Essay On The Mead-Hall In The Old English Poem Beowulf

Essay on The Mead-hall in the Old English Poem Beowulf
The Mead–hall in the Old English Poem Beowulf
What was the function and nature of a mead–hall in the Heroic Age of Beowulf? Was it more than a
tavern for the dispensing and consumption of alcoholic beverages, and occasionally precious gifts?
Yes, much more.
Remaining true to the Anglo–Saxon culture's affinity for mead (ale/beer/wine), the characters of
Beowulf partake frequently of the strong beverage. And the mead hall was their home away from
home, with more entertainments than just fermented beverages: "gold and treasure at huge feasts ...
the words of the poet, the sounds of the harp." Needless to say, with "the world's greatest mead–hall
... Hrothgar's people lived in joy." "after a mead party the Danes ... knew no ... Show more content
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That was ... the greatest of sorrows." Wiglaf, in censuring the ten who deserted their chief, said, "At
the ale–bench he often gave you ... helmets and armor." In this classic poem, can there be anything
more vital or essential to joyful living, or to conducting business, than the mead–hall?
T. A. Shippey in "The World of the Poem" (45) says:
Some objects in fact reach "mythic" status – most obviously halls. What the poet thinks about these
can be derived most immediately from his run of twenty to thirty compound words for describing
them. Halls are for drinking in winehall, beerhall, meadhall; they are filled with people in guesthall,
retainer hall; in them worth is recognized in goldhall, gifthall, ringhall. They are also the typical,
though not only, setting for festivity and poetry.
"The only archaeological evidence of what Heroic Age royal halls in England were like, comes from
the Yeavering in Glendale in present–day Northumberland, where the site of one of the royal
townships of the English kings of Northumbria has been identified and investigated" (Arnold 91).
The location corresponds to Bernicia, the northernmost Anglo–Saxon kingdom. There
archaeologists have uncovered evidence of a complex of seven large structures surrounded by
eleven smaller ones – the royal villa mentioned by Bede of a seventh century English king (Cramp
132). Each of four
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Sutton Hoo Essay
Ancient History Sutton Hoo Research Task Weland La Sutton Hoo situated near Woodbridge,
Suffolk, England, is an early medieval burial ground which contained the graves and tombs of the
likes of Anglo–Saxon kings. Sutton Hoo consisted of two cemetery sites, one originating from the
16th century, and the other, from the early 17th century. The founding of the site has been a major
breakthrough for early medieval historians, but also all archaeologists wanting to understand the
Anglo–Saxon Kingdom of East Anglia, and furthermore, the whole early Anglo–Saxon period.
Although various findings have been made at the famous Sutton Hoo sites, the most notable of them
all would have to be the discovery of an undisturbed burial tomb within a twenty–seven–metre long
ship. During 1939, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Baptism was a Christian ceremony and, therefore, hints that Anglo–Saxons were possibly followers
of Christianity. This reveals great details about the human culture of the Anglo–Saxon civilisation.
Furthermore, various artefacts found in a different burial mound had similarities with those found in
the ship burial. The association of the contents of the two different graves proves a kinship
connection existed during the Anglo–Saxon times. The existence of a sturdy and carefully crafted
sword, shield, and the Sutton Hoo helmet, all made of metal, signifies that the Anglo–Saxons had
access to fairly advanced technology, to be able to construct metal weapons instead of stone. These
artefacts also show that war or fighting may have been a prevalent occurrence at the time.
Archaeologists excavating Mound Fourteen had deduced that it was the grave of a woman and
contained exceptionally high–quality goods, including several silver buckles, and a silver kidney–
shaped purse lid. Although the possessions are not as prestige as the one found in the ship burial,
which was most likely for a king, it

The Anglo-Saxon Period: Weapons and Warriors Essay
Many people may have heard of the story of Beowulf, but not know who the Anglo–Saxons were.
According to an article on BBC History, the term Anglo–Saxon refers to settlers from the German
regions of Angeln and Saxony. The Anglo–Saxons made their way over to Britain after the fall of
the Roman Empire around AD 410 and the period lasted for 600 years. During this period there
where many rises and falls of bishops and kings, as well as many important battles. The Anglo–
Saxon warriors had a variety of weapons and armor to defend them. This includes spears,
scramaseaxes, swords, shields, helmets, and body armor. The Anglo–Saxon armies were usually
rather small. The number of warriors in an army could be anywhere from fifty men to about two ...
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Another weapon used during this time was the scramaseax, which was basically a single edge knife.
Eight to fourteen inches was the typical length of a scramaseax. The guard is generally unimportant,
or sometimes non–existent, but many of the early scramaseaxes had ornamental pommels, often
boat–shaped or lobed. During the ninth century scramaseaxes started to become longer. These were
more like a single edged sword than a knife. The blades of these scramaseaxes are between twenty
two to thirty two inches long and were very heavy, capable of delivering a ghastly blow. The handles
were usually made of horn or wood. Warriors carried them in a leather sheath at their thigh and the
sheath was suspended from the belt. Some scramaseax scabbards appear to have been made of
leather covered wooden laths, in a manner similar to sword scabbards (Levick). The sword is
another weapon that warriors would use, however it wasn't very common compared to the spears.
The swords of the Pagan Saxon period were usually two–edged, broad–bladed, straight–edged
swords. These blades were usually of diamond or lentoid section and sometimes have one or more
fullers. Fullers are grooves running down the length of the blade to make it lighter and easier to
handle. In the sixth century the fullered broadsword starts to take over. Earlier forms had lower and
upper guards and grips of wood, bone or horn rather than metal, and no real pommel. In the sixth
century there is a new form which is the

A Man's Character is Significant to the Decisions he Makes...
The character a man holds to be significant in his life conducts the decisions he makes. The epic
Beowulf sets a perfect example of this truth. Beowulf demonstrates him as divine, whom obtains a
strength and hero soul incomparable to any individual. The decisions he had built affected his
potential. These decisions took play in the end of the story. Throughout Beowulf's life he engages in
threats that many individuals cannot even accept. He lives by honor and glory and desires power in
anyone thing he accomplishes. The most abundant respect to Beowulf was to sacrifice his life in a
chivalrous attack. He fought with brutality, unconcerned if he lives or dies. "Behavior that is
admired is the path to power among people everywhere" (line 25). Admiration of Beowulf's victory
has reached throughout all territories, and the public admired him everywhere. These great
successful battles he has been through won him strong attention, and also made him have plenty of
pride, which made him very confident. Good and evil walk besides every human being. They are
two aspects of life argued by many but implied be several. The epic Beowulf illustrates both sides of
these manners. The attempts Beowulf experienced analyzes his honor and his power to act upon
darker forces. Many demons and monsters interfere with Beowulf, which causes the reader to
involve into the battle. Through imagery and symbolism, Beowulf presents a differentiation between
good and evil, showing that good will always

