John Lewis Inspiration

John Lewis Inspiration
"With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this
faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful brotherhood.
With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail
together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day."–Martin Luther
King. Jr. People have been separated and treated differently for the color on the outside, but not their
real culture on the birth certificate if they weren't white. But that didn't stop anyone or anybody
from fighting for their civil rights. People saw the political figures as is, Martin Luther King, Rosa
Parks, and Malcolm X, but they don't see ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was founded on the principle that all men are created equal, and that the rights of every man are
diminished when the rights of one man are threatened ... It ought to to be possible, in short, for
every American to enjoy the privileges of being American without regard to his race or his color." –
John F. Kennedy Leaders and other activists Were on this Civil Rights Movement together to make
a change. In the movment they all played different parts to stay organized, and to be an effective
movement. Leaders was dealing with all the politics while the others make plans if they do or don't
allow their movement, then they come together and become this powerful stand. People may
disagree and see that one did more than the other and was more important in the movement, but in
reality, how would the the sit–ins and the march happen without the people actually standing up and
risking their lives. Also how would have the Little Rock Nine be able to integrate Central High and
get proper education by themselves, but they couldn't and never would been able to if it wasn't for
Thurgood Marshall. People still like to put labels, people and leaders when really everybody is
human,leader, and activists, people say leaders because they stood up more gave speeches to people
and became a public figure, and people is what they call the supporters who really were a huge part
with the Civil Rights movement just as much as the
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Thurgood Marshall Essay
Thurgood Marshall "Thurgood Marshall was a rebel."(1) His method of activism differed from those
of other civil rights leaders of the time. By addressing the courts and using his legal expertise,
Marshall was able to have a more direct influence on society and the way government was treating
blacks at the time. His use of the of the courts led to rulings that deemed the exclusion of blacks
from primary elections, the use of racial profiling in terms of housing, the "separate but equal"
mentality concerning working facilities and universities, and especially the segregation of
elementary schools unconstitutional. With a resume like that it is no wonder he is still considered
one of the most influential of the civil rights ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1) During that time he argued thirty–two cases in front of the Supreme Court, and won an
astonishing twenty–nine of them. Some of these cases had a significant impact on the livelihood of
blacks living in America at that time and continue to effect their lives today. One of these cases was
Smith v. Allwright. The outcome of this case declared that Texas' exclusion of black voters from
primary elections, known as the "White Primary", unconstitutional. By winning this case Marshall
not only paved the way for the removal of black voting laws, but he also made it public that the
Supreme Court was no longer going to ignore the constitutional rights of African Americans, that
had been discounted by state legislatures since the Civil War. In yet another governmental policy
altering case Shelley v. Kraemer in 1948 the Supreme Court agreed with Marshall that courts could
not enforce "restrictive covenants," private agreements not to sell land to blacks. (3) This time
Marshall directed a blow at the state level courts, forcing them to become aware of the nation's new
found view of civil liberties. In Sweat v. Painter in 1950 and in Sipuel v. University of Oklahoma in
1948, Marshall won unanimous decisions declaring "separate but equal" facilities for black
professionals as well as graduate students in state universities unconstitutional. (3) First the state

How Did Thurgood Marshall Contribute To The Supreme Court...
Civil Rights activist Thurgood Marshall revolutionized how the United States treats views it's rights
on Black men and women. As a lawyer and prominent Supreme Court justice he fought for Civil
Rights and social justice, believed that racial integration was a right for all American citizens. Early
in his professional life Marshall diminished racial barriers and overcame resistance despite large
oppositions from colleagues and lawmakers. He then became a revolutionary who had the honor of
becoming the first African American Supreme Court Justice, although, he did not have the religious
affiliations like Martin Luther King Jr. Marshall made history for winning the Brown vs. Board of
Education case, which abolished segregation in schools, implementing diverse school interactions.
Thurgood Marshall was often described as persistent, allowing him to confront the many challenges
that faced him. With the United States being a democracy, the justice system is an important aspect
of the government. Essentially, all courts in the United States are authorized to enforce the
Constitution, as well as state and local laws. Considering Thurgood Marshall was a key component
of the Civil Rights movement, who made it possible for law enforcement and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Judicial Branch. Being the first African American to be on the Supreme Court, which is the most
powerful court in the United States, made many important influential decisions on legal cases. The
most important and well–known one was the case of Brown vs. Board of Education. This case's
victory ended all racial segregation in all public schools and so increased the number of African
American high school and college graduates. That was not all; he also won many other cases that
helped to stop segregation in housing, transportation, and voting. Overall, Marshall influenced and
affected many decisions made by the Supreme

