The Keystone Xl Oil Pipeline

The Keystone Xl Oil Pipeline
In his speech before the Bloomberg Energy Conference in New York on April, last year, former
Canadian Minister on Natural Resources Joe Oliver outlined the significance of the Keystone XL oil
pipeline in meeting the growing demands of the United States for an environmentally safe and
secure energy source and distribution. He argued that North America's continued growth as a global
superpower depends on how it can meet its energy demands without depending so much on offshore
sources such as the Middle East which are mostly in conflict and are therefore unstable. Oliver
seems to present a compelling argument in favor of Canada's energy projects especially when he
cites independent third party reports made by the International Energy Agency ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
We now attempt to review what Oliver had presented before the energy summit to understand how
attendees perceived Canada's stance on the Keystone XL project. Much of Rickford's work is a
continuance of the $650 billion resource development project left by his predecessor, including the
challenge of moving the Keystone XL forward amid obstacles. Rickford is expected to follow the
energy blueprint that Oliver had presented at the energy conference. Central to Oliver's arguments
were the accomplishments of Canada's energy efforts on innovation geared at producing cleaner
energy and on harnessing a diversified energy source from oil to recoverable gas, to hydroelectricity
and uranium... and then to wind energy as well. To complement government efforts on the consumer
level, Oliver also did not fail to mention the $1 billion in grants to get households to retrofit their
homes to become energy efficient. Establishing these facts gave Oliver a good start to present his
argument in favor of the US–Canada collaboration on clean energy, which dialogues, he added
started in 2009. This was also the greatest strength of his presentation or of the article.
While Oliver did cite the IEA and the US State Department, he did not attempt to address the
criticisms and questions raised by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on the US State
Department's study. According to the EPA, the US State Department
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Controversy On Iran's Nuclear Program
I.
Topic Description
Iran's Nuclear Program
The Islamic Republic of Iran's conquest for nuclear energy technology commenced during the
1950's, inspired by U.S President Dwight Eisenhower's program called "Atoms for Peace". This
program fabricated a plan in which the U.S Atomic Energy Commission would lend Iran as much as
13.2 pounds of low–enriched uranium in order to further develop their nuclear industries, including
health care and medicine.i Two years following the agreement, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
established the Tehran Nuclear Research Center at the Tehran University, and the United States to
arranged to supply a five–megawatt reactor. Several years later, in July of 1968, Iran signed the
Nuclear Non–Proliferation Treaty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
iii
It became known in the 1990's that Iran had certainly renewed their civilian nuclear projects, and
Western tension continued to increase following 2002 and 2003 reports that Iran began clandestine
research into fuel enrichment and conversion. This sparked international controversy over the
intentions behind Iran's nuclear program beyond civilian or peaceful purposes. For example, the
Isfahan Nuclear Technology Center is suspected to house Iran's nuclear weapons programs, and is
also the alleged location of Iran's uranium–conversion efforts.iv It is estimated that as many as 366
tons of uranium hexafluoride has been produced since 2004. This is then fed into centrifuges at
another key site: the Natanz enrichment facility.
Still, Iran continuously denies that its nuclear objectives are to construct atomic weapons, but a large
majority of the international community remains skeptical to the legitimacy of this claim due to the
secrecy of Iran's productions and their refusal to cooperate with the IAEA on several notable
occasions. However, in defense over the concerns pertaining to the secrecy of Iran's program, Iran's
former ambassador to the United Nations, Mohammed Javad Zarif, claims Western tension and
dwindling support for Iran's early nuclear energy programs forced Tehran with no choice but to
continue their nuclear activities in a discreet matter. Zarif wrote in Colombia University's Journal of
International Affairs, "To avoid the

Global Dependence On Fossil Fuel
The proportion of Renewables must increase to around 50% of the energy mix in most countries and
is expected to be over 70% in countries Brazil and Africa. Energy efficiencies and low carbon
energy carriers for heating and cooling can decarbonize electricity, significantly reducing the share
of fossil fuels to less than 50% in the total energy requirement. Sharing best practices across borders
can help transfer innovative technologies and support energy transition plans for many of the
developing countries that are majorly dependent on coal as a primary source of energy. Over the
coming years the dependence on fossil fuel will have to gradually reduce and much of investment
must go into making this transition possible.
Governments, international corporations and other investing parties that can back–up small
entrepreneurs, suppliers and local universities in their research and sharing of knowledge across the
spectrum of value chain. International collaboration and continuous dialogues between the
stakeholders to share both risks and benefits of such collaborations can facilitate knowledge sharing.
This will result in technologies being transferred across borders to decarbonize development and
The International Energy Agency (IEA) thorough its institutional activities is involved in
collaboration of energy technology. The following are few of the initiatives (Energy Technology
Perspectives, IEA 2015):
i. Enabling innovation through 39 co–operative agreements which include

The Successful Outcome Of The United Nations Essay
The successful outcome of the United Nations' 21st annual Conference of the Parties (COP21)
raised hopes and expectations of concerted global efforts to tackle climate change, and brought
forward a whole raft of questions:
How will this affect the momentum behind the deployment of key renewable technologies and the
drive for greater energy efficiency?
Ample supply is keeping downward pressure on fossil fuel prices, coal, oil and natural gas. When
and how will market dynamics change – or might lower prices for some fuels be here to stay?
The impact of local pollution, often energy–related, on air quality is a matter of rising social and
political concern in many countries. How can governments act to tackle this problem – and what
would these actions mean for the energy sector?
The World Energy Outlook 2016 published by the International Energy Agency (IEA) is coming out
in November and will shed some light on these questions with insightful analysis.
In the meantime, there is one matter that everyone can agree on: for the near future, energy demand
will continue to grow. How it is produced and used will be a critical factor in the future of the global
economy, geopolitics and the environment.
With that in mind, McKinsey & Company's Global Energy Insights team took a hard look at the
data, modeling energy demand by country, sector and fuel mix, with an analysis of current
conditions, historical data and country–level assessments. On this basis, McKinsey put together

Environment For Fdi : An Ambitious Campaign
Environment for FDI:
In the year 2014, the Government of India launched an ambitious campaign called the "Make in
India". The campaign's main aim is to build and further develop the country's manufacturing
industry by making the country attractive for FDI. As a result of the launch of the campaign, within
merely 9 months, from 2014 October to 2015 June, there was a rise in FDI by almost 40%. (Kaur, J.
2016). Out of the numerous objectives that Make in India sets its eyes upon, the following are
relevant for the scope of this paper:
 The campaign aims at eliminating antique bureaucratic laws and red tape associated with the
business environment (Kaur, J. 2016).
 Another aim of the campaign is to develop a hundred smart cities in India ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
allowing 100% FDI in RE (India: In–depth PESTLE insights, 2015) However, in terms of risks for
FDI, a major risk in India is the bifurcation of existing states. A bifurcation would result in different
political parties in power in the provinces where the foreign firm exist, and this could result to be a
bane or a boon for the organization. However, since RE has no ill effects to it, it seems like an
industry that will be held in high regards by any political party that is in power.
Corruption: As of 2017, according to Transparency International, India is the 79th least corrupt
country in the world. What this means in terms of FDI is that foreign firms might probably face a
situation where they might have to pay bribes in order to get permissions or licences. However, with
the govt. trying to improve the ease of business in India through Make In India, along with the
Indian govt. recently de–monetising its currency in a bid to fight black money, foreign firms can be
assured that the govt. will back them when they are faced with corruption.
Major Problem Areas: In terms of renewable energy, India is blessed by mother nature with near to
unlimited potential for harnessing energy through various sources of renewable energy as we have
learnt from the previous sections of the paper. On the contrary, renewable energy faces the following
major problems:
 Infrastructure: In