The Anglo-Saxon Period
The Anglo Saxon period is the oldest known period of time that had a complex culture with stable
government, art, and a fairly large amount of literature. Many people believe that the culture then
was extremely unsophisticated, but it was actually extremely advanced for the time. Despite the
many advancements, the period was almost always in a state of war. Despite this fact, the Anglo–
Saxon period is a time filled with great advancements and discoveries in culture, society,
government, religion, literature, and art. The Angles were a Germanic tribe that occupied the region
which is now Scleswig–Holstein, Germany. With their fellow ethnic groups, they formed the people
who came to be known as the English. The Saxons were a Germanic people ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Christian themes found in the epic, however, however are not integrated into the main part of
the essentially pagan tale (Hutchinson Book of the Arts, www.sirs.com). Works such as Deor, The
Wanderer, The Seafarer, and other poems follows the same basic theme as Beowulf. In these works,
a happy past is contrasted with a precarious and desolate present. This type of heroic poetry
celebrates great heroism even in the face of great danger and overwhelming odds (Hutchinson Book
of the Arts, www.sirs.com). Most of the Christian poetry is marked by the belief of a simple,
relatively unsophisticated Christianity. The names of only two authors are known. Caedmon, whose
story is told by the Venerable Bede, is the earliest known English poet. Not much is known about
him, and almost all of his work has been lost. The other known poet is named Cynewulf. The only
thing known about him is that he signed the poems Juliana, and The Fates of the Apostles (The
Columbia Encyclopedia). Poetry in the Anglo–Saxon period is very different from modern poetry.
The verse form for old English poetry is a line of four stressed syllables and an unfixed number of
unstressed syllables that are broken by a caesura. The lines are usually end–stopped and unrhymed.
Although writing poetry was very popular in the age, people

Historical Events In Beowulf
events in the poem take place in the late 5th century, A.D., after the Anglo–Saxons had started their
journey to England, and before the beginning of the 7th century, a time when the Anglo–Saxon
people were either newly arrived or still in close contact with their Germanic kinsmen in Northern
Germany. The poem may have been brought to England by people of Geatish origins.[8] It has been
suggested that Beowulf was first composed in the 7th century at Rendlesham in East Anglia, as the
Sutton Hoo ship–burial also shows close connections with Scandinavia, and also that the East
Anglian royal dynasty, the Wuffings, may have been descendants of Geatish Wulfings.[9][10]
Others have associated this poem with the court of King Alfred, or with the court of King Cnut.[11]
[pages needed]
Ohthere's mound ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scholars generally agree that many of the personalities of Beowulf also appear in Scandinavian
sources (specific works designated in the following section).[12] This does not only concern people
(e.g., Healfdene, Hroðgar, Halga, Hroðulf, Eadgils and Ohthere), but also clans (e.g., Scyldings,
Scylfings and Wulfings) and some of the events (e.g., the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern). The
dating of the events in the poem has been confirmed by archaeological excavations of the barrows
indicated by Snorri Sturluson and by Swedish tradition as the graves of Ohthere (dated to c. 530)
and his son Eadgils (dated to c. 575) in

Triple Crossbow Research Paper
Imagine thousands of arrows flying at the enemy, giant triple crossbows that shoot metal arrows
over a mile, gunpowder–propelled missiles, a crossbow that fires like a machine gun, pinpoint
accurate catapults that can take down specific targets, and bombs exploding all over the ground. One
might think that this is ancient Europe just as one might think that the best warriors in the ancient
world were Europeans such as Anglo–Saxons, French, and Greeks. However, this is an ancient
battlefield of China. The reality is that the European warriors were always trying to catch up to the
Chinese. In fact, the Chinese made advances in sword making, archery, siege weapons, and ballistics
long before Europeans had grasped those ideas.
The sword is a weapon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Europeans invented the trebuchet in the late Medieval Ages. It took many men to load and fire
the weapon, but the trebuchet could accurately launch projectiles from a great distance, almost one
mile. However, the triple crossbow is a true siege weapon of mass destruction. It was first depicted
in an ancient document called the Essentials Of the Military Arts, which was completed in the early
Song Dynasty (1043 AD). With a total length of 7.62 meters, this colossal weapon used three bows
to shoot a single bolt. Despite its size, the Chinese generals would mount it on a pivot that made it
extremely mobile and versatile, allowing it to turn in a full 360 degrees. According the Essentials Of
the Military Arts, the triple crossbow would be mounted on top of a tower and the bolts fired were
massive full iron and steel arrows almost the size of the triple crossbow itself, which could be fired
over a mile. The image of a massive iron arrow flying at high speeds and destroying a building into
rubble around the enemies could create fear within the ranks. The fear the bow instilled could cause
an army or town to surrender before any actual fighting begins. As Sun Tzu said, a "skillful leader
subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting." These brilliant engineers created the Triple
crossbow at the same time as the trebuchet, but it had a more versatile range of motion and could
send projectiles further than the trebuchet therefor making it more useful on the

The Archaeological Discoveries Of Sutton Hoo
The archaeological discoveries of Sutton Hoo, the Staffordshire Hoard, and the Book of Kells, along
with the epic Beowulf, all analyze the connection between the present and the past time period of
the Anglo–Saxons. Warrior culture and Christian culture from the Anglo–Saxon time period, are
apart of human cultural heritage today. There are many images and descriptions in Beowulf of
treasure and armor which are similar to the findings at Sutton Hoo and Staffordshire. The
similarities between the epic and the archaeological findings create an understanding of the
connection between the past and the present. The elaborate images in the Book of Kells augment the
understanding of early Christian culture and the epic Beowulf synthesises Christian culture and
warrior culture. At Sutton Hoo in 1939, an ancient ship burial and treasure was found. In the article
"Sutton Hoo and Europe, AD 300–1100" from the British Museum website, it explains the Sutton
Hoo find and its significance to archaeology: "The Sutton Hoo ship burial provides remarkable
insights into early Anglo–Saxon England. It reveals a place of exquisite craftsmanship and extensive
international connections, spanning Europe and beyond. It also shows that the world of great halls,
glittering treasures and formidable warriors described in Anglo–Saxon poetry was not a myth"
("Sutton Hoo"). The Sutton Hoo find is very important in the understanding of the Anglo Saxon
culture. The ship burial at Sutton Hoo, also known as

Beowulf
Story The main protagonist, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of
the Danes, whose great hall, Heorot, is plagued by the monster Grendel. Beowulf kills Grendel with
his bare hands and Grendel's mother with a sword, which giants once used, that Beowulf found in
Grendel's mother's lair. Later in his life, Beowulf is himself king of the Geats, and finds his realm
terrorised by a dragon whose treasure had been stolen from his hoard in a burial mound. He attacks
the dragon with the help of his thegns or servants, but they do not succeed. Beowulf decides to
follow the dragon into its lair, at Earnanæs, but only his young Swedish relative Wiglaf dares join
him. Beowulf finally slays the dragon, but is mortally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beowulf descends to do battle with the dragon but finds himself outmatched. His men, upon seeing
this display and fearing for their lives, creep back into the woods. One of his men, however, Wiglaf,
who finds great distress in seeing Beowulf's plight, comes to Beowulf's aid. The two slay the
dragon, but Beowulf is mortally wounded. Beowulf is buried in Geatland on a cliff overlooking the
sea, where sailors are able to see his tumulus. The dragon's treasure is buried with him, in
accordance with Beowulf's wishes, rather than distributed to his people, and there is a curse
associated with the hoard to ensure that Beowulf's wish is kept. It is widely accepted that there are
three funerals in Beowulf. The funerals are also paired with the three battles described above.[8] The
three funerals share similarities regarding the offerings for the dead and the change in theme through
the description of each funeral. Gale Owen–Crocker (Professor of Anglo–Saxon, University of
Manchester) in The Four Funerals in Beowulf (2000) argues that a passage in the poem, commonly
known as "The Lay of the Last Survivor" (lines 2247–66), is an additional funeral.[8] The funerals
are themselves involved in the ritual of hoarding: the deposition of sacrificial objects with both
religious and socio–economic functions.[9] First Funeral: Scyld Scefing (lines 1–52) The first
funeral in the poem is of Scyld Scefing (translated in some versions as