The Brown V. Board Of Education Essay
The Brown v. Board of Education was a case that was initiated by members of the local NAACP
(National association Advancement of Colored People) organization in Topeka, Kansas where
thirteen parents volunteered to participate of the segregation during school. Parents took their
children to schools in their neighborhoods in the summer of 1950 and attempted to enroll them for
the upcoming school year. All students were refused admission and were forced to attend one of the
four schools in the city for African Americans. For most parents and students, this involved
traveling some distance from their homes. These parents filed suit against the Topeka Board of
Education on behalf of their twenty children. Oliver Brown who was a minister, was the first parent
to suit against the problem, so the case came to be named after his last name. Three local lawyers,
Charles Bledsoe, Charles Scott and John Scott, were assisted by Robert Carter and Jack Greenberg
from the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Oliver Brown had declared that Topeka 's
racial segregation violated the Constitution 's Equal Protection Clause because the city 's black and
white schools were not equal to each other and never could be due to the way things were. The
federal district court dismissed his claim, ruling that the segregated public schools were
"substantially" equal enough to be constitutional under the Plessy case doctrine. Brown appealed to
the Supreme Court, which made it more effective and then

Don Crow Laws Segregation Laws And Using Music As An Civil...
Throughout the late 19th century, African Americans did not have the same rights as white people,
which led towards the establishment of Jim Crow laws. Jim Crow laws segregated blacks from
whites in a political, educational, and social setting, which created unfair treatment towards people
of color. In Devil in the Grove, four African American boys, known as the Groveland Boys, were
falsely accused of raping a white woman in Florida, which was known as the Groveland case.
Thurgood Marshall, who was a part of The National Association of Advancement for Colored
People (NAACP), helped to solve the Groveland case, as he was an advocate in fighting against Jim
Crow segregation. The labor force, vigilante groups, and legal precedents led towards the
establishment of Jim Crow policies by segregating black people from white people in public areas.
African Americans contested these policies by creating legal organizations that overturned cases
supporting segregation laws and using music as a way to protest against the Jim Crow policies. In
the labor force, there was pressure and unfair treatment towards African Americans, which was a
foundational element in establishing Jim Crow laws. Gilbert King wrote, "McCarthy learned that
whites in Groveland (who accounted for about 60 percent of the town's population of one thousand)
were tolerant of blacks, as long as they continued to work in white–owned citrus groves. 'The
Negroes do most of the work around here'" African Americans were

How Did Thurgood Marshall Influence Civil Rights
What if segregation was a part of our everyday lives, as common as it is to brush one's teeth. Thanks
to Thurgood Marshall, today's generation will never know the horrors of segregation and extreme
racism. Thurgood Marshall was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, the court's first African
American justice. Marshall experienced segregation growing up, going to exclusively black schools.
When applying to a school that was below his league yet being rejected because of his color, he
made it his mission to seek civil rights. he guided the litigation that destroyed Jim Crow segregation
and "crafted a distinctive jurisprudence marked by uncompromising liberalism, unusual
attentiveness to practical considerations beyond the formalities of law, and an indefatigable
willingness to dissent" ("THURGOOD MARSHALL" 1). Thurgood Marshall heavily influenced
civil rights through his involvement in the NAACP and rulings during his time in the Supreme
Court. Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2, 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland. His father was ... Show
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His constant devotion to segregation cases and individual liberties for African Americans gave him
the title as a hero. Juan Williams, a Panamanian–born American journalist and political analyst for
Fox News Channel, believes that "of the three leading black liberators...[Marshall] had the biggest
impact of American race relations" (Williams 1). Williams believed MArshall was able to make a
permanent impact, changing the united states law. Through his time as a lawyer defending African
AMerican Rights to serving as a Supreme Court justice ruling in favor of those rights, he did his
time to better unify the country into a grey, rather than a black and white. Thurgood Marshall lead a
great life, and his legacy will forever be remembered through the fact that a white student and a
black student can be in the same classroom, as commonly seen as brushing one's