GEK1549 Assignment 1
Part 1: Graphical Representation
Part 2: Summary of argument
In the article "Fossil Fuels Improve the Planet" (Epstein, 2013), Alex Epstein's main claim was that
fossil fuels should be used without restriction as they provide reliable and affordable energy that
improves the lives of mankind. Aiming to convince the reader fossil fuels should be freely used, he
first argued that the energy provided by fossil fuels is vital to the health and well–being of mankind.
He supported this by stating that processes such as purifying water, mass production of medicine
and fresh food, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
References
Anderson, D. United Nations Development Programme, United Nations. & World Energy Council.
(2000). World Energy Assessment: Energy and the challenge of sustainability. New York, NY:
United Nations Development Programme
In: Chapter 11 Energy and Economic Prosperity. (P.394–411)
Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/ International Energy Agency & Organisation for Economic
Co–operation and Development (2013). World energy outlook 2013. Paris: OECD/IEA.
Retrieved from http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/ Epstein's second argument is that alternative
sources of energy to fossil fuels are not as effective. The argument uses inductive reasoning as
Epstein focuses on 2 alternative sources of energy and attempts to convince the reader of his
argument based on their observed limitations. The premises offered are that renewable energy such
as solar and wind is unreliable, not cost effective and also unable to be mass–produced. He is able to
support this with his claim that even after years of investments from many countries renewable
energy only accounts for less than 0.5% of the planets energy. He also supports this by quoting
examples of some richer countries that have been unsuccessful in making renewable energies usable
on a larger scale even after spending large sums of money, resulting in rising youth unemployment
rates as high as 50% in Spain and

Influence Of Iran Relations On Fdi During Saudi Arabia And...
2.2.2.1 The influence of Iran relations on FDI in Saudi Arabia and Gulf Countries According to
economic report of Aleq (2007) "Disagreement between Iran and the West will not hinder the flow
of investment to the Gulf" it has been confirmed that the international high tension between Iran and
the Western countries not affect the ability of the oil–rich countries (GCC) to attract foreign
investment. As a result of the stability of their economies and the high liquidity that they have. It has
been stated in this report that, the Gulf region is in high–quality situation and is unlikely to change
this condition. If it is believed that there is any risk because of the war in Iran, the projects will be
retreated. Many of the foreign capital aim to enter Gulf region for investing and financing,
especially from international banks, because of the economic and high commercial growth in these
countries (Aleqt, 2007). In addition, it has been mentioned by Aleqt report (2207) that the Gulf
States are aspirated by many of the foreign capital, many of international and western banks plan
and keen to enter this market in order to finance the growth economic and participate in
infrastructure. Gulf states will spend billions of dollars in the coming years. In contrast, in the case
of nuclear programs, the development of nuclear weapons didn't affect the attraction of investments
in South Korea and other countries. Thus, The Iran's nuclear programs will not affect Gulf States in

Dtl's Power Grid Analysis
The potential impact of a breach to DTL's power grid can significantly affect not just the 5.4 million
customers, but can have cascading effects across to the other sectors. The electric grid has many
interdependencies with the other sectors that link corporate systems together, providing access to
customers, suppliers, and other entities (Zhen, 2013). The threat is goes beyond the proprietary
information and other sensitive information contained in the corporate systems, there is also the
threat to the control systems that are tied in to these networks. Besides the immediate impact to
DTL's infrastructure, the Federal government sector could be affected by a breach in two ways. The
first impact may be through unauthorized access to personnel ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On December 2015, an adversary maliciously operated supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) systems that caused power outages, followed by destructive attacks that disabled SCADA
and communications systems to the field (E–ISAC, 2016). This type of malicious attack is the first
reported case in the world, where there was a direct attack against systems in a nation's critical
infrastructure. This was an escalation from past malicious attacks against basic purpose computers
and servers (E–ISAC,

Put Forward By Un Is A Challenge For Every Country
This goal, put forward by UN, is a challenge for every country. Together with the main goal, five
small targets describe the goal in a more detailed way. According to my analysis, four of the five
targets are unmeasureable, and most of them are curently measured in part.
Question 1
Among the five targets, according to my opinion, 7.1, 7.3, 7.a and 7.b are unmeasurable. For target
7.1, what percentage of energy consumption among the whole is called "affordable"? Because of the
uneven distribution of natural energy resources and the different stage of a country's economic
development, the reasonable energy consumption percentage is totally different. Besides, currently
there are large areas still have not established an accomplished database. Thus, we could not get a
complete and credible data from those areas. This uncertainty will also influence the measurement
of target 7.b, which mainly focuses on supplying sustainable energy services for all, particularly in
LDCs and SIDs. Target 7.3, focusing on improving energy efficiency, is also hard to measure. With
new technology and information available, fields like housing, building, communities, industry, and
transportation all have the potential to use energy more effectively, making the rate of improvement
of efficiency difficult to count. Also, due to limited regional specific data, our measurement for the
global range is just a rough calculation. As for target 7.a, we could not get a particular number of
how much

United States Of America And The Global Crisis
Last month, the United States of America and fellow global powerhouse China reached a deal to
incorporate more non–fossil fuel energy into their total energy consumption. Through this deal,
greenhouse gas production will be cut by up to 26 percent in America, lowering our levels to
somewhere around 28 percent of the levels experienced in 2005 (Samuelson). This plan has been
hailed as a great first step, and it is likely that smaller countries will make similar emissions cuts.
That being said, China and America currently combine for 42 percent of carbon dioxide emissions
worldwide according to the International Energy Agency. The world still heavily relies on fossil
fuels for about 80 percent of its energy. In order to solve this problem of moving to renewable
resources without causing a global economic collapse, countries need to be prepared to make budget
cuts in other areas. Weak agreements have been enacted with dates a few years down the road to
change this degenerative process. However, with loose restrictions on the way each country will
achieve this goal, the discussions feels, according to Climate Research Program Leader Myles R.
Allen, like a lost cause. It simply is not enough. The United States of America should be taking
stronger initiatives and setting the standards for the transition towards a greener tomorrow. These
initiatives would benefit both the Earth and its inhabitants. To do this, the government should take
this more active role, through

The Implications Of The Rebound Effect On Resource Efficiency
Summary The implications of the Rebound Effect on resource efficiency strategies implies that, if
rebounds associated with energy savings are significant, then efficiency measures will have far less
effect in reducing the rate of resource production, consumption and the increasing environmental
impacts. The ongoing debate on rebound between experts in industry, focuses on how much of an
impact The Rebound Effect has on efficiency schemes and policies. Analysts such as; Harry
Saunders (Breakthrough Institute (BI)), Steve Sorrell (UK Energy Research Center (UKERC)), and
Robert Michaels (Institute for Energy Research (IER), claim that the effects of rebound are grossly
underestimated and overlooked as result of imprecise quantifying models needed to influence policy
changes for more effective green solutions. Others such as; James Barrett (Clean Economy
Development Center), Amory Lovins (Rocky Mountain Institute)and Kenneth Gillingham (Yale
University), assert that the impact of the rebound on efficiency is not as grand and substantial as it is
made out to be. While the debate goes on, the key point is that rebound does occur, and the sooner
better measures and policies are outlined to counter its effects, the better for further and future
efficiency strategies. Introduction The European Commission has termed "Resources" to include all
natural means of wealth that add value to the economy, including; physical resources and eco–
system services, metals, minerals, fuels,

India, being one of the world’s nations that focuses on...
India, being one of the world's nations that focuses on climate change and control, is among those
setting up treaties and designs to pertain to the environmental changes coming along year after year.
Mahatma Gandhi, one of the greatest leaders to leave this world, left with a few words on the
environment: "The earth, the air, the land and the water are not an inheritance from our fore fathers
but on loan from our children. So we have to handover to them at least as it was handed over to us."
If we as humans cannot live up to this standard of the loan we've been given in this lifetime, who
can? India was first colonized in the sixteenth century by multiple European nations, with one of
those nations being France in particular. Its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the countryside has a profound monsoon season that can be witnessed throughout June
and into September along the Southern tips in retrospect. Contributing to China's land is the fact that
it alone reaches 9.7 million kilometers squared, triple that of India's. Because China shares the
border with 14 nations alongside it, it is put at higher risk of climate change. On the one hand, it is
comprised of approximately 70% plateaus and mountainous regions, giving in more effect for the
ozone to take its natural toll. The 5000 rivers leading into the Pacific Ocean also play a role in this
climate propaganda. The United States has a total area of approximately more than 3.5 million
square miles, thus making it the third largest country in the world, and slightly larger than China, but
it still is known to have the largest, and most powerful economy in the world. With the nation's
population growing at a semi–average rate of 1.25%, it is without a doubt a need to have under
control all the aspects of mitigation and irrigation of the land in terms of its people seeing that as of
2008, India's approximate irrigated land totaled in at 663,340 square kilometers. Being the fourth
largest economy in the world as per the GDP in 2011, India's economic growth has expanded at a
yearly rate of approximately 7% since the year 2000. At this growing rate, energy demand will

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OECD paper:
History of the OECD:
The Organization for European Economic Co–operation (OEEC), was established by the Marshall
plan to coordinate the American and Canadian aid for reconstruction of Europe in 1948. Since then
and as an extension for the with the convention on the Organization for Economic Co–operation and
Development, the OECD an international economic organization was established in Paris, on the
14th of December 1960 with the aim of building strong economies in its member countries, and
contribute to development in industrialized as well as developing countries. Nowadays, the OECD is
trying to expand their missions and agenda to include cooperating according to the requirements of
the market economy. Particularly to help the countries which are making their transition from
centrally–planned to capitalist systems. The founding member countries of the OECD include a list
of some of the biggest economies in the world such as the United States of America. Other founding
members include other countries such as most of the European Countries, Turkey and Japan. Today,
the OECD includes up to 34 verity of countries including countries from Latin America, such as
Chile that got accepted as a member in 2010.
The Aims of the OECD:
The OECD functions mainly as an organization that provides governments a setting to discuss,
develop and perfect economic and social policy in a way that allows them to compare experiences,
seek answers to common problems and work to

Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Distributed Generations
This chapter defines distributed generation (DG), briefly describes why it is useful and in the end
mentions the problems associated with its connection to the grid.
1.1 What is distributed generation (DG)?
Contrary to the traditional philosophy of power system design, which comprises of a large utility
generator situated far away from the loads, the concept of DG requires the installation of smaller
capacity generators close to the load.
IEEE defines the generation of electricity as facilities sufficiently smaller than central plants, usually
10 MW or less, so as to allow interconnection at nearly any point in the power system, as
Distributed Resources.
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) defines DG as generation from a few kilowatts up to 50
MW.
International Energy Agency (IEA) defines DG as "Power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The introduction of DG in distribution network changes the traditional radial structure into multi–
power structure and demands a huge shift on size and orientation of power flow thus influencing
voltage distribution of the network [15]. The control of the DG requires large numbers of power
electronic devices which produce harmonics when turning on and off frequently. The paralleling in
DG will increase the short circuit current, which depends on many factors, such as the type of DG,
operation mode, capacity, permeability rate and the method of interfacing with the system. This
change will affect the original protection coordination of the network. According to the relative
position of the short point and the access point of the DG, the short–circuit current in the protection
equipment will change dramatically. Therefore, the current arrangement of protection equipment
requires resetting. Moreover, a high penetration of distributed generation may change and reverse
the power

India's Security Role Exercises Diplomatic leverage in...
Although India rejected all multilateral attempts which can increase the diplomatic power of the
US–alliance in the region, India has established bilateral agreement with a large number of state
actors in order to engage closer relationship. However, it is important to note that such emerging
relationship is not an alliance, but a strategic partnership. Schaffer determines that India is currently
aiming at a selective and strategic partnership which 'starting with common interests that both sides
can pursue without too much strain and expanding, as both countries develop the habit of working
together is more sensible' . Thus, some view India would play a crucial role in balancing China due
to rising power rivalry and growing energy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The SCO was established in 2001 with six members of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to emphasize on harmony and cooperation against the three evils –
extremism, separatism and terrorism in response to regional characteristics of terrorist activities and
secessionist movements. It also expanded its role with increasing inclusions of dialogue partners and
observer members like India and Afghanistan. Despite India's observer status, India has conducted
several joint military exercises and increased trade cooperation with Central Asian countries like
Tajikistan by claiming itself as strategic partnership. In 2013, an Indian Foreign Secretary Sujatha
Singh expressed its willingness to become a full–fledged member of the SCO during the Council of
Heads of Government meeting in Tashkent by addressing two main issues; its commitment in
reconstruction of Afghanistan as a member of the SCO; and 'the inalienable rights of all states to use
nuclear energy for peaceful purposes in accordance with international norms and obligations' .
Although some perceive that cooperation on Afghanistan could serve to bring the three states more
closer in terms of their mutual contributions to security in Asia–Pacific, it seems the strategic
motivation of

Personal Statement . It Was In The Spring Of 2013, In A
Personal Statement
It was in the Spring of 2013, in a remote village in Malaysia, when I realized that I want to pursue a
meaningful career in the field of energy access and human development. I spent around 10 days in
the pristine forests, rivers and mountains of Buayan village, as part of my master's course "Energy
and Poverty Solutions" field trip. The objective of our trip was to conduct field assessments and
explore solutions to improve the energy access situation in the village. Buayan had a micro–hydro
energy system that had broken down and stayed idle for months, leaving many in the community
without electricity. Some of the locals adapted to the new situation, while others operated loud and
polluting generators that relied on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The PhD in science studies at the department of Sociology of the University of Lancaster, a
distinguished program in a top 10 university fits well into these ambitions of mine – and hopefully it
will enable me to acquire the knowledge to continue uncovering the complexities between the two
fields.
I believe that my education, research, work and volunteering experience – spanning across the fields
of systems engineering, renewable energy, energy policy, energy access and development – also
align with these goals and have prepared me well to undertake the challenges of a PhD.
I hold a research Master's Degree in Engineering Systems and Management from Masdar Institute
of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, UAE, a graduate university established in collaboration
with MIT that focuses on issues of sustainability. During my degree, I have worked as a research
assistant at the Research Center for Renewable Energy Mapping at Masdar Institute. My thesis
focused on modelling the economic viability of utility solar photovoltaic power plants in Abu Dhabi
through a spatial–techno assessment. Alongside my master 's studies and research, I was also a
teaching assistant on three courses.
During my

Analysis Of Timothy Beatley, And Heather Boyer Essay
This book is written by Peter Newman, while Timothy Beatley, and heather Boyer were the
coauthors. Together they examined the idea of a resilient city in 2009. The book defined resilient as
lasting, making it through a crisis, something that requires inner strength and resolve, and having
strong physical infrastructure and built environment. The book later states that the main roadblock in
the way of resilience is fear, and throughout the book they give many examples where fear lead to a
cities downfall. They also suggest that because of our resources depleting rapidly we should really
be acting now in order to make a change in order to save what is left of them. The main objective of
this book is to educate us on how we can make our cities more resilient to this ever growing threat.
The book starts by giving us(the readers) a vision for a resilient city, but what the authors were
really trying to convey is that they are trying to reduce oil dependency, which will save this
resource. They say reduction of oil dependency is a necessity, they state that it will reduce impacts
on the environment, and will reduce impact on human health which will lead to reduced impacts on
human health and will lead to greater economic gain because they will depend on other sources of
income rather than just oil. This will make the cities more economically stable because they can get
their money elsewhere if the cities would stop depending on oil to bring in the cash flow.

Paris Climate Agreement
Why the United States should stay in the Paris Climate Agreement
In December of 2015, a historic agreement was made between nations all around the world – the
Paris Climate Agreement. The agreement is an inspirational global accord that will trigger and
legitimize more climate action around the world (Clémençon 2016). The pact calls for all included
nations to adopt green energy sources, cut down on climate change emissions, and limit the rise of
global temperatures while also cooperating to cope with the impact of unavoidable climate change
(Domonoske 2017). It is far from perfect, but represents the best chance for us to save the one planet
we have. With Syria announcing earlier this month that they would sign on, all nations in the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The targets set for U.S. greenhouse gas emissions are goals the United States set for itself; as a
result, the government retains the right to change them, when and how it sees fit (Haas 2017). Any
legal action taken would have to first be originated and passed in Congress, and then signed by the
President. So, staying in this agreement would not violate U.S. sovereignty. It also would not hurt
the American economy. In fact, leaving the agreement is what will actually hurt the economy. The
Paris Climate Agreement has spurred momentum and investments in clean energy, a rapidly growing
area for American jobs and businesses (Chen, Guy and Schmidt 2017). As more countries commit to
lowering carbon emissions, more opportunities will open up for American clean energy exports.
Businesses know that pulling out of the Paris Climate Agreement will hurt the economy, which is
why over 600 businesses including companies such as Nike, General Mills, Gap, Hewlett Packard,
and more issued a joint statement urging the Trump administration to stay in the agreement (Chen,
Guy and Schmidt 2017). Simply put, the claims that pulling out of the Paris Climate Agreement will
hurt the American economy are simply unsubstantiated.
I am proposing the United States remain in the Paris Climate Agreement. As previously stated, the
Paris Climate Agreement will not hurt the economy – it will help it. There are

Implementing The Sustainable Development Goal On...
After reviewing the UN's Sustainable Development Goal on "Affordable and Clean Energy" (United
Nations), I have observed that the majority of the targets listed are truly not measurable. By
incorporating the words "increase" and "double", the targets 7.2 and 7.3 appear to be the only two
targets which one can use a clear standard unit of comparison. The target 7.1 uses the concept
"universal access" as its amount to achieve by 2030. Although, an amount can be given of the
number of people who do not have access to any modern energy services, to give a true
measurement of those who do have access, that includes the various types of access available to an
individual, is too difficult and unlikely. The remaining targets, 7.a and 7.b lack any ... Show more
Using this multi–tier framework "can present an advantage compared to other existing metrics,
where relevant data paucity is an issue" (Nerini). The measurements being made for target 7.1 are
conducted by calculating the "percentage of [the] population with an electricity connection" and the
"percentage of [the] population with primary reliance on non–solid fuels" ("Progress", 19). The data
collected is from internationally standardized questionnaires which are given in national household
surveys (19). In regard to the targets 7.2 and 7.3, both objectives use "national energy balances
collected in standardized form by the International Energy Agency (IEA) for larger countries and by
the UN for smaller countries" for their data source (19). While the target 7.2 is measured by the
"percentage of total final consumption of energy from renewable sources", the target 7.3 uses the
"compound annual growth rate of total primary energy supply to gross domestic product [...] at
purchasing power parity [...]" (19).
As a whole, the targets fail to include all the important aspects of the goal and need some
improvements. For starters, the language used throughout the listed targets is vague. In the target
7.1, the word "access" is used without being defined. Failing to provide an adequate definition
leaves the target open to interpretation and misunderstanding. Similarly, in target 7.2

The Effects Of Local Pollution On The World Energy Outlook...
The successful outcome of COP21 has raised hopes and expectations of concerted global efforts to
tackle climate change, and brought forward a whole raft of challenging questions:
How will this affect the momentum behind the deployment of key renewable technologies and the
drive for greater energy efficiency?
Ample supply is keeping downward pressure on fossil fuel prices, coal, oil and natural gas. When
and how will market dynamics change – or might lower prices for some fuels be here to stay?
The impact of local pollution, often energy–related, on air quality is a matter of rising social and
political concern in many countries. How can governments act to tackle this problem – and what
would these actions mean for the energy sector?
The World Energy Outlook 2016 published by the International Energy Agency (IEA) is coming out
this month and will seek to shed some light on these questions with insightful analysis. In the
meantime, there is one matter that everyone can agree on: for the near future, energy demand will
continue to grow. How it is produced and used will be a critical factor in the future of the global
economy, geopolitics, and the environment.
With that in mind, McKinsey took a hard look at the data, modeling energy demand by country,
sector, and fuel mix, with an analysis of current conditions, historical data, and country–level
assessments. On this basis, McKinsey's Global Energy Insights team has put together a description
of the global energy

Iran And Iran On Iran
Essay
How does Iran continue to resist US sanctions?
This paper will seek to identify three key aspects of US sanctions imposed on Iran. First the paper
will briefly introduce the reasons as to why US and Iran relations have worsened since the 1979
Islamic Revolution. Secondly, this paper shall outline some of the key sanctions imposed on Iran
which have influenced Irans's behaviour. After sanctions are reviewed, the paper will then
summarise the impact of sanctions on Iran. Last but not the least and most importantly, the paper
will elaborate how Iran is resisting stringent US sanctions. This paper will argue that despite
punitive measures adopted by the US, Iran has found alternative mechanisms to fight them and has
reoriented its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This coup was a crucial turning point in US–Iran relations. "Sixty years on, the coup continues to
loom large in Iran 's national psyche and remains a thorn in the country 's relations with the West."
(Bezhan, 2013)
Iran's nuclear programme has in recent years worsened US–Iran relations. The United States accuses
Iran of seeking to develop nuclear weapons (Bahgat , 2009). Other reasons for mistrust include
USA's support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980's. Specifically, Iran continues to resent
the US supplying Iraq with the chemical weapons it used during the war. Adding fuel to the fire, in
1988, US guided missile Cruiser the USS Vincennes on station in the Persian Gulf mistakenly shot
down Iranian Airlines flight 655 killing 290. (Milinski, n.d.)
In recent times a critical point of conflict is the US sanctions imposed on Iran. The key recent
financial sanctions in place against Iran include: the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability,
and Divestment Act of 2010 (CISADA); the USA PATRIOT Act money laundering designation of
2011; the National Defense Authorization Act of 2012 (NDAA); the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria
Human Rights Act of 2012 (ITRA); and the National Defense Authorization Act of 2013 (Carter &
Farha, 2013, p. 320).
Starting under the Carter administration as a response to the

Human Destruction Of The Biosphere Essay
The biologist E.O. Wilson estimated in 2002 that if current rates of human destruction of the
biosphere continue, one–half of all plant and animal species of life on earth will be extinct in 100
years. In a survey in1998 conducted by the New York's American Museum of Natural nearly of 70%
of the 400 biologists interested believed that the Earth is currently in the early stages of a human–
caused mass extinction, known as the Holocene extinction. In that survey, the same proportion of
respondents agreed with the prediction that up to 20% of all living populations could become extinct
within 30 years (by 2028). Probably these predictions are too catastrophic and is quite impossible to
claim the mass extinction in a short term, but these are clear advises of how much deep and negative
is the interference of the Humans in the environment and in the life of the other cohabitants of this
planet. I believe this evidences required changing in the life style of the world population, especially
from the most industrialized countries as Europe, North Americas and part of Asia even if they
represent a small part of the world population are the cause of the biggest part of the global
pollution. One of the biggest issues caused by the human activity is the global warming and the
consequent changes in the climate situation, that are causing natural catastrophes as the melting of
glacier, desertification and extinction of some of animal species. Even if the United Nations are
trying to

Ir Iran Nuclear Enrichment Program
Will Esposito
Mrs. Kennedy
Honors English Period 7
23 December 2014
Iranian Nuclear Enrichment Program Since the first atomic bomb tests in the mid 1940's, to the arms
race between the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1960's, to the disarmament phase in the
1990's, nuclear energy has come a long way. The five nuclear powers have tried to keep their secrets
on weapon manufacturing and element enrichment under wraps, but several countries have found
out how; now they have large nuclear programs. Iran has recently joined the club, pursuing a
program for uranium and plutonium enrichment abilities. The P5+1 (United States, Russia, Britain,
France, and China + Germany) have tried to inhibit Iran, but they have not succeeded. The ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At Iran 's heavy water plant in Arak modifications have been underway to enable plutonium
production. Inspection of this plant, and several more like it will need to focus so that Iran does not
produce more than a kilogram a year of fissable materials for weaponry (Gordon). U.S. and Israel
have been accusing Tehran of making a program only to make nuclear warheads and non–civilian
objectives instead of nuclear energy and fission reactors ("Envoy Reiterates Peaceful Nature of
Iran's Nuclear Activities.").
A contending point of view would be that Iran and Israel would get enraged and ensue in advanced
nuclear warfare. Iran is refusing to cooperate in the peace talks. Secretary of State John Kerry wants
the extension because not extending the talks will risk further turmoil the Middle East. "The nuclear
program in Iran as we negotiate is frozen. We would be fools to walk away from a situation where
the breakout time has already been expanded rather than narrowed, and where the world is safer
because this program is in place," Kerry told reporters at the end of a week of exhaustive
negotiations with Iranian counterpart, Javad Zarif in November 2014 (Norman, L.; Norman, J.; and
Norman, S.). Iran has been picking fights with Israel, sparking tension. "The right deal that is
needed is to dismantle Iran 's capacity to make atomic bombs and only then to dismantle the
sanctions. Since that

Global Energy Consumption And The State Of Infrastructure
This essay evaluates the targets of goal seven in terms of measurability, current measurements, and
the effectiveness of these targets in the realization of the goal.
Measurability
To effectively measure improvement on targets 7.1–7.3, source and levels of global energy
consumption must be accounted for. These assessment procedures have been carried out for years by
national and international organizations such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) or the US
Energy Information Administration (EIA). They use indicators (aggregate and disaggregate) in
different sectors (transport, commercial, industrial) to estimate trends and evaluate progress (Taylor,
d'Otigue, Francoeur, Trudeau, 2010). It is also important to gather publications from multiple
organizations around the globe to generate well–rounded reports from many perspectives.
For target 7.a, the volume of knowledge being shared must be measured. This might involve
tracking the number of translated publications, international collaborations between institutions and
the number of exchanges between researchers. To measure target 7.b, types of energy consumption
and the state of infrastructure can easily be documented, but international cooperation is necessary
for information to be shared.
Current Measurements
A global concern for the limitations and consequences of burning fossil fuels came into existence
decades ago, catalyzed by events such as the oil shock of 1973 and increasing CO2 emissions
(Lovejoy 1994).

Modern Day Growth And Development
The most imminent threat to our planet is our ignorance. Every time we choose to disregard, the
problems we face continue to cultivate. The Sustainable Development Goals are one of the most
recent initiatives to realize the danger the planet faces. Of the numerous environmental issues
included in its schema, one is energy. More specifically, the need to warrant accessibility and
affordability of modern energy to everyone across the globe.
The agenda under this division of clean energy segments into multiple targets which the Division for
Sustainable Development (DSD) of the United Nations hopes to achieve by the year 2030. Energy
related services are an extremely substantial tool in today's contemporary life, which brings us to the
first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Simply stating 'universal access' fails to set a quantitative target for the governments to achieve,
leaving an open ended target which to a great extent is non–measurable. No one can be statistically
held accountable for failing to meet the target. However, numerous entitles currently operating have
gathered data to give some insight into the lack of availability of modern energy to countless around
the globe. The International Energy Agency (IEA) plays a leading role in underlining this particular
target and has estimated that an additional US$45 billion needs to be invested annually till 2030 to
achieve universal modern energy access. The "Global Tracking Framework Report (2015)" led by
IEA has highlighted that 74% of the population with no electricity resides in 20 countries facing the
largest deficit of power provision ADDIN EN.CITE Ghosh Banerjee20143(Ghosh Banerjee, Bhatia,
Portale, Soni, & Angelou, 2014)3317Ghosh Banerjee, S.Bhatia, M.Portale, E.Soni, R.Angelou,
N.Sustainable Energy Dept., World Bank, Washington, DC, United StatesIEEE Power &
Energy MagazineIEEE Power Energy Mag. (USA)IEEE Power & Energy
Magazine96124electricity supply industryenergy conservationpower system
planning201407/USAIEEE1540–
7977http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2014.231380010.1109/MPE.2014.2313800(Ghosh Banerjee,
Bhatia, Portale, Soni, & Angelou, 2014).
The second target talks about the much needed step to switch to renewable energy:
"By 2030, increase substantially

The Impact of Technology on Our Lives
Technological devices has greatly influenced the way people live in society. Although many will use
modern technology for many of its achievements and advancements, what many don't realize is that
it has affected and continues to affect society in a negative way. Today more people are working
longer hours and utilizing more technology in their everyday life. As a result of these longer hours
and increased use of technology, more energy is being consumed which negatively impacts the
environment. Much of the technology is created to make daily task more efficient. The internet for
instance, paying bills online, reading the daily news and shopping all without leaving home.
Technology is amazing; however, the improvements are getting to a point where it's helping us so
much it's actually hurting us, meaning the more technology does for us, the less we do.The rise of
technologies such as computers and video games has made it easy for kids to be entertained without
ever leaving the comfort of their easy chair which has contributed to the steady decline in physical
activity among the youth. The relationship between technology, stress and depression has a lot to do
with the overuse of technology in our society, particularly among young people. But the reliance of
technological devices is staggering. One of the biggest problems the world faces today is the amount
of energy that is consumed globally. With almost all of the world's businesses using computer
technology to

The Growth Of The Middle Class
What is a circular economy, what are some of the key principles, concepts and building blocks and
what system shifts might be needed to bring it about at scale? The growth of the middle class around
the globe is currently driving the demand for branded goods. (EMF Report 2 2013) reports that
Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development (OECD) estimates that the global
middle class will increase from 1.9 billion in 2009 to 4.9 billion in 2030 with almost 90% of the
growth coming from Asia–Pacific region alone. The linear economy is based on a take, make and
dispose system, whereby natural resources are extracted from the earth, stripped of unusable parts,
converted into a final product then sold on to the Consumer. This product usual ends up in a landfill
or incinerator. The linear system is resource intensive with the constraints of finite resources and
rising costs of raw materials including the impact on the natural environment it is not sustainable for
much longer. This growth will have a direct impact on the demand for branded/packaged products
and with the current world economy heavily reliant on the use of raw materials, which is becoming
harder and more expensive, to procure. The current linear economic model is now reaching an end.
There is now a need for a new world economy system that is not reliant on fossil fuels. The circular
economy is now regarded as a better alternative to the linear economy. The circular economy also
referred to as closed loop

The Consequences Of Nuclear Energy And Nuclear Weapons
Mark Z. Jacobson once said "Every dollar spent on nuclear is one less dollar spent on clean
renewable energy and one more dollar spent on making the world a comparatively dirtier and a more
dangerous place, because nuclear power and nuclear weapons go hand in hand." Nuclear energy is
caused when power plants split uranium atoms inside a reactor in a process called fission. At a
nuclear energy facility, the heat from fission is used to produce steam, which spins a turbine to
generate electricity.
True, that if disposed of correctly nuclear could have no harm doesn't mean that there aren't
significant risks to it, However nuclear waste remains radioactive and is very hazardous to health for
thousands of years. Nuclear waste also causes problems such as slowly populating the land , air ,
water , and the human body, it is also contributing to Global Warming through CO2 emissions from
mining, manufacturing it, and etc..., also not to mention the fact that the storing is this waste is very
controversial after all these years. Many people may not realize nuclear energy and nuclear weapons
have been known to have direct correlation. The link between nuclear weapons and civil nuclear
power is often denied by the nuclear energy industry. Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear
weapons and/or nuclear weapons technology, and the civil nuclear industry is more often than not
the main source of proliferation. Nuclear proliferation risks will be among us as long as the civil and
military nuclear industry continue to exist. All the steps of military nuclear energy industry and the
"civil" nuclear industry from uranium mining to reprocessing all the steps , the only step in the
military industry missing from the civil industry is the actual production of the nuclear weapon.
There are many lies being told in the industry such as saying the plutonium used in civil nuclear
power plants can't be used to make nuclear weapons weapons and that is not true because reactor–
grade (civil) does explode just as well in nuclear bombs as weapons–grade (military) plutonium.
Regardless, the commercial nuclear industry likes to state that "civil" nuclear energy has no impact
on nuclear proliferation. To advocate their

U.s State Department For Petroleum Extracted From The...
In 2005, the Canadian company at first proposed the pipeline, and applied to the U.S State
Department for a construction permit in 2008. The proposed XL pipeline has the same origin and
destination as an operational pipe, also called Keystone – granted presidential permit in 2008 by
President George W Bush – but takes a more direct route. The XL pipeline would allow for an
increased supply of oil from Canada. The Keystone XL pipeline is a proposed 1,179–mile
(1,897km) pipe that would run from the oil sands in Alberta, Canada, to Steele City, Nebraska,
where it could join an existing pipe. It could carry 830,000 barrels of oil each day.
The United States and Canada are crisscrossed by thousands of miles of oil and gas pipelines, but
none ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It estimated that it would create about 35 permanent jobs. The pipeline could contribute about $3.4
billion to American economy.
2) My Policy Recommendations
Introduction:
The American government should think and making hard decision before building the Keystone
Pipeline XL that would run 1,179–mile (1,897km) that across the United States. Why it is hard
decision? The project is the national interest that related to economics, environmental, national
security and foreign policy implications. Even though this is a crisscross between Canada and the
US, but most of the lands that they are using belong to the United States. When something bad
happen the United States lands will be the one who get polluted the most, and they do not know is
the pipe is safe for a long–term operation. The United States should think for the future, not only the
benefits that they will get in the present time.
My Specific Recommendation: Yes, I believe there is good reason why they should approve the
Keystone Pipeline XL. Canada it the world's second largest oil deposit after Saudi Arabia and I what
I got from reading the TransCanada website www. keystone–xl.com. Approving the Keystone
Pipeline XL it built modern infrastructure creates jobs and stimulates the U.S. economy. For the
economy it represents more than a $5 billion private sector investment in a state–of–the–art energy
infrastructure project projected to

Data Assemblage And Compilation Process Improves
The seemingly qualitative nature and vague definitions of the targets suggests that the accurate
measurement of the relevant data is challenging. However a rough estimation of all the targets can
easily be made through the many collection or modeling techniques available. Despite these
approximate results, as long as the measurement methods are kept constant, targets such as 7.2 and
7.3 can be assessed. Nonetheless if the data assemblage and compilation process improves, this
progress must be factored into the comparative results. Target 7.1 is less black and white in nature,
and would need a more specific target purpose to be effectively measured. Targets 7.a and 7.b are
very qualitative and difficult to measure. They are however ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, some regions may be connected to the grid, but quality, reliability, and affordability
may render the utility inaccessible and/or outside of the individuals means CITATION UNE14 l
1033 (UN–E, 2014).
Target 7.2 is the easiest of the targets to measure quantitatively. The indicator of concern is
renewable energy consumption, rather than renewable energy capacity. This is because most
renewable energy sources (solar, wind, etc.) have fluctuating production cycles, which lead to large
power losses CITATION UNE14 l 1033 (UN–E, 2014). This data is collected by the International
Energy Agency and UN Statistics and prepared into a series of energy balance reports where the
renewable and conventional consumption can be analyzedCITATION IEAEd l 1033 (IEA, 2015 Ed).
Currently the IEA reports the renewable share constitutes 15% of the energy mixCITATION SE4151
l 1033 (SE4ALL(2), 2015). However inability to trace the source of significant components of the
renewable sector (wood/charcoal), does not differentiate between sustainable production or not.
It is not possible to accurately measure Target 7.3 directly because of the broad range of outputs
involved. Instead, the use of a proxy, energy intensity (EI) makes it possible to model energy
efficiency (EE). EI is measured by the quantity of energy required to produce a monetary unit of
GDP, and is roughly inversely proportional to EE CITATION UNE14 l 1033 (UN–E, 2014). This
however is not optimal, and the relationship

Reforming the UN Security Council
Reforming the UN Security Council Japan firmly believes we need to take action to reform the
Security Council before it loses its legitimacy and efficiency as an essential tool for the maintenance
of peace and security. Japan is ready to discuss, with a flexible and realistic viewpoint, different
options, which will lead the way for the expansion in both permanent and non–permanent
categories. Japan is working proactively to increase both the permanent and non–permanent
membership of the council. Japan is the second largest contributor to the UN, behind the United
States and is the world's largest donor of official development assistance. Japan's commitment to the
United Nations, supported by its national strength should allow the nation to assume greater global
responsibility through the efforts of the Security Council. The discussion of the UN Security
Council Reform has been on discussion for almost 20 years. The efficiency and effectiveness of the
council are put to question. It is important to act now while the momentum for the push for reform is
rising. The Member States need to realize Security Council Reform. The G4 nations support each
others bid for seats of the Security Council and Japan has the support of the United States, Britain,
France and Russia. The current P5 members of the Security Council, along with the G4 account for
9 of the world's 10 largest defense budgets according to SIPRI. Japan has been elected for nine two–
year terms on the Security

Are Looking At Target 13.1? Essay
When evaluating if a target is measurable, one would have to assess the magnitude of effort of each
desired action. Therefore, looking at target 13.1, which focuses on creating a type of defense
mechanism for countries vulnerable to climate related hazards and natural disasters, one would first
consider how large the number is of geographical areas that are in need of resilience and adaptation.
Nowadays, due to technological advances and an exponential improvement in the engineering of
man–made structures and shelters, most first world countries do not experience much of an
encumbrance from climate change. This narrows down our number and allows the UNFCCC to
focus mainly on developing countries which leaves our target potentially achievable. After taking
measures, one can gauge if the desired target is accomplished by observing statistics such as the
heaviness in the number of casualties or the amount of wreckage subsequent to a climate related
hazard and/or natural disaster occurs. With that said, one can argue that this target (13.1) is in fact
measurable. The following target (13.2) requires governments to implement so changes in its
national policy. This can be done if no measures conflict with its current goals. Citizens would have
to comply with these measures which may result to a decrease in climate change thus leading to less
hazards and natural disasters. This target is thus also measurable as it is visible if it leads to the
accomplishment of our objective.

Research Design ( Dependent Variable )
Research Design
(Dependent Variable)
Our economic sanctions episode data are taken from TIES Data 4.0. TIES dataset covers the time
period for the cases ranges from 1945 to 2005. The unit of sanctions is target country basis; if a
sender makes a threat against multiple targets, a new case is created for each individual target.
(Morgan, Bapat, and Kobayashi 2013) In this data, 1,412 cases are included. We exclude 165
ongoing cases, because unfinished episodes' outcomes are undetermined. In addition, we will omit
158 episodes whose sanctions type which is composed only non–trade restriction; asset freeze,
termination of foreign aid, and travel ban. Since my theory is based on the effect of restriction trade.
After eliminating, the 1,089 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scale ranges from 0 to 10, with 10 representing the best possible outcome for the settlement. As
best as possible, coders should assign a number between 0 and 10 to approximate the nature of the
settlement. For example, in a case where the U.S. threatens China with trade sanctions, the coder
may believe that the U.S. and China had a roughly equally favorable outcome, but slightly favoring
the U.S. The coder may indicate that the settlement nature is 4 for China, indicating the nature of
this particular outcome. Several episodes may have no settlements. In cases in which there are no
settlements, coders should code the variable as missing, or no settlement. If the coder does not
believe that enough information is available to make a judgment, the coder should code the case as
missing to indicate that the information is missing." (Morgan, Bapat, and Kobayashi 2013) Our
dependent variable is an ordinal–level variable with ten values from 0 to 10.Eliminating NA case,
there are 738 cases.
(Independent Variables)
Our first independent variable is energy independency of target country. Our energy dependence
data are taken from the World Bank Data, which is combined International Energy Agency (IEA)
and United Nations, Energy Statistics Yearbook. The time period for the cases ranges from 1980 to
20014. "Net energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil
equivalents. A

Uncertainties in Energy Policies Essay
Energy policy and plans are laid out with two kinds of objectives viz. Means objectives and Final
objectives. The final objectives are ultimate goals of reducing the negative impacts of climate
change and creating a sustainable human environment that is progressive. The means objectives are
intermediate steps laid out to achieve the final objective. There are three means objectives laid out
by MacKay that are commonly accepted viz. Environment/Safety (human dimension), Energy
security and Economic development. The Environment/Safety involves factors such as Green House
Gases (GHG's), NOx, SOx, ash, Hg, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), Particulate matter
(PM2.5, PM10), Thermal shock, radioactive waste, land use, etc. Energy security ... Show more
Any such modeling in whole or part requires caution and humility, and the results are specific to the
model and its assumptions. They should not be endowed with a precision and certainty that is
simply impossible to achieve. The chief uncertainties with the impacts of climate change are
ignorance of time factor, technological advances, economics, policy, planning and society. These
include the difficulties of estimating the costs of technologies several decades into the future, as well
as the way in which fossil–fuel prices evolve in the future. It is also hard to know how people will
respond to price changes.
Majority of current data uses time factors of different definitions that make such data hard to relate
from a reference line. For example is it possible to define the pre industrial era levels for health and
longevity of human life compared to current with respect to air pollution levels. Most data uses
probabilistic models to speculate for the variation in time. However, such models involve many
assumptions that inherently have uncertainties.
Technological advancements are hard to predict. The potential for, and costs of, technologies and
measures to cut emissions across different sectors is studied to weigh the impacts. Consider the case
nuclear fusion which is being researched extensively since past 30 years or so but is still elusive at

Fire, Water, Air And Earth As We Commonly Know Them Are
Fire, water, air and earth as we commonly know them are but outwardly displayed forms of the
Elements themselves. Each element has different values as we know. Water has magnetic properties;
it nurtures and sustains. The fire has electrical and creative properties. Air is a detaching element
and enables co–existence of the two main elements, fire, and water. The earth binds fire, water, and
air in various proportions, which makes possible the formation of materials with different properties.
Earth, water ,air and fire science exhibition was very organized and and very well explained
exhibition. Exhibition was on explaining how we are polluting our world and how we can ... Show
By NASA to lower our CO2 production we should use less electricity and less fuel. Use public
transportation if possible rather than taking private vehicle every where. Electric car is another
modern way to solve problem if you use solar panels to charge you car.
Air– Our much of renewable energy come from wind and the sun as we familier.According to
international Energy Agency, renewables will remain the fastest–growing source of electricity in to
2021, reaching nearly 30% of all power generation.Air is constantly in motion, even when you can 't
see it.Of the four elements, Air is the most concentrated on thought. Air is constantly moving and
advantage of that is we can use wind mills to create free electricity, this is not only free of cost but
environment friendly too.The composition of air is just right for life on Earth, though. We use a lot
of the oxygen we get from the air, then breathe out carbon dioxide – which plants need to
manufacture their food. Plants, in turn, give off oxygen this way it maintains the oxygen level on
earth. We are cutting the trees, over using electricity , burning fossils and big factories have polluted
this precious air that gives us life.
Fire– This element is considered to be the first element that was born when the universe was
created. Fire is attributed with transformational and purifying powers.

Disadvantages Of Crude Oil
1. Introduction: Crude oil Crude oil is a mixture of molecules bonded together in chains called
hydrocarbons, hydrogen and carbons, and mostly consists of a family of hydrocarbons called
alkanes (CnH2n+2). Figure 1–1 displays a type of hydrocarbon. As a leading product on the global
market we think of crude oil as a valuable substance, but are there more efficient materials, less
pollutant substances and more reliable constituents that can support our future? Crude oil is formed
from the remains of deceased fauna and flora which were compressed under large segments at
excessive pressures and temperatures. Crude oil is known as a non–renewable or finite resource and
will eventually deplete making it a limited resource that takes hundreds of years to develop, so
finding a replacement to help transition the reliance on crude oil is crucial. Crude oil is used in a
range of everyday items such as plastics, fuel, heating oil and other important products. If the price
of crude oil rises the prices of fuel, food, clothing, everything rises with it. This could result in a
major global crises but using alternatives would ease or even erase this problem. [1] 2. Industry and
producer choices – short term Many modern industries use plastics and other hydrocarbon forms
like polystyrene in their products because of their qualities, values and properties. For example our
food industry. Our food packaging consists of plastic rapping, containers and bags which is made
from

North Korea & Ir The Best Developers Of The Worst Nuclear...
Arshdeep Singh Mrs. Mason English 10 A 24 February 2016 North Korea & Iran in a race to be the
best developers of the worst Nuclear weapons From the 1700 's to the 1900 's, humankind has
gained much knowledge of nuclear energy, all of which started from mere curiosity to understanding
the electrons, protons and neutrons. The knowledge gained over the span of 200 years was so vast
that the humankind has evolved usage of nuclear energy from being beneficial to the humankind to
becoming weapons of mass destruction. It has left the world leaders bewildered as to whether these
advancements in development of nuclear weapons is for welfare of the country or it is to serve
purposes that are far more dangerous than can be encompassed. But the enrichment of nuclear
weapons each year by countries has definitely spurred the scientific community and these actions
have been under scrutiny by the world leaders. In the present day world, out of 196 countries that
exist on this planet, two countries have arisen to be the biggest threats all owing to nuclear weapons.
North Korea and Iran joined this race of exponential development of nuclear weapons and have
posed threats of all sorts to rest of the world with their constant development of nuclear weapons. In
this race, the North Korea has definitely left Iran behind. Therefore, threat of nuclear war with North
Korea is greater than with Iran. These countries have used their capability of nuclear weapons
development to intimidate their foes

Renewable Energy
Topic
Canada should subsidize renewable energy options such as wind and solar power in order to
increase the share of renewables in Canada's energy balance.
Introduction Canada government subsidizes a number of socially beneficial services, including
health care, education and energy services. Subsidies to the energy sector mainly are for oil and gas
production, however, they are not all socially beneficial[figure 1]. In fact, they have negative impact
for the environment and hinder developments of environmentally friendly alternative energy
options. Indeed, Canada's implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is seriously threatened by
continued government support for oil and gas production, a sector with large and rapidly ... Show
However, it can also be problematic because it confuses an end (goods and services valued by
consumers) with a means (labour)[3]. Increase in energy price will cause price distortion and result
of inefficient production in the market, it tend to reduce consumers and producers' net benefit, and it
lead a higher production cost to domestic goods, which will become more costly to compete in the
world market.
Policy Implication In case to shift Canada's energy balance toward renewable energy without
externalities, we need government's actions. One possible way is to raise tax on the amount of
carbon emitted to the atmosphere. If taxes are appropriately calculated, they can help raise the
marginal costs of producers of non–renewable energy to equal the social and environmental costs
that their activities create. Countries such as Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom,
Finland, Switzerland and the Netherlands have already adopted carbon taxes[3]. Sweden, for
example, raises US$1 billion per year from its carbon tax and approximately US$10 billion per year
in energy taxes, some of which is part of a "tax shift" that goes to help develop renewable energy[3].
Paul Anderson, the CEO of a major carbon–dioxide emitting power company in US, he said
"reducing greenhouse gases has become a worldwide political and social imperative... It is an
imperative where American

Developing Countries Energy Wood Charcoal
The several targets are general objectives that cannot be adequately measured, as they do not specify
actual values, which would permit them to be compared with future data. They are ambiguous and
their success or failure will have to be judged subjectively by the 2030 assembly. Despite this
problem, they can still be contextualized using various characteristics. Target 7.1 states that
universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services will be established by 2030. If
universal is considered to be the totality of individuals, a strong estimate of this state will be
possible. Current statistics of the world's population possessing electricity, for example, exist, which
indicates this capability of measuring human's specific power consumption. ADDIN EN.CITE
Gronewold20094[1]4412Nathanial Gronewold2009Scientific
Americanhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/article/electricity–gap–developing–countries–energy–
wood–charcoal/[1] Target 7.2 possesses the same issue as 7.1 as it does not supply values. 7.2
employs the word "substantially" to indicate its intent remaining indeed vague and immeasurable.
Target 7.3 is the only one providing a mean to compare its progress, as the double of the current
value is desired. Finally, target 7.a and 7.b again state unquantifiable goals. Their objective is to
"enhance" and "expand", respectively, access to clean energy research and the infrastructures
providing all sustainable energy services. These terms cover a wide range of

The Keystone Xl Oil Pipeline

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