Sutton Hoo Vs Beowulf Analysis
When the Sutton Hoo burial site was discovered in the summer of 1939, the quality and quantity of
the burial surpassed any site previously discovered and therefore drew much attention in the
archeological community. The richness of the artifacts led some to believe that it was the burial site
or someone high and wealthy like a king. Around the same time more translations of Beowulf were
being published and the epic poem was one of the few written records of the old English times, so
naturally people tied this ancient site, dated to a similar period, to the literary text. The connection
between the two persists even with the lack of evidence and the ambiguity around the facts of both
the text and the site. Though using the archeological discoveries ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One way that Sutton Hoo improved people's understanding is that it validated some of the cultural
descriptions and practices found within Beowulf. Before the discovery of Sutton Hoo people often
wrote the poem off as a fanciful tale however "the rich gold treasure from Sutton Hoo brought the
immediate recognition that descriptions of lavish burials and gold–adorned armour in Beowulf could
no longer be dismissed as poetic exaggeration or folk memories of an age of gold before the Anglo–
Saxons came to England" (Cramp 57). Because of the finding of the cenotaph people began to
reguard Beowulf as a historical reference. However, some negative effects also stem from the
assumed connection between the two. With the discovery of the artifacts people began to translate
the poem into modern lanuages differently, adding more descriptions of precious metals and wealth
that the text does not directly suggest. For example, "In a passage describing burial treasure from
far–off lands, the translator's words 'bright gold and silver' fit Sutton Hoo...but it is alien to
Beowulf" (Frank 55). This is where the historical evidence of both the text and the site can limit or
change the understanding of the time period in untrue or unprovable

The Anglo-Saxon Period Essay
The Anglo Saxon period is the oldest known period of time that had a complex culture with stable
government, art, and a fairly large amount of literature. Many people believe that the culture then
was extremely unsophisticated, but it was actually extremely advanced for the time. Despite the
many advancements, the period was almost always in a state of war. Despite this fact, the Anglo–
Saxon period is a time filled with great advancements and discoveries in culture, society,
government, religion, literature, and art.
The Angles were a Germanic tribe that occupied the region which is now Scleswig–Holstein,
Germany. With their fellow ethnic groups, they formed the people who came to be known as the
English. The Saxons were a Germanic people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Ross, David, http://www.britainexpress.com/)
The common weapon in war was the spear. Conventional spears were seven feet long with a iron
head and was used to be thrown and also to jab. Shields were plain and round, made of wood with
an iron center. Only the rich and noble used swords, which were made of iron with steel edges. The
Vikings were more heavily armed than the Anglo–Saxons, and they relied on chain mail and helmets
as protection, and most people used a short stabbing swords as protection, although some used either
a lance or a double–edged sword. (Ross, http://www.britainexpress.com).
When the men weren't fighting, the favorite pastimes of the Anglo–Saxon period were dice and
board game such as chess. Complex riddles were very popular, as well as hunting. At gatherings, the
most common entertainment was the harp, as well as juggling balls and knives. (Ross,
http://www.britainexpress.com).
Little writing remains to be studied because England was still developing their written language
during many of these years, and storytelling was generally in the oral tradition. The two types of
poetry that was written during the time period was heroic poetry and Christian poetry. Only about
30,000 lines of poetry from the age have survived to this time, and the epic poem
"Beowulf" makes up a large portion of that (Irvin, Vacca, Probst, Beers, p.47). It
originated as a pagan saga transmitted orally from one

Jewellery
Jewellery
Jewellery or jewelry is a form of personal adornment, manifesting itself as brooches, rings,
necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. Jewellery may be made from any material, usually gemstones,
precious metals, beads, or shells. Factors affecting the choice of materials include cultural
differences and the availability of the materials. Jewellery may be appreciated because of its
material properties, its patterns, or for meaningful symbols. Jewellery differs from other items of
personal adornment in that it has no other purpose than to look appealing. Items such as belts and
handbags are considered to be accessories rather than jewellery.
The word jewellery is derived from the word jewel, which was anglicized from the Old French ...
Quartz Quartz refers to a family of crystalline gemstones of various colours and sizes. Among the
well–known types of quartz are rose quartz (which has a delicate pink colour), and smoky quartz
(which comes in a variety of shades of translucent brown). A number of other gemstones, such
asAmethyst and Citrine, are also part of the quartz family. Rutilated quartz is a popular type of
quartz containing needle–like inclusions.
Ruby
Rubies are known for their intense red colour and are among the most highly valued precious
gemstones. Rubies have been treasured for millennia. In Sanskrit, the word for ruby is ratnaraj,
meaning king of precious stones.
Sapphire
` The most popular form of sapphire is blue sapphire, which is known for its medium to deep blue
colour and strong saturation. Fancy sapphires of various colours are also available. In the United
States, blue sapphire tends to be the most popular and most affordable of the three major precious
gemstones (emerald, ruby, and sapphire).
Turquoise
Turquoise is found in only a few places on earth, and the world's largest turquoise producing region
is the southwest United States. Turquoise is prized for its attractive colour, most often an intense
medium blue or a greenish blue, and its ancient heritage. Turquoise is used in a great variety of
jewellery styles. It is perhaps most closely associated with southwest and Native American
jewellery, but it is also used in many sleek, modern

Clothing Used by the Norse Essay
During the Viking era, men worn woolen tunics over trouser type leg coverings. There were at least
two types of leg coverings: a wide, knee–length, baggy type and a narrow, fitted full–length type of
trouser. Several finds of trousers dating to the Migration Era at around 400 to 800 AD tell us that the
narrow full length types of trouser were worn by the Norse way back then. A site at Thorsbjerg
Mose in Denmark, trousers found more or less intact, had the sophisticated Migration Era that
required three separate pieces cut for the crotch gusset alone. These trouser finds alone disprove any
claim that early period garments worn by the Norse are simple and untailored. The leggings of the
Migration Era Thorsbjerg trousers even extended ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most were made from wool and some were even dyed. The sleeves on the smocks tapered at the
lower arm, so at the wrists they fit fairly snugly and they could also be cut in more than one piece to
achieve a more complicated taper. Some of the smocks from the Birka, Sweden area had keyhole
style necklines rather than Danish rounded ones. The front and back panels were cut in one piece
and weren't sewn together with shoulder seams. On top of the tunics worn, the Norser wore an
overtunic. An overtunic at Evebø, Norway belonging to a jarl's was dyed blue, made of wool, and
was decorated at the neck with tablet–woven wool bands patterned with animals in two colors. The
overtunic also had silver clasps, however it is unknown whether they were cuff clasps or clasps for
front of the overtunic. It is most probable that the clasps fastened in the front on the chest like a coat.
However, the overtunics were not coats, as actual coats were worn on the outer layer as weather
demanded. There were two basic coat layer types during the Viking Era used by the Norse. In the
most basic terms, there was the "jacket" and the "coat." The jacket was lighter and wrapped around
without a fastening device, while the coat was heavier and buttoned. Viking era jackets have been
found in several spots in the Norse–dominated world and appear to have been a very old tradition. A
helmet found at the Sutton Hoo ship burial site had human figures