Brown V Board of Education: 1954
Brown v Board of Education: 1954
In 1954 the Supreme Court justices made a ruling on what I believe to be one of the most important
cases within American history, Brown v Board of Education. There were nine Justices serving in the
case of Brown v Board of Education this was the court of 1953–1954. This court was formed
Monday, October 5, 1953 and Disbanded Saturday, October 9, 1954. Chief Justice, Earl Warren,
Associate Justices, Hugo L. Black, Stanley Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Robert H.
Jackson, Harold Burton, Tom C. Clark, Sherman Minton all of which voted unanimously in favor of
Brown in the case of Brown v Board of Education [as cited on
http://www.oyez.org/courts/warren/war1]. Brown v Board of Education was a ... Show more content
There were many heroes in this civil rights movement many of whom helped pave the way for
Brown v Board of Education. On July 26, 1948 president Harry S. Truman singed an executive
order numbered 9981 this executive order states "It is essential that there be maintained in the armed
services of the United States the highest standards of democracy, with equality of treatment and
opportunity for all those who serve in our country's defense"
(http://www.trumanlibrary.org/9981a.htm: executive order 9981 In text format). Executive order
9981 slowed the amount of segregation in the armed forces. One of my personal favorite civil rights
heroes happens to be the famous attorney that argued for the NAACP in the case of Brown v Board
of Education, before becoming a Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall won 27 of the 32 of the
court cases that he tried before the United States Supreme Court. Because of Thurgood Marshall's
declamatory arguing skills Thurgood Marshall was designate the nickname of "the Wrathful
Marshall." (As citied in 1993 Thurgood Marshall).
After Thurgood Marshall's Ground breaking win with the Supreme Court in the case of Brown v
Board of Education it was still very difficult for minorities to be able to safely attend many of the of
the southern with schools in the United States of America. For example the state of Virginia resisted
conforming to the decision passed down from the Supreme Court bench in reference

Robert Russa Moton High School
In Virginia, it was very hard for a black student to receive a diploma because of the lack of
education they received in their schools. Unless they attended a private school, which black children
seldom did, they did not receive the same education as white students. Robert Russa Moton High
School was one of the first and only schools for blacks in Prince Edward County (Heinemann). This
school was built in 1939 to hold 180 students, and it lacked in many common things one may find at
a white high school, like a gymnasium, cafeteria, science labs, and sports fields (Heinemann). About
ten years later, because the number of students grew from 180 to 400, they built small buildings
made of plywood and tarpaper instead of building a new school. ... Show more content on
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Barbara Johns, a junior at Morton High, was very unhappy with the condition of the school. She was
the niece of Vernon Johns, a pastor and outspoken civil rights activist (June–Friesen). On April 23,
1951, the principle of Morton High, M. Boyd Jones, was lured off campus by a call saying students
from Moton were hanging around the bus station instead of being at school. This was the perfect
opportunity for Johns to take action and put her idea of going on strike into action. Johns called an
assembly where she explained to the student body what was wrong with the condition of their
school and the classmates support overwhelmed her. For the rest of the day, the students layered the
school inside and out with signs saying things like, "We want a new school or none at all" or "Down
with the tar–paper shacks" (Heinemann). The next day Johns as well as a couple other students went
to the Farmville Courthouse where superintendent T.J. Mcllwaine told them nothing would happen
if they did not return to class. The students however did not return to class until May 7. Spottswood
Robinson III and Oliver W. Hill, lawyers from the NAACP, were reluctant to come to Prince
Edward County at first when they got a call about the student lead strike at Morton High. When the
lawyers met with the committee of students, they realized how determined to make a difference
these kids were and they could not refuse. However, after taking their case, Robinson and

Research Paper On Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall was an amazing attorney, judge, and Supreme Court Justice.
He was crucial in getting Civil Rights legislation passed and making life equal for all races.
Marshall did many great things but to appreciate those we need to understand his background.
Thoroughgood Marshall was born on July 2, 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland. His mother, Norma, was
a Kindergarten teacher and his father, William, was a club steward. In second grade Thoroughgood
shortened his name to Thurgood. His father used to listen to court cases and come home to discuss
them with his children which is where Marshall was introduced to law. Marshall went to high school
at Baltimore's Colored High and Training School where he was a member of the debate

