil erosions and other climatic problems. It also
The rich biodiversity of mangrove forest a provides habitat for various
species of wildlife animals. They also give sources of natural resources for
economic and social benefits of the local populace, but need to be
regulated.
Besides, the mangrove forests of Klang Island would also have the
opportunities to be promoted as an eco-tourism destination, due to its
close locations with the Klang Valley and with its vast and unique
mangrove forests. Currently, small eco–tourism industry has been
developed in Pulau Klang, but with less attraction focus on the mangrove
forests.
The mangrove forests would also provide an avenue for education and
outreach programme as part of creating awareness towards the public
through various outdoor and exploration activities.
Type of flora found (own pic)
The mangrove hardwood
(ecopiece.wordpress.com)
OBJECTIVES OF MANGROVE CONSERVATION

Mangrove is mainly in tropical and sub
tropical part of the world
The local weather condition is hot and
humid, depending on the monsoon wind
seasons, similar to the mainland.
SITE
According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, in 2007
NATURAL RESOURCES:
SITE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

SOIL PARENT MATERIAL
Soil map of peninsular Malaysia (Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries Malaysia 1970) showed that the soil properties in Port
Klang are made up of gley soil with alluvial soil on marine and
riverine alluvium and subrecent alluvium or gley soil on marine
clay (saline gley soil and acid sulfate soils). (Hazzeman Haris and
Ahmad Zaharin Aris, 2013)
GEOLOGICAL FACTORKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE2

These mangroves thrive at the interface of land and
sea, mangroves are subject to changes in freshwater
flow (flow rate, nutrients, pollutants) and to marine
influences (sea-level rise, salinity).
Salinity has long been recognized as a controlling
factor that determines the health and distribution of
mangrove forests.
FRESH WATER
MANGROVE
BRACKISH
MANGROVE
MARINE
MANGROVE
HYDROLOGYKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE2
Mangroves are commonly found in the intertidal zone
(between low and high tides) in a rather broad
spectrum of hydrologic settings.

Klang Islands’ wetland experienced shifts in
hydrology and salinity levels over the past
century as a result of changes in sea level and
freshwater drainage patterns.
Eastern part of Klang straits are mangroves and
mudflats with 2 major rivers (River Klang and
River Langat).
These rivers transport large quantity of
sediment loads.
During low tide, coastal mud flats for seaward
distance range from 1 to 3km
HYDRODYNAMIC AND SEDIMENTATION

Good example of estuarine mangrove mudflat system
River nodes :sediment loads
HYDRODYNAMIC AND SEDIMENTATION

Strongest tidal is at main channel of Klang
Strait.
• Have a strong mixed semidiurnal tide (two
high waters and two low waters each day),
maximum range of 5meters during extreme
tide and lowest of -0.8meters .
• Diurnal tide happens twice a month
(one tidal cycle per day).
MANGOROVE TOLERANCE UNDER VARIABLE
TIDAL CONDITIONS:
Red mangroves recruits exposed to tidal
fluctuation experienced greater growth than
those confined to static water levels. plant
survival was not significantly affected by
hydrologic treatment except Avisennia family
(National Wetlands Research Center, 2003).
TIDAL PATTERNKLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE

there is little oxygen in the heavy mud, so
mangrove trees adapted their roots to be
able to get oxygen without extracting it
from the mud.
MAIN MANGROVE STRUCTURE
KLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE

2. Fringing mangroves
• Fringe mangrove forests are the typical
mangrove zonation pattern.
• grow thin fringe along the coast , flooded
with salt water during each high tide.
• directly exposed to the tides and strong
winds
• do not receive the amount of nutrients as
mangroves in riverine mangrove forests
therefore
• most of the time do not exceed an height of
10 to 12 meters.
• Dominated by Avicennia, Rhizophora and
Sonneratia.
• The growth can extend several kilometers
inland from the coast.
High tide Low tide
MANGROVE ZONATION

Mangroves have evolved features to cope
changing regime of tidal water ranges, variable
salinity and temperature, and anoxic soil
conditions, but within limits (Tomlinson, 1986)
1. River mangrove forests
• located along edges of coastal rivers,
as far upstream as the last point of intrusion
of salt water.
• River flow provides rich nutrients - enable
river mangroves to generate thick forest
cover.
• Perfect growing conditions for mangroves,
sheltered, not exposed to sea waves and
storms,
• enable mangroves to reach a heigt up to 35
meters. Most of the
• mangrove species can be found in riverine
mangrove forests.
MANGROVE ZONATION

3. Basin mangrove forests
• Water overflow occasionally during dry
season and regularly during wet season.
• During dry season, water level decrease,
therefore the salinity is the soil is high.
• The water is slowly flowing.
• Dominated by Avicennia and Rhizophora
species.
Wet - High tide Dry - Low tide
MANGROVE ZONATION