Anglo Saxon Warrior Culture
Imagine if one thousand years from now, the American civilization was researched based only on
evidence that survived time, such as a singular book or ruin of a skyscraper. These artifacts would
serve as the basis of knowledge for all characteristics of the society of the United States. The
information now regarded as common knowledge for many ancient civilizations derives from their
surviving artifacts that give examples of culture. One such civilization was the Anglo–Saxons, who
wrote poems and left behind parts of their material culture that provide insight into their lives. Based
on the epic Beowulf and the archaeological evidence, the principles that the Anglo–Saxons valued
were loyalty, warrior culture, and wealth. One of the most important ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In Beowulf's last words, he entrusts to Wiglaf, his faithful warrior, his "collar of gold from his neck
and gave it to the young thane, telling him to use it... well" (From Beowulf 49). In Anglo–Saxon
society, wealth was awarded to warriors and kings for their services but also passed on to others for
the good of the kingdom or community. Many Anglo–Saxons awarded their warriors golden
"objects of war – sword hilts and pommels" (Real Life Buried Treasure) and others "adorned their
fallen warriors with beautiful riches" (A Window on Anglo–Saxon Life). Since many warriors had
these golden embellishments on their weapons, wealth must have been an important reward system
for men who had achieved glory in battle. Wealth connected individual warriors to the Anglo–Saxon
community, benefiting all who lived in

Douglas Mawson : The Top Of The Pack
With regards to toughness, Douglas Mawson was at the top of the pack. He was tall, lean, and
muscular. Strong–minded and keen for a challenge, Mawson landed in Antarctica to take on the
toughest conditions the world had to offer. From his landing in 1907, Mawson had accomplished
several historic feats. He joined a team and traveled to the South Magnetic Pole, and had been the
first to climb Mount Erebus. In his mind, he was untouchable. In his mind, Antarctica was defeated;
another notch on his belt. Searching for a new challenge, he set out to map the untouched Antarctic
coastlines. He would return, but not without scars reminding him that Antarctica is not to be taken
lightly.
Douglas Mawson was born in England but lived in Australia for most of his life. One particular
detail to note is that he turned down an offer from Robert Scott to join his expedition, instead opting
to lead the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. Mawson and his men arrived at Commonwealth Bay
in January 1912, setting up base and wintering over in Antarctica. When spring arrived, Mawson set
out to accomplish the purpose of his expedition. To do this, Mawson split his men into four teams,
three to go out and explore and one to stay at the base. Mawson's team was assigned to explore the
Far Eastern Shore, which was several hundred miles from the base. The area was known to be a
minefield of crevasses, a fact which Mawson certainly knew. The journey was doomed to failure
from the start.

Theme Of Culture In Beowulf
Beowulf is one of the most important works in Anglo Saxon literature, being one of the few
surviving works in Old English. It tells the story of a warrior named Beowulf, who travels to
Denmark to help the Danes defeat a monster named Grendel. He then goes on to defeat Grendel's
mother and returns home to rule over his people as a great king for many years, until he is forced to
fight a dragon attacking his land, dying in the process.Throughout the poem, elements and culture of
Anglo–Saxon and Scandinavian society is shown through the society and setting of the poem, the
values Beowulf follows, and the traditions people practice in the poem.
The society shown in the poem reveals a lot about Scandinavian and Anglo Saxon society at the
time Beowulf was written. In the setting of the poem, tribes rally around a strong king, like the
Danes "Of the spear–Danes fame;their splendor of old, their mighty princes, and martial deeds!"
The king was meant to protect the tribes from others and lead it. This is shown many times
throughout the poem, where Hygelac, the king of Beowulf's people, the Geats, leads them to
Denmark and the King of the Danes being the one Beowulf greets when he arrives. "Beowulf
spoke."Hail, King Hrothgar!" Another aspect of the society that appears are the mead halls. One
certain mead hall appears many times throughout the poem. "Then his mind was moved, to have his
men fashion a high built hall, a mightier mead hall than men had known." The mead halls was the

Sutton Hoo Myths
Sutton Hoo is, essentially, a very large graveyard near the North Sea and river Deben. The two
graves there date back to the 6th and 7th centuries, both containing a large number of historical
artifacts. One of the graves was a ship burial, and most of the wealth and artifacts found from it are
currently in The British Museum. It is highly guessed that the ship was the grave of Rædwald, ruler
of the East Angles. This site is very important to historians because it helps to shed light on an area
of English history that is unclear whether it's myth, or fact. Some of the artifacts they found in the
burial chamber were: a suite of metalwork dress fittings in gold and gems, a ceremonial helmet,
shield and sword, a lyre, and silver plate. The second

Sutton Hoo Burial
Sutton Hoo is the site of two cemeteries of the sixth and seventh centuries. Sutton Hoo was
discovered in 1939 and is the most important link to the Anglo Saxon world. On the Sutton Hoo
burial site, there are approximately 20 burial mounds formed between 625 and 670 AD. As Thomas
Robjent says in his article The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial: A General Background and Source List,
"Along with the ship–burial, many impressive artifacts were found within mound one. The list of
artifacts and treasure from this mound is as follows: An iron standard, a sceptre, spears, an iron–
bound wooden bucket, a bronze bowl, a hanging bowl containing the remains of a musical
instrument, drinking horns, a shield, a helmet, a sword, the iron head of an axe, the remains

Anglo Saxon Civilization
The people we know as the Anglo–Saxons were indeed from Germany and Southern Scandinavia.
The Anglo–Saxons, as well as other individuals, embarked for Britain. "Bede names three of these
tribes: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes" (qtd.in Mason). The numerous invaders were massive, and
they surely did affect the nature of British society, even to a certain length of exchanging their
original language, but not their culture. The Anglo–Saxons cemetery with no products may have
belonged to Britons living adjacent to the Anglo–Saxons, and the shortage of goods signified the
various practices of the Britons (Anglo–Saxon).
The individuals of each of the various Anglo–Saxon realm spoke different languages, which
progressed over a period of time and became noted as Old English (The Editors of Encyclopaedia
Britannica). Because of the Anglo–Saxons, they have built the foundation for the later empires. The
Anglo–Saxons portrayed a blend of Germanic people with Britain's previous individuals. The Bedes
people relocated from Germany to the islands of the Britons, to help protect a kingdom against
invaders. The Anglo–Saxon will always be a part of Britain's history, mostly described as forming
the nation. Britain underwent countless adjustments, such their dialects and religion. The Anglo–
Saxon spread across England, bringing their culture and religion along with them. The Anglo–
Saxons believed in their visions to conquer anything that they set their mind to, while other people
may not agree