How Did Thurgood Marshall Contribute To Criminal Justice
Thurgood Marshall was the 96th justice, and the first African American justice to serve in the
Supreme Court in the history of United States. Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2, 1908, in
Baltimore, Maryland to William Marshall and Norma Marshall. As a child, his parents taught him to
respect The U. S Constitution and the rule of law. He attended Baltimore's Colored High and
Training School and graduated in 1926. In high school he was a troublemaker and as a punishment
he was told to memorize the entire U. S Constitution, which became useful later in his life. Later on,
he went to attend Lincoln University, which was an HBCU, where he was suspended two times for
playing pranks on other students. He also got involved in some protests against ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1930 he graduated with honors in Bachelor of Arts in Humanities, with a major in American
literature and philosophy. Afterwards, he applied to University of Maryland School of Law but was
rejected because of his race. He went on to apply to Howard University, another HBCU, and in 1933
he graduated first in his class. Also, while in Howard University he became under the influence of
the dean, Charles Houston who impacted Thurgood Marshall with his views on discrimination. After
graduation, he joined the NAACP and became its legal counsel in 1936. During the time when he
was working for the NAACP he helped African Americans by eliminating the " separate but equal "
rule. In 1961, he was appointed as a judge for the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals by President
John F. Kennedy. Later, in 1965 he was appointed the first black U.S. solicitor general by President
Lyndon B. Johnson. After two years, in 1967 President Johnson appointed him as a Supreme Court
justice, and he became the first African American justice to serve in the Court. He served 24 years
on the Court after he retired in 1991. On January 24, 1993, Thurgood Marshall died due to
congestive heart

Eulogy: Thurgood Marshall
Kaylie Politza 2/12/18 Period 7 Thurgood Marshall Eulogy In Baltimore, Maryland, Thurgood
Marshall was born into a family of slaves. He came into the world on the second of June, 1908
during a hot summer day. From the time he was a toddler, his father, William Marshall, rooted in
him a deep appreciation for America's Constitution and government. Although he attended racially
segregated schools, he was extremely dedicated and was a high achieving student. After graduating
from Frederick Douglass High School in 1926, he followed in the footsteps of his brother, and
decided to attend Lincoln University, in Chester County, Pennsylvania. His classmates at Lincoln
University included a distinguished group of potential black leaders. They included

The Civil Rights Movement : Thurgood Marshall Law
Thurgood Marshall Law By Kai Jalen Nugent Throughout the 20th century, Thurgood Marshall
blazed the trail for the Civil Rights Movement from two sides of the American Legal System, both
as a lawyer, and as a Justice of the Supreme Court. Marshall's initial rise to fame came as a result of
his success as the head lawyer for the Brown family in Brown vs. The Board of Education. Later,
Marshall was appointed to the Supreme Court, making him the first ever African American Supreme
Court Justice in American history. Overall, Marshall's impact as a lawyer, a judge, and an activist,
was essential to the Civil Rights Movement. Though there's still a long, long way to go, without
Marshall, American society, and its advancement in issues of civil rights and social justice would be,
without a doubt, significantly behind where it is to this day. The African American Civil Rights
Movement officially "began" in 1954, but the ideas of Civil Rights had been brewing since the end
of the Civil War, and even earlier. The Civil Rights Movement was centered on the idea of the equal,
fair, and constitutional treatment of African Americans in the United States. The movement features
some of history's most prominent figures, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and
Rosa Parks. Throughout the movement, activists utilized protests, marches, boycotts, and strikes in
attempts to change public opinion and governmental action on African Americans. The movement
succeeded in overturning