MANAGEMENT HISTORY
• 1960:A management plan drafted but no one knows what there commendations
were and whether they were implemented. 1970s:Forestry records were destroyed
during a big flood in Klang.
• The state government now wants to restore the mangrove forests and manage it
according to the rotation logging system practiced at the Matang mangrove forest in
Perak.
• State Forestry Department to produces 10 year (2006 to 2015) management plan for
the Klang Islands.
MANAGEMENT PLAN

VEGETATION MAP

V-1: Highest Quality Native Ecosystems
VEGETATION
Berus Mata Buaya (Bruguiera hainesii)
Lenggadai (bruiguiera gymnorhiza)

V-2: Predominantly Native Areas
TERUNTUM MERAH@ LUMNITZERA LITTOREA
• Common Name : Teruntum merah
• Family : Lumnitzera littorea
• Is an IUCN RED LIST as lease concern: It is threatened by the loss of
mangrove habitat throughout its range, primarily due to extraction
and coastal development
• Habit: tree, up to 6 m-25m tall.
• Habitat: back and sides of mangrove stands (increasing sea level is a
threat)
• Uses: construction(durable), firewood, anticeptic.
VEGETATION

MANAGEMENT ZONING
A total of 4 management zones identified:–
• Productive Zone (Productive Forest)–
• Restrictive Productive Zone (Restrictive
Productive Forest)–
• Unproductive Zone (Unproductive area)–
• Protective Zone (Protective Forest)
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

RM1: PRODUCTIVE ZONE
(PRODUCTIVE FOREST)
• productive forest comprising Rhizophora
Forest, Bruguiera parviflora & mixed Forest
Bruguieracylindrica Forest.
• For community uses only
KLANG ISLANDS MANGROVE RESERVE
RM2: RESTRICTIVE PRODUCTIVE ZONE
(RESTRICTIVE PRODUCTIVE FOREST)
• a new inclusion, which is necessary to take into
consideration the importance placed on the
conservation and maintenance of fragile and
sensitive ecosystem within the mangrove
forest mangrove forest
• The forests under this category :
• transitional new forest;
• seaward berus berus forest; and forest;
• the dry land dryland transitional forest
transitional forest
3

RM2: ROTATION FRAMEWORK
• Previous rotation periods ranged from 20-40 years.
• Current system adopts a rotation period of 30 years.
• Influences by:
site productivity
ecological consideration,
dominant forest type,
competency and availability of contractors,
market preference,
silviculture advancement,
expected forest yield; and
mean diameter of final crop trees.

Protection and conservation
• Allocation of community uses and conservation
Guidelines which stipulated that annual sub-coupes should preferably not more than 50 ha to
minimize the impact of clear felling on the environment and wildlife.
• Provision of Buffer Zones
To protect marine life and contain coastal or bank erosion, the retention of a continuous strip of
trees along the bank/shoreline was implemented.
• The additional width along river and coastline would also provide a pleasant landscape for all
mangrove users.
• The buffer along rivers also provide ample seed source for the annual planting programe.

RM3: UNPRODUCTIVE ZONE
(UNPRODUCTIVE FOREST)
• Bund and Bund Reserve
• Area cut off by the Bund
• Fishing Village Reserve
• Forest complex
• Buffer reserve
RM4:PROTECTIVE ZONE
(PROTECTIVE FOREST)
• The fragile and environmentally important
important accreting Avicennia and forest
dryland, as well as the forest, functional
important forests:
-Virgin Jungle Forest;
–Old Growth Forest;
–Educational Forest;
–Research Forest;
–EcoEco--tourism Forest

YEARS OPERATION
-1 Detailed ground survey and recalculation of sub coupes and boundary demarcation.
o All trees are felled, similar to clear felling operation. A 3 - 10 meters buffer zone of all trees along the river bank are
retain to prevent or reduce erosion as well as seed propagation.
1 Estimation of areas that need planting. Eradication of invading ferns by manual and chemical means.
2 A final survey to determine and map out the extent and location of sub-coupes requiring planting and refilling. Sub-
coupes with less than 90% natural regeneration will be subjected to enrichment planting of R. apiculata (1.2m by
1.2m) and R. mucronata (1.8m by 1.8m).
3 First survival enumeration. Refilling imposed if survival of planted seedlings is less than 75%.
MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS

Year Operation
4 Second survival enumeration.
5 Third and last survival enumeration. Sub-coupes which have less than 75% regeneration either through
artificial or natural means will be planted with potted seedlings.
6-14 No activity recommended.
15-19 First thinning using 1.2 m stick length.
20-24 Second thinning using a 1.8 m stick length. Procedure similar to thinning 1.
25-29 No activity recommended.
30 Final felling.