The Three Pieces Of Art
The three pieces of Art chosen to be discussed in this essay range in style and meaning but all seem
to tie together a symbol of power. In Sutton Hoo the wealth is shown through the purse lid and it
exquisite components it was made from, the Bayeux Tapestry shows the power of the Norman
Conquest and their leader William the conquer, and finally the immaculate Sistine Chapel with
emphasis on The Creation of Adam that shows the power of God and also the skill of Michelangelo.
The Roman Legions withdrew from Britain in about 410 CE and over the next 150 years (where
almost no records survived) the British began to gain most control and create a new social structure
and culture, this began to divide the land into a bunch of Anglo–Saxon kingdoms. Sutton Hoo is a
series of 6th to 7th century burial mounds found in Suffolk, England. The largest and first
excavation began in 1939 by Basil Brown. This excavation lead to the discovery of a 90–foot–long
ship, and the what is believed to be the burial site of Raedwald leader of the Wuffing Dynasty. It was
in the mound that the Purse cover was discovered. The original records of the find were destroyed in
World Was II and only a few pictures remained as evidence. From 1965–1971 the mound was
excavated again along with mounds 5,6,14,17, and 18, the archeologist discovered 39 burials most
believed to between the 8th and 11th century and were execution burials. The Purse Cover in mound
one is believed to have been a symbol of power and

Imagery in the Old English Poem Beowulf Essay
Popular Imagery in the Old English Poem Beowulf
Some popular elements of imagery in Beowulf are the mead–hall, the sea, swords, armor including
shields. Let us discuss these items and, where applicable, the archaeological support for them.
Remaining true to the Anglo–Saxon culture's affinity for mead (ale/beer/wine), the characters of
Beowulf partake frequently of the strong beverage. And the mead hall was their home away from
home, with more entertainments than just fermented beverages: "gold and treasure at huge feasts ...
the words of the poet, the sounds of the harp." Needless to say, with "the world's greatest mead–hall
... Hrothgar's people lived in joy." "after a mead party the Danes ... knew no sorrows." When ...
That was ... the greatest of sorrows." Wiglaf, in censuring the ten who deserted their chief, said, "At
the ale–bench he often gave you ... helmets and armor." In this classic poem, can there be anything
more vital or essential to joyful living, or to conducting business, than the mead–hall?
T. A. Shippey in "The World of the Poem" (45) says:
Some objects in fact reach "mythic" status – most obviously halls. What the poet thinks about these
can be derived most immediately from his run of twenty to thirty compound words for describing
them. Halls are for drinking in winehall, beerhall, meadhall; they are filled with people in guesthall,
retainer hall; in them worth is recognized in goldhall, gifthall, ringhall. They are also the typical,
though not only, setting for festivity and poetry.
"The only archaeological evidence of what Heroic Age royal halls in England were like, comes from
the Yeavering in Glendale in present–day Northumberland, where the site of one of the royal
townships of the English kings of Northumbria has been identified and investigated" (Arnold 91).
The location corresponds to Bernicia, the northernmost Anglo–Saxon kingdom. There
archaeologists have uncovered evidence of a complex of seven large structures surrounded by
eleven smaller ones – the royal villa mentioned by Bede of a seventh century English king (Cramp
132). Each of four of the halls are

Truth Burial In Beowulf
In the year 1939 in the community of Sutton Hoo near Suffolk, England a discovery of massive
proportion took place. The magnitude of this archeological find was described in a local news
article, "For the first thousand years of the Christian era the little island of Britain was overrun by
hordes of men who rose up out of the sea. In the Fifth Century came the Angles, from somewhere on
the bleak coast of the Baltic. Ships brought them, and when their kings died they were buried in
ships with their bows pointing toward the sea." This discovery answered many of the questions left
by the story Beowulf, a document once cast of as a transcribed lore. Modern day archeological
discoveries prove that Beowulf is a story founded in truth.
That truth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example in Beowulf there is described a helmet that Hrothgar bestows on to Beowulf. "To fight.
Hrothgar's helmet would defend him; That ancient, shinning treasure, encircled With hard–rolled
metal, set there by some smith's Long–dead hand"(Beowulf 1448–1451) This description of the
helmet brings forth images of a similar one found on the burial ship of Sutton Hoo as described by
the British Museum, " The helmet was made of iron and probably weighed about 2.5kg" The metal
was polished and was decorated with pictures of warriors and powerful animals. Another example of
the similarities between objects from Sutton Hoo and Beowulf is a sword "Hrothgar's courtier Lent
him a famous weapon, a fine, Hilted old sword named Hrunting; it had an iron blade, etched and
shining" (Beowulf 1455–1458). This description is almost identical to the description of the sword
found at Sutton Hoo as described the University of Chicago, "The hilt of the sword has a beautiful
gold and cloisonné garnet pommel and gold guards. The iron blade is heavily corroded but was
pattern–welded, made from eight bundles of thin iron rods hammered together to form a pattern of
parallel or herringbone lines in the metal. To this core, a cutting edge of carbon steel then was
forged." The images produced by the descriptions of actual artifacts and the descriptions of objects
from Beowulf are

The Development of Anglo-Saxon Village West Stow Essay...
West Stow is an area in Britain located within modern day Suffolk, which through the mid 5th
century to early 7th century CE, housed a small Anglo–Saxon village. The setting for the formation
of West Stow, and for Anglo–Saxon Britain in general, begins around 407 CE with the exit of
Roman troops from Britain. In this paper, I will provide an overview of the circumstances that led to
the Angles and the Saxons invading/migrating to Britain, what they built in West Stow, and
whether/how we know what we do about this time period from archaeological findings, or from
primary text sources. To begin, as stated in the introduction, the Roman empire pulled it's armies
stationed in Britain to Gaul and possibly other locations within the empire ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of the big things from a cultural standpoint is the approximate social order of the Anglo–
Saxons, as determined from references to various laws regarding them in the Salic Law. At the top
of the order were the Kings in the various kingdoms within Britain, under them were freemen in the
king's service, clergy, regular freemen, freedmen (Freed slaves), and at the bottom, slaves. These
texts also give us some idea of the economy and currency, especially when mentioned in relation to
various fines, as evidenced here; "...if any one be summoned before the court by the king's law and
does not come, he shall be sentenced to 600 denarii, which make 15 solidi.", and other such laws
from the text. A good portion of our historical evidence also comes from archaeological excavation
of various sites in West Stow. One of the most significant archaeological locations has been Sutton
Hoo, grave mounds dating back to the 6th and early 7th centuries. It contains 17 different burial
mounds, the most notable of which (Mound 1) contained an undisturbed ship burial containing art,
jewelry, weapons, armor, textiles, and fine clothing/accessories. It's clear from the richness of the
burial that whoever was buried there was royal and extremely wealthy, there is no direct evidence of
this, but one theory is that it could be Rædwald's (an extremely powerful King in the era that Sutton
Hoo was being used in, Bede writes that he was the fourth

The Epic Of Beowulf By Beowulf
People throughout the world practice a variety of religions. Some religions are more popular than
others such as Buddhism versus Jainism. Religions tend to spread within a society and then die back
down. However, there are still people amongst us who believe or may even still practice archaic
religions. Some religions date back to 700 A.D such as Christianity and paganism. Over the course
of hundreds of years both religions have evolved. Throughout different works of literature, people
are able to understand the original aspects of these different religions. Due to the construction of this
Beowulf, students and professors are able to study and get a true understanding of a pagans'
demeanor and how life evolves through their eyes. Throughout the epic poem Beowulf, paganism is
exemplified as this epic hero falls victim to fate while embarking on his journey through life
fighting monsters and chasing after his fame.
To begin with, Beowulf was composed in Old English by an anonymous writer between the sixth
and seventh century, and it is known for portraying the emergence of the Anglo–Saxons and their
way of life. Adams David Leeming, author of "The Anglo–Saxons 449–1066", stated that the island
of Great Britain, secluded from the European continent, seemed perfect for the birth of legends,
poets, and the belief in elves due to its rain–drenched and almost always fogged weather. This type
of weather is ideal for such stories involving heroes and legends. This island has been

Decision Making; Medicaid Cuts
Decision Making: Medicaid budget cuts
An emergency manager's meeting was called this morning to announce the 2009 fiscal budget cut's
starting June 1, 2009. The North Carolina Department of Health and Hospitals has cut Medicaid
payments for hospital services by 15 % to reduce the state 's budget deficit.These budget changes
will directly affect private insurers with significant focus on the Medicaid recipients in the rural low
income population located in Eastern North Carolina. During this called meeting a manager
mentioned the Informed Decision Toolbox, she read about in an article for her graduate program.
This article mentions steps or processes to help decide which services could be eliminated or
introduced to continue to provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Evaluate the decisions and outcomes by continuously reviewing the data and develop measureable
goals. Since implementing the services provided by the clinic the organizational budget should be
reduced by 15 % before the next fiscal year. Having buy in from the community to support services
the clinic has eliminated from the operating budget will be a win–win situation for all involve.
In step 4, applying the Informed Decision toolkit to the changes implemented during the adjustment
to the budget. Steps three and four are similar in the approach of evaluating the progress of the
decision and measuring the goals. An option to assistance with budget changes is allowing
healthcare providers to practice in clinic; service for space option. The idea of this option, is
allowing medical providers practice clinic which is fully operational while caring for Medicaid
patients with simple needs. Medicaid recipients will receive health screening such as a diabetes and
hypertension. Another win –win situation, decrease emergency room visit for Medicaid patients and
medical provider will eliminate healthcare facility overhead cost due to service for space agreement.
Determining if the progress will work or if more research in the validity is needed is the next step of
the IDT.
Putting the decision to work for the manager or the policymaker is step 5. Rundall states,
"Actionability questions include whether

The Work Of Cloisonne And Metalwork
It is a work of cloisonne and metalwork, a technique in which strips of gold are set on edge to form
small cells. The cells are then filled with a colored enamel glass paste and fitted with thin slices of
semiprecious stone. Throughout the early Middle ages, this style was imitated in manuscripts, stone
sculpture, church masonry, and wood sculpture. I can tell by the gold hinges.
This artist used color, filling the cells with colored enamel glass.
It is realistic. It is a mix of many styles.
Calmness
Aesthetic
Happiness
Strength
Fierce
Courage
At the top of the purse cover shown here, two hexagons flank a central motif of animal interlace.
Two pairs of animals and birds, facing each other. On each side of the design, a male figure stands
between two animals. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are not really a meaning to what the symbols mean. The little details of how each item was
shaped Vs. the shape of the metalwork.
The Sutton Hoo, is contained with gold chains. The cells are filled with colored enamel glass. In the
design, male figures stand between two animals . The animal style, was used in jewelry design
throughout the Germanic and Scandinavian. The creatures are perhaps symbolizing strength and
courage. The qualities must've possessed the leader of men
The questions that I would ask the author

Essay on Anglo-Saxon History and Beowulf
Anglo–Saxon History and Beowulf
By definition the word "hero" might be interpreted in one of four ways. First off in mythology and
legend, a hero is often of divine ancestry. He is endowed with great courage and strength, celebrated
for his bold exploits, and favored by the gods. Secondly, a hero is a person noted for feats of courage
or nobility of purpose, especially one who has risked or sacrificed his or her life. Thirdly, a hero can
also be described as a person noted for special achievement in a particular field. Finally a hero is
defined as the principal male character in a novel, poem, or dramatic presentation
http://dictionary.reference.com/serch?q=hero. Beowulf, in Beowulf, might be considered a hero in
every aspect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But we shall forgo the sword in the night–if he dare seek war without weapon–and then may wise
Gold, Holy Lord, assign glory on whichever hand seems good to Him" (Howe, 13). To kill the
second, he swims for numerous hours underwater until the sword of Giants ends the life of Grendel's
mother. Finally as is foreshadowed, Beowulf loses his life to the final monster, but wins treasure for
his people.
However, one must examine all of the traits and actions of Beowulf's character before calling him a
great hero. Beowulf behaves with great knowledge and wisdom as he grows with time and
influence. Beowulf most certainly acts with great respect and humility where it is owed. His
physical feats and bravery outdo those of any other of the Danish king Hrothgar's warriors. In spite
of this, Beowulf, at age eighty and king of the Geats, decides that he should brawl with the dragon
himself. This ultimately ends in his death, leaving his people vulnerable to outside invasions. His
dying wish to his only loyal thane, Wiglaf, is that the Geats bury him in a barrow overlooking the
sea to be remembered for all times to come, and also that the treasure he has won in the fight with
the dragon be given to his people. Against this wish the Geats bury the treasure with his body so that
no other conquerors might possess it. In the end, Beowulf acts more for his own glory than for the
general well–being to his people. In his life, Beowulf seeks his fame and glory:

Value Of Gold In Beowulf
In the Medieval Ages, wealth and jewels were not just a material one would use to buy lavish things
or to wear to show an importance in status. Armor, weapons, jewels, coins and wealthy treasures
possessed significant value within the warrior realms of duty, protection, heroism, loyalty and
accomplishment. Gold can also symbolize a King's royalty, relationships and fame. Modern–day
archeological evidence proves this importance of metal and treasure through the uncovered Sutton
Hoo Anglo–Saxon burial treasure–hoard. The significance to Sutton Hoo shows clear evidence that
at this time, society thought of gold as a symbol for Pagan beliefs into the afterlife and as precious
and delicate. In Beowulf, the reader can clearly identify this value of wealth. The reader understands
that the power of wealth possessed by King Hrothgar is something that is given to only his best
warriors. In the beginning, Beowulf shows evidence that he fights for fame and reputation to receive
gold and boasts to improve his reputation. At the end of the poem, King Beowulf fights for the
heroic code to preserve peace and stability within the Geats society. However, King Beowulf's main
duty is to be just and protect his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A lot of the pieces found within the ships such as swords and helmets match what is written in the
descriptions in Beowulf, "from the ringed metal of the protective mail shirts to the boar imagery
over the brows and crests of mask–like battle helmets" (Walsh 102). Both Sutton Hoo and Beowulf
show that ship–burials were a traditional way to bury, so that "warriors... [Could] continue their
journey into the next world" (Walsh 103). The discovered Sutton Hoo treasures authenticates my
argument of the significance of gold as a material object and abstract object that warriors performed
for to improve their reputation in the Medieval

Art And Art
"What is Art?" Art is the aesthetic experiences we encounter when we are exposed to new responses
of sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell (McGraw 2013). According to McGraw "no society has
lived without some form of art in human history." (2013) We have the ability to create images that
have evolved and find a new relationship with each one. Art is composed of meaningfulness in
every aspect, from the artist perspective. The symbolism of art changes from era to era. Art is
created by individuals who have acquired traits of; sensitivity, flexibility, originality, playfulness,
productivity, fluency, analytical and organizational skills (McGraw 2013). We will later elaborate on
these traits individually through pieces of art. The shift of cultures has impacted the trait of art,
through eras of history, which impact artist mindset and modern culture.
The meaning of "Art" to me personally is something that you should have a connection with and or
understanding of what the artist is talking about by looking at the painting or drawing. "The quality,
production, expression, or realm, according to aesthetic principles, of what is beautiful, appealing,
or of more than ordinary". (dictionary) Referring to our textbook Living with Art refers to as Art
being simplified, fragmented and distorted. With that being said Art is needed to be natural and
stylized in it's own unique way.
In Art there are eras that had started in the BC's, just like stone age had started in
30,000 BC through

Examples Of Paganism In Beowulf
Beowulf is the oldest piece of surviving epic poems in the English Literature. It was written during
the Anglo–Saxon's period, better known as "Old English". Beowulf is about a warrior, who seeks
fame by doing courageous deeds. He does this, by fighting three powerful foes: Grendel, Grendel's
mother, and a Dragon. These battle show that religions, Christianity and Paganism have been a
significant theme and a part of Suffolk culture.
Beowulf's first enemy, the greedy monster known as "Grendel" symbolized sins within Christianity.
According to page , lines 19–23, the epic states, "He was spawned in that slime, conceived by a pair
of monsters born of Cain, murderous creatures banished by God, punished forever for the crime of
Abel's death." Grendel has been compared as Cain and Abel's descendants, the story of Adam and
Eve's oldest son killing his brother. This supports that Suffolk's believed in Christianity, as they
believed Grendel was the "darkest demon" that had been given birth to by the ultimate sinner. The
influence of Christianity amongst the Suffolk culture continues when Grendel is afraid of Hrothgar's
throne. Lines 82–85 it is written, "...When the night hid him, he never dared to touch king Hrothgar's
glorious throne, protected by God– God, whose love Grendel could not know. Fearing none but the
throne, symbolizes his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 600 A.D., Scandinavians and Germanic tribes were Pagans. The "Old Stones Gods" were the
Pagan Gods that were worshipped BY heathens before Christianity took over England. During his
battle with Grendel's mother, Beowulf had fought her and killed her. Lines 520–525 states, "Her
body fell to the floor, lifeless, the sword the sword was wet with her blood, and Beowulf rejoiced at
the sight". As Grendel's mother had met her last breath, Paganism had disappeared in Sutton Hoo.
Christianity have been taking over by converting Pagans, changing the Suffolk

Sutton Hoo: The True Artifacts
In the 7th Century AD, an important individual was buried inside a ship in East Anglia. The ship
most likely hauled up from the nearby river, a burial chamber was built in the center of the massive
vessel. Luckily grave robbers did not reach the ship burial as they did other nearby burial mounds,
because the ship was rich in history and artifacts including gold, silver, bowls, spoons, weapons,
drinking horns and much more. Originally discovered in 1939, the artifacts and ship burial have
been closely examined another 2 times. The artifacts found within the magnificent burial site have
created a lot of stir over the past 80 years. Theories have changed on the significance and origins of
the artifacts due to changing hypothesis or the arrival of new and different evidence. Because there
are dozens of artifacts within Sutton Hoo, this paper will be focusing on a select four of them
including; the 'baptismal' spoons, the Merovingian coin hoard, the whetstone, and the scepter.
According to scholars over the past 80 years, how have opinions, evidence, or assumptions changed
relating to these exact artifacts? This paper will be taking a contemporary look at the perspectives of
different scholars on different artifacts and, finally, analyze why these perspectives have shifted or
changed over time. To my knowledge, scholars do give credit to previous perspectives, but no
scholar has every brought all the perspectives together and analyzed their findings.
Within Sutton Hoo was

Epic of Beowulf Essay
Armor in the poem Beowulf
Armor mentioned in the poem Beowulf include helmets and chain mail. There are an incredible
number of references to these battle–apparel in the poem, making this topic of armor a very relevant
one to consider.
"Helmets are the most dramatic and often quoted item of armor found in Beowulf," says Catherine
M. Hills in "Beowulf and Archaeology." Indeed, examining the poem, one finds copious references
to helmets in just the first 400 lines of the poem:
Boar–figures gleamed
over plated cheek–guards, inlaid with gold;
shining, fire–hardened, fierce war–masks
guarded their lives (303–6)
iron–gray ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both the Benty Grange and Sutton Hoo helmets have boar ornaments on the helmet, on the
eyebrows of the latter. In Beowulf the poet describes the helmets of the Geat warriors in the poem:
Boar–figures gleamed
over plated cheek–guards, inlaid with gold (303–4) (Cramp 117)
Representations of helmets in sculpture or in manuscripts indicate that crested helmets, the Anglo–
Saxon type of helmet, continued in use through the tenth century (Hils 304).
We will return to Benty Grange and Sutton Hoo shortly, but first let's comment on the other form of
armor: mail–link aka chain–mail aka mail–shirts aka war–dress aka battle–shirts aka mail, etc. In the
first 400 lines of Beowulf, the references to armor generally, or to mail–link/chain–mail specifically,
actually outnumber the references to helmets:
I have not heard of a ship so decked

with better war–dress, weapons of battle,
swords and mail–shirts (38–40)
Armored warriors climbed the prow;
the sea–currents eddied; they carried no weapons,
stored them amidships, all the bright ornaments,
stately battle–dress (212–15)
Their chain–mail clanked,
their bright battle–shirts (236–7)
Who

Reflection Of English Literature : My Experience Of...
"Why should someone study British literature in their senior year of high school? Why would
anyone need another history course in their schedule?" These are the thoughts that had gone through
my head as I entered into English IV in September 2016. English, in the past, hadn't been my
favorite course. Analyzing poems, reading Shakespeare, and interpreting an author's style in a novel
are not activities I partake in during my free time, so doing them in class for grades was quite the
chore. That is until I traveled to London in November of 2016. On that trip, everything I had learned
about British literature, as well as England as a country, was placed into my life, outside of the
classroom. I saw the Sutton Hoo Treasures in the British ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Ms.
Doo 3
Schofield, when finished with Beowulf, showed the class the Sutton Hoo treasures. The Sutton
Hoo treasures are actual treasures that came from the Anglo–Saxon period. They include a helmet,
chalice, and silverware used during the era. I saw the Sutton Hoo treasures in the British
Museum on my trip to London. What I saw on my computer in class was sitting in a climate
controlled, glass case in front of me, the ship burial helmet. The people, places, and events I was
learning about in class were real; not just some stuff that was thrown into a textbook, but real people
Anglo–Saxons wore this helmet. The knowledge I had of the history behind the treasures enhanced
my experience viewing them in the museum, and inversely, viewing the treasures enhanced my
appreciation for the material learned in class because they proved to me that it was real. English
scholars consider the English Triumvirate to be William Shakespeare, John
Milton, and Geoffrey Chaucer. I had studied Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales before my
trip in great depth and was excited to see his burial place at Westminster Abbey. Chaucer interested
me as soon as I read his biographical information. He set out to write 120 tales, 2 for each character,
to tell on their pilgrimage to Canterbury. I read "The Nun Priest's Tale" and "The
Pardoner's Tale" which, to this day, are my favorite works of literature in the course. When I did
visit Westminster Abbey, it was surreal to see so many

Study: Gothic Architecture and Following Stylistic Terms...
Mosaics were created by:
COLORED GLASS
Madonna refers to:
THE VIRGIN MARY
At one time Ravenna was an important outpost for the Byzantine Roman Empire:
TRUE
Pendentives are found around which of the following:
HAGIA SOPHIA
What did Paul the Silentiary say about Hagia's Sophia's dome?
IT LOOKED AS IF IT WERE SUSPENDED FROM HEAVEN
What does Hagia Sophia mean? HOLY WISDOM
Iconoclasm refers to which of the following? DESCTRUCTION OF IMAGES
Byzantine churches were mostly centrally planned TRUE
Which is an example of isocephally? JUSTIAN, BISHOP and ATTENDANTS
Byzantine art is considered to be very naturalistic. FALSE
Icons functioned as decorative objects in houses. FALSE
Byzantine is a term that refers to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ABBOT SUGER
Chartres Cathedral housed which relic? THE SACRED TUNIC OF THE VIRGIN MARY
Which element is characteristically Gothic? FLYING BUTTRESS
Gothic architecture is characterized by all except: DARK INTERIORS
Gothis is a word that comes from the reference to the Goths (Visigoth and Ostrigoths) who were
barbarian peoples settling in Europe around in the 4th century A.D. TRUE
Which exterior architectural element helped distribute the weight of the walls of Gothic churches?
FLYING BUTTRESS
Abbot Suger did NOT coin the term GOTHIC TRUE
Gothic was a term invented in the: RENAISSANCE
Abbot Suger was inspired by which of the following?
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
DIONYSIUS THE AREOPAGITE
Which artist was considered the truest imitator of nature? GIOTTO
Which of the following stylistic terms refers to the medium and process of applying a thin layer of
fresh plaster on an existing plaster surface and then immediately applying color pigments which,
upon drying, become a permanent part of the wall surface? FRESCO
Cimabue was Giotto's teacher. TRUE

Duccio was a celebrated Florentine painter. FALSE
Which of the following terms refers to the modeling of light and dark which begins to appear at the
beginning of the Trescento (1300s) with artists like Cimabue, Duccio and Giotto? CHIAROSCURO
Which images is an example of the maniera greca? ST.

Analyzing The Field Research Procedure
This Field Research Procedure covers excavations between 1983 and 1993.The Field Research
Procedure assumes that archaeological data cannot be discovered but are defined and collected as a
result of archaeologically informed choice. Data are variables which are chosen and characterized
before an excavation, and are measured in the field. Information is expressed as measured
quantities, dimensions or other values. Observations are documented impressions which are not
data. Sand, stones, and debris become data, and data becomes history as a result of a methodical
scientific itinerary. This begins with investigation, proceeds to assessment, and then to an approach,
or project design, which leads to data acquisition, or the excavation. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This will yield the coarse geography of undated features. Field walking recovers finds larger than 2
centimeters across by surface collection. Surface mapping mapped botanically characterized zones
in 2–D. Contour mapping showed different levels of elevation.
Metal detection uses electromagnetic induction to detect metal. Metal detectors are capable of
various configurations, and can differ in sophistication and sensitivity. Many detectors are able to
identify between different types of metallic targets. It shows the position in 2–D of ferrous/non–
ferrous and deep/shallow signals.
Archaeological features can be mapped if they have higher or lower resistivity than the surrounding
area. A stone foundation might impede the flow of electricity, while the organic deposits within a
midden might conduct electricity more easily than surrounding soils. Electrical resistivity tests for
the position of low resistivity signals in 2–D. This generally relates to features wider than .5 meters
and deeper than .5 meters.
Gradiometry and magnetometry show the position in 2–D of magnetic anomalies, and relates to
features wider than one meter and 1.5 meters respectively. Magnetic susceptibility shows the
position in 2–D of areas of high magnetic susceptibility. This yields areas of high susceptibility,
which can be expected with occupation. Magnetometers use a single sensor to measure the total
magnetic field strength, or may sue two spatially separated sensors

Douglas Mawson, 'Into The Unknown :Into The Unknown'
Unit 1 ELA Essay
Imagine if you were in the arctic with two other people and both of your travelling mates died; you
were all alone, and you were many miles away what would you do? This is the story of Douglas
Mawson. Douglas Mawson went on a painful journey to the Antarctic("Into the Unknown"). There
is yet still two other people that faced adversity and contributed to science. Henrietta Lacks was
second in facing the most adversity in the course of contributing to science, she has a cancer and she
dies at the age of thirty– one from the cancer. Phineas Gage had the least amount adversity in the
course of contributing to science, he was working one day and a metal pole blasted through his head
and he lived for eleven years after that. Douglas Mawson endured the most adversity in the course
of contributing to science for a few reasons.
Douglas Mawson had travelling mates die on him, as seen in the article "Into the Unknown". To
begin, Ninnis died. Ninnis was walking along and took a different path and he fell into a crevasse
and Mertz and Mawson never found him. Ninnis had all of the valuable gear and most of the food,
this meant that they had to live on very little food. In addition, to Ninnis dying his other travelling
friend Mertz died. Mertz died in his sleep, and Mawson was unsure how he died in his sleep. The
article reveals, "Many years later some researchers speculated that Mertz's debilitation was caused
by poisonous overdoses of vitamin A from the huskies liver",

Sutton Hoo Burial Site
The Sutton Hoo burial site, long ago, served as a resting place for upper class citizens. Although
relatively few people were actually laid to rest there, the site held enough prominence to be
mentioned in works such as Beowulf . Today, Sutton Hoo is regarded as an important,
archaeological discovery, unveiling many artifacts and clues to the culture and art of not only the
Anglo–Saxons, but groups, such as the Celts as well. The findings are numerous and relatively
independent of each other with one grave holding the richest amount of relics and hints to the past.
The graves all revealed a similar culture, although many of the artifacts were very different from the
next. Sutton Hoo is located near River Deben in East Anglia ("Sutton

Ethical Issues in the Fashion Industry
Ethical Issues in the Fashion Industry
Introduction
This essay reflects on the lecture titled Creative Economy by Martin Bouette. I found this lecture
relevant to my final project. My topic is the changing trends in the apparel industry. How Corporate
Social Responsibility affects the supply chain, going local from global, vertical from horizontal. The
lecture is relevant in many aspects, for example the knowledge society's changes and ethical issues
and responsibility within the apparel industry. The first part of the essay briefly speaks about the
lecture Creative Economy and also introduces my final project. The second part explains in more
detail the difference between horizontal and vertical integration. It also overviews the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Environment: This part argues that who is responsible for the environmental damages, how
much concern the designer has for our environment.
Aging Generation: says that older generations are a strong market for quality design, because they
have time to enjoy all its benefits and they can afford it.
And finally Ethical issues, which is the most important from my point of view. This is the part were
my project could connect to Martin's lecture. It gives data about child labour in different countries in
different industries. It argues that our society should educate consumers better to know more about
the true cost of products they buy.
The lecture says that the commercial success depends on these four factors I explained before.
My Project
In my original project proposal I was intended to research trends in manufacturing such as going
local from global and going vertical from horizontal integration. However I realized since that such
trends are mostly triggered by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies responding to
customer demands.
I would like to narrow down my project to focus on the affects of CSR on the apparel industry's
supply chain. Therefor my research project aims to examine how CSR as a global trend affects
vertically and horizontally integrated manufacturing in the fashion/apparel industry.
A company won't integrate vertically its production if it against its business interest. There are some
vertically

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