Thurgood Marshall (NAACP)
When I joined the NAACP, I never could have imagined Thurgood Marshall, the head Special
Counsel ("Thurgood Marshall"), would bring me into the biggest case of my career. In my times at
Northeastern University Law School, I had written countless papers on the Supreme Court decisions
preceding Brown v. Board of Education; and now I would be collaborating with the greatest
attorneys the NAACP had to offer.
Representing over 200 plaintiffs from Kansas, Delaware, South Carolina, Virginia, and Washington,
D.C. (Conaway, Judith 15), the enormity of the case hung over my head as the train inched closer
and closer to the city and the NAACP's New York office. I flipped over my copy of the New York
Times, reading the column about the case once more, "Certainly no lawyer, and practically no
member of the bench, had Thurgood Marshall's grasp of the doctrine of law as it affects civil rights"
("Thurgood Marshall"). I disembarked the "whites–only" car and began my walk towards the
NAACP National Office. As I sat in the waiting room of the ... Show more content on
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Placed before the most powerful attorneys the Legal Defense Fund had to offer were two dolls, one
black and one white. Kenneth Clark, the psychologist used in the lower courts for Boiling v. Sharpe,
had used these same dolls to support the detrimental effect of school segregation on children. To
prove this, Kenneth Clark asked black children questions relating to the dolls. When asked to
identify the "bad" doll, two–thirds (Good, Diane L. 28) of the black participants pointed at the doll
matching their skin tone. Yet when asked which doll they relate to the most, the children pointed to
the same "bad" doll, emphasizing the effects on children's self esteem. But today, rather than
children viewing the dolls, the attorneys would put themselves in the place of the participants and
take part in the

Motley's Case: Brown Vs. Board Of Education Case
Constance Motley contributed in almost every significant civil rights case brought to trial between
1945 and 1965. She was the first African American woman to represent the NAACP in court.
Motley's career with the NAACP would bring her many high profile cases but involved in cases
with school unification. She played a main role in the legal research for the 1954 Brown vs. Board
of Education case (Carson 1991, p.246). She was the first black woman to argue a case before the
United States Supreme Court. She was fighting for the blacks' rights and she was being pacified
aggressive to get them into segregated schools. She was also the lead council in the case. She was
part of the case to allow James Meredith to be admitted to the University of ... Show more content
Board of Education ended legal segregation in public schools. This case gave everyone hope and
courage. When the people settled to be plaintiffs in the case the future was uncertain and they never
knew they would change history. The people who made up this story were regular people. They
were teachers, secretaries, welders, ministers and students who simply wanted to be treated equally.
Marshall personally argued the case before the Court. Although he elevated a change for legal issues
on appeal, the most public one was that separate school systems for blacks and whites were
inherently unequal. It interrupt the "equal protection clause" of the Fourteenth Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution. Marshall depend on sociological tests and argued that segregated school systems
had a tendency to make black children feel inferior to white children. The testing was performed by
social scientist Kenneth Clark. (MacLean 2002, p.137) James Meredith applied to the all–white
University of Mississippi. He was originally accepted but his admission was later deny when the
administrator discovered his race. Meredith filed a suit claiming discrimination. The state courts
ruled against him but the case made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court and it ruled in his favor.
When Meredith arrived at the university to roll in for classes on September 1962, he found the
entrance blocked. (Carson 1991, p.644) Rioting soon erupted and Attorney General Robert Kennedy
sent 500 U.S. Marshals to the scene. President John F. Kennedy sent military police, troops from the
Mississippi National Guard and officials from the U.S. Border Patrol to keep the peace. In 1962
James Meredith became the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi. After
Brown v. Board of Education, public educational establishments had been ordered to unite by this
time. In 1963, Meredith graduated with a degree in political science. (Roisman 2016, p.

Thurgood Marshall During the 20th century I have read many books, newspaper articles and seen
news broadcasts on two of the most famous Afro American Pioneers: Martin Luther King and
Thurgood Marshall. Martin Luther King fought all his life for equal rights for Afro Americans, but
Thurgood Marshall help elevate the Afro American civil rights struggles through legal precedents
and timely court decisions. Thomas G. Kraftenmaker a professor of Constitutional law at
Georgetown University Law Center wrote, "When I think of great American lawyers I think of
Thurgood Marshall, Abe Lincoln and Daniel Webster". In this century only Earl Warren approaches
Marshall. Thurgood Marshall is certainly the most important lawyer of the 20th century. ... Show
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By 1934 Thurgood begins work for The NAACP. In 1935 Thurgood and his friend and mentor
Charles Huston won their first civil rights case Murray v. Pearson. Today most Afro Americans don't
realize how important a role Thurgood played in shaping the legal precedents for school
segregation. Thurgood hated the ideal of our young and proud Afro Americans boys and girls having
to travel outside their school districts just to attend colored schools, because their local elementary
and high schools were not segregated. . Thurgood fought hard and vigorously to bring about a
change in elementary and high school segregation. In 1954 Thurgood conquers a big milestone in
winning his famous case Brown v. The Board of Education, of Topeka Kansas. The United States
Supreme Court ruled that all elementary and high schools will be segregated. From 1940–1960s
Thurgood's name became a main stayed within the Afro American Communities. Afro Americans
from many cities would call upon Thurgood for his services. Thurgood would work for free, just to
help and defend his people. Then in February 1955 Thurgood's wife Vivan became very ill from
cancer, and she eventually died. Thurgood was so saddened that he remained single for two years.
Thurgood then met and eventually married his second wife Cecilia Suyat. (Born as a Philippine).
Cecilia was a secretary for The NAACP Office. Thurgood and Cecilia had two sons: Thomas Jr. and
John. Thurgood's biggest

A Brief Biography Of Thurgood Marshall
In 1908, Thurgood Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland to Norma and Willie. Norma, his
mother, was a schoolteacher and his father, Willie, was a railroad porter and a steward at a Maryland
country club. "On the southern rim of the Mason–Dixon line, the Baltimore of Marshall's boyhood
was rigidly segregated. But there was also a thriving black business district and a well–organized
black middle class." Since Marshall grew up where it having a black community was a little more
accepting than other places, it made him understand what the differences were between the blacks
and whites. Marshall attended Lincoln University, which was an all–black school. The state
university in Baltimore was segregated, "so Marshall commuted by train to all–black Howard
University Law School in Washington, D.C. At sunrise, Marshall caught the train to Washington; he
often took the last train home at night." In 1933, Thurgood Marshall graduated at the top of his class
from Howard University Law School. Throughout his time at University Marshall was helping
Charles Hamilton Houston with law cases; Houston went on to become the chief lawyer for the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which Houston asked
Marshall to join. "In 1935, Marshall won his first case in civil rights. He was suing the University of
Maryland Law School ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With a team of brilliant and lawyers, Marshalll conducted a courtroom crusade against Jim Crow.
He...used the U.S. Constitution to defeat discrimination in voting laws, interstate transpiration, and
housing codes, as well as other inequities. They achieved their greatest victory in the 1954 Brown
decision, in which the Supreme Court struck down the principle of separate–but–equal–the heart of
Jim Crow law. Brown is widely regarded as one of the most significant American legal decisions in
the twentieth

Groveland Boys : A Miscarriage Of Justice In Gilbert King...
The Groveland Boys: A Miscarriage of Justice Liberty Morse HIST 1221: Devil in the Grove Mary
Ludwig October 18, 2017 In the book Devil in the Grove, Gilbert King writes about the case of the
Groveland Four and the incredible career of Thorogood Marshall. This book is a broad sweep of the
unbelievable struggle against racism and the fight for civil rights in the Jim Crowe south. The case
of the Groveland Four shows how the social climate of the South allowed a racist Sheriff and other
people in power to intimidate, imprison and even lynch innocent black people. It took only an
unsubstantiated claim of one white woman to effectively end the lives of four black men and effect
the safety of a whole community. America has a long history of being cruel to the black minority
population. But during Jim Crow segregation the treatment of African Americans was at its worst.
This law made the white population of America treat African Americans as though they were
criminals and didn't belong in American society. Blacks during this difficult time could only earn a
living for themselves as slave labor under white families. For example, in Devil in the grove when a
black lawyer Ted Poston was "just coming down from the Jim Crow Balcony and looking for Frank
Williams another black lawyer who worked alongside him during the Groveland Boys case and
Ramona Lowe whom the two men had promised to give a ride home back to Tavares. But Poston
had lost her in the "sea of hostile white

Why Is Thurgood Marshall Important
Thurgood Marshall was a U.S. Supreme Court justice and civil right propagandist. Therefore,
Marshall earned an important place in American history on the basis of two accomplishments. First,
as legal counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), he
guided the prosecution that devastated the legal groundwork of Jim Crow segregation. Second, as an
associate justice of the Supreme Court and the nation's first black justice. He crafted a particular
jurisprudence distinguishable by uncompromising liberalism, unusual attentiveness to empirical
scrutiny beyond the formalities of law, and an indefatigable willingness to dissent. Thurgood
Marshall attended Baltimore's Colored High and Training School, where he ... Show more content
During this period, Thurgood was asked by the United Nations and the United Kingdom to help
allocate the constitutions of the emerging African nations of Ghana. It was perceived that the person
who so auspiciously fought for the virtue of America's tyrannized minority, would be the
impeccable choice to warrant the rights of the "White citizens," in these two former European
colonies. After accumulating an imposing record of Supreme Court opposition to state–sponsored
discriminatory chauvinism, including the landmark Brown v. Board decision in 1954, President
John F. Kennedy appointed Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
While in this position, he wrote over 150 decisions including support for the rights of immigrants,
limiting government intrusion in cases involving illegal search and seizure, double jeopardy, and
right to privacy issues. Biographers Michael Davis and Hunter Clark note that, "none of his 98
majority decisions was ever reversed by the Supreme Court." In 1965 President Lyndon Johnson
appointed Judge Marshall to the office of U.S. Solicitor General. Before his ensuing nomination to
the United States Supreme Court in 1967, Thurgood won 14 of the 19 cases he maintained before
the Supreme Court, on behalf of the government. Marshall's first victory before the Supreme Court
came in Chambers v. Florida (1940), in which he successfully defended four black men who had
been convicted of murder on the basis of confessions coerced from them by police. Another crucial
Supreme Court victory for Marshall came in the 1944 case of Smith v. Allwright, in which the Court
struck down the Democratic Party's use of whites–only primary elections in various Southern

The Accomplishments Of Lyndon B. Thurgood Marshall
On July 2nd, 1908, Thurgood Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to William and Norma
Marshall. He attended Baltimore's Colored High and Training center. He was an above average
student and was a star member of the debate team. In high school, marshall's greatest
accomplishment was memorizing the entire United States' Constitution. After graduating in 1926,
Thurgood attended Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. This was a historically black college. After
graduating, with honors, from Lincoln, in 1930, he applied to the University of Maryland Law
School. He was overqualified with his academics, but was turned away because of his race. This
experience with discrimination in education stayed with Marshall and helped determine his career.
Insted of Maryland, Thurgood attended Howard University in Washington ... Show more content on
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Marshall served as a circuit court judge for 4 years. in 1965, Lyndon B Johnson, appointed Marshall
to serve as the first black us solicitor general, the attorney designated to argue on behalf of the
federal government before The Supreme Court. Marshall spent two years as solicitor general. In
1964, president Lyndon B Johnson nominated Thurgood Marshall to serve on the United States
Supreme Court. on October 2nd, 1967, so good was sworn in as a Supreme Court Justice, becoming
the first African American to serve on the nation's highest court. As a Supreme Court Justice
Thurgood supported rulings to uphold a strong protection of individual rights. Thurgood Marshall
spent 24 years on the Supreme Court. Marshall retired from the Supreme Court in 1991. Thurgood
Marshall was one of the greatest and most important figures of the Civil Rights Movement.
Thurgood was one of the most instrumental in the movement's achievement towards racial equality.
Thurgood Marshall died on January 24th, 1993, at the age of 84 in Bethesda

The Civil Rights Movement : A Black Man Who Looked White...
The Civil Rights Movement African Americans were never treated the same as other Americans.
One day a black man who looked white named Homer Plessy got sick of sitting in a Jim Crow car
so he decided to purchase a first class ticket in the white's only section on the train. Plessy told the
conductor that he was 1/8 black and he refused to move from the car. Removed from the train Plessy
was in jail overnight and was released on a 500 dollar bond. Homer Plessy protested that his 13th
and his 14th amendments rights were violated. This case became known as Plessy v. Ferguson. This
case upheld the constitutionality of segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. Homer
Plessy paved the way for a black woman named Rosa Parks. Rosa ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since most states couldn't afford to stay separate they had to integrate. Nine black students enrolled
to central high school. They were call the Little Rock Nine. Everyday on the way to school there
was an angry mob of white people to curse at them and threaten their lives. It wasn't safe for them to
walk to school by themselves so the president called in the federal troops to escort them to school.
Segregation is not only in schools or on buses but at stores, restaurants, water fountains, just about
anything. A man named Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. fought for blacks to have their rights. Martin
Luther King Jr. didn't want to fight with violence he wanted to fight with peace and love. He
believed that if blacks took the high road and didn't fight back it would draw good attention towards
the movement. Martin Luther king was arrested during a march and in jail he wrote a letter called "
a letter from a Birmingham jail". He wrote the letter on toilet paper and it was smuggled from out of
the jail. Martin Luther King Jr. was famous for many things like his preachings of love but he was
mostly famous for his " I Have A Dream" speech which was given on the March on Washington for
jobs and Freedom. Not all people agreed with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. about non violent protest.
People like Malcolm X. Malcolm X believed that black people need to get their rights by " any
means necessary" Malcolm X was a prominent black leader. Like Martin Luther King

Civil Right Movement Analysis
The Civil Right Movement start to make change in the south like integrate the bus system to not
discriminate African American. In 1954, the court case Brown vs Board of Education has change the
school system by allowing African American children to attend the same school as white children.
The story of Warrior Don't Cry talk about nine African American children fight for integration at
their town Little Rock, Arkansas. "But I reasoned that if schools were open to my people, I would
also get access to other opportunities I had been denied, like going to shows at Robison auditorium,
or sitting on the first floor of the movie theater" (19). Beals talk about the reason she signs up for
going to Central High School after the Brown v. Board of Education ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Instead he had a self–assured air about him as though he had seen the promised land and knew for
certain we could get there" (55). Beals is describing the look on Thurgood Marshall when he
visiting the Little Rock nine before they went to court to testify against Governor Faubus. Beals had
always heard about Thurgood Marshall on the newspaper but she never expects to meet him in real
life. She says that he did not show any fear like the same people that have been in her whole life
because he has live in the free north before so he knows what it like to be free from segregation and
have the same thing as white people. He knew what freedom mean and what he talks in the
television is true because he has experience freedom not like many people in the south. After
meeting with Thurgood Marshall, Beals knew that freedom will come to the people that live in the
south and she knew that integrate into Central High School will be the first step for the people in the
south to experience freedom. Beals want the reader to know the differences between the people that
have live in freedom for their entire life. The person that have live their entire life with freedom
show that he has no fear and speak with his mind. Thurgood Marshall does not afraid of what the
people think about the way he talks. Unlike Beals' parent, who afraid of the white people and afraid
to talk against them. They think that the white people deserve everything and they are afraid that if
they talk back to those people they will get beaten or

John F. Kennedy: Leader In Civil Rights
John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29th, 1917. He has 8 siblings!
John was a very privileged child. He went to wealthy private schools his whole life. His parents
were very well–known Boston politicians.
Uniquely, Kennedy had many health problem in his childhood. He was diagnosed with an
uncommon disorder named Addison's disease.
John F. Kennedy was defined as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement when he proposed a civil
rights bill and endorsed the March on Washington.
On July 2nd 1908, Thurgood Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland. From a young age,
Thurgood showed signs of being a good lawyer. His father, William Marshall, used to listen to
courthouse cases and discuss them with Thurgood.
When Thurgood was

Thurgood Marshall
denied her entrance based on race. She was willing to postpone her career and take the matter to
court. The District Court of Cleveland County, Oklahoma did not grant Sipuel admission to the
university. She took the matter to the Supreme Court with Thurgood Marshal representing her. They
received a ruling in favor of her admittance to the university. Although segregation was practiced,
cases were being fought and individuals were not keeping quiet. It was becoming more and more on
the forefront. Thurgood Marshal came from a family that were once slaves, including his father and
grandfather. Marshall set a precedence of achievement all through school and had further
educational ambitions. He grew up in an average income home. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He wanted to further his ability to provide for his family. In 1961. Thurgood was nominated by
President Kennedy to a new seat on the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in New York. (Dudziak,
2008, p. 101). Marshall was frustrated at how long the confirmation process took. He was given a
recess appointment to sit as a judge along with several other nominees until the process was
complete. This was a long year for Marshall. It took a year to get through all the red tape of FBI
investigation into his background. In 1962 Thurgood was finally appointed and thrilled. Linda Carol
Brown was an eight year old girl. Her parents wanted her to attend an all white school in their
neighborhood as opposed to being bused to an all black school far from their home. This was the
beginning of Brown v. Board of Education. Brown v. Board of Education overturned segregation in
the public school system. The central issue of Brown v. Board was desegregating schools and
providing educational equality for children. Brown v. Board incorporated five separate cases.
Thurgood Marshall was the