BIODIVERSITY
• As a fertilise oil, the mangrove forest is home to various species of mammals, birds
and herpetofauna.
• The mammal species identified including the common palm civet, Malayan field rat,
plantain squirrel, oriental small-clawed otter, and wild pig, long-tailed Macaque,
Dusky Leaf Monkey and Long-tongued Nectar Bat.
• For volant small mammals (bat), one species was recorded, which is a fruit bat or
Long-Tongued Nectar Bat (Pteropodidae).
• Meanwhile, there are 57 bird species from 26 families were recorded from the study
sites, with three reptile species, which are the mangrove skink, monitor lizard and
mangrove snake (Norhayati, 2009).
ANIMAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

BIODIVERSITY MAP

SIGNIFICANT HABITAT
• As indication, the abundance of bird population in Pulau Tengah and
Pulau Ketam was estimated at 13, 000 individuals representing 26
species recorded from a survey done.
• So that, the significance habitats or key biodiversity area among this
Klang Islands are the mudflats area at Northern area of Pulau Klang and
Pulau Ketam which is facing to the Southern Kapar, since there can be
found many of birds species worldwide, until it been one of the studies
area by many of the researcher around the world.
SIGNIFICANT HABITAT

SIGNIFICANT HABITAT MAP

THREATENED ANIMAL & MIGRATORY BIRD
• Several type of mammals that been listed by Wildlife Act 1972 as
protected animal under conservation’s status since they seem to be near
to threatened population.
• All of these protected mammals recorded mostly in Pulau Tengah, Pulau
Ketam and Pulau Klang but yet still found in others Klang Islands
• There are several type of shore and seabirds that been categorized as
near threatened and endangered birds such as Brown-winged Kingfisher
and Lesser adjutant.
THREATENED ANIMAL &
MIGRATORY BIRD

THREATENED ANIMAL &
MIGRATORY BIRD MAP

The three (3) types of the management plan that been proposed are A1,
A2 and A3 which is as described below:
• A1- (Indigenous Revenue Collection)
• A2- (Public Activities)
• A3- (Studies & Conservation purposes)

• A1- (Indigenous Revenue Collection): Only allows indigenous people to collect
marine products for personal use.
Indigenous collecting snails
Source: Google Images

• A2- (Public Activities): Can be viewed by the public from a distance by staff
supervision.
Boating Sightseeing

• A3- (Studies & Conservation purposes): Can only be access by the staff for
conservation and studies purposes.
Staff Accessibility

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT PLAN MAP

An ecotourism programme is no longer an uncommon in many mangrove forests around the world.
The unique and pristine beauty of the mangrove forest biodiversity has attracted the people to
explore and appreciate the area. They would experience the intertidal areas in a unique way by
cruising the rivers, streams or seas.
Such ecotourism product, which is the mangrove sea or river cruise has been implemented and
become a hit in some areas. In Malaysia, the Kinabatangan River Cruise is among the popular mangrove
swamp cruise across the river. While across the world, the mangrove coastal cruise has been popularised in
Florida and Costa Rica of the United States.
A mangrove cruise tour (greatleap.com.my) The cruise tour boat (interestingplace1.blogspot.com)
ECOTOURISM MANAGEMENT

Such a programme can be implemented in Klang Islands
Forest Reserve, with the jetty of Pulau Ketam can be
the hub for the activity. The vast areas of the
mangrove forest islands will offer an exciting journey
for the visitors to experience the wide mangrove
islands, with cruising through the rivers and streams of
the islands and between islands.
Another programme is sea fishing, which has been
introduced currently by the local tour operators of
Pulau Ketam. Though the main activity is fishing, it will
in a way introduce the natural beauty of the mangrove
forest to the participants.
Jetty facility of Pulau Ketam (snipview.com)
Typical fishing boats in Malaysia (travelyourself.ca)
ECOTOURISM MANAGEMENT

The designated eco-tourism programme will be covered on certain areas based on the recreation
management plan. The management plan has been designed accordance and inline with the
vegetation management plan, in order to curb disturbance towards the mangrove re-planting
programme.
The recreation areas have been classified as such:
R1 : Heavy Use Areas – This is where the main facilities of the eco-tourism programme are
located, such as the hub, jetty, office, rest rooms and other facilities.
R2 : Medium Use Areas – The areas where eco-tourism activities are done, it is also where the
routes of the boat cruise are mainly covered.
R3 : Light Use Areas – Boat may be able to cruise and explore along the areas but limited entry
due to the delicate replanting and conservation efforts
R4 : Restricted Use – Areas where the mangrove forest are considered as virgin forest, where it
had never been intruded and used by human activites.
RECREATIONAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

R1
R1
R2
R3
R4
R2
R2
R3
R3
R4
RECREATIONAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Klang Mangrove forest reserve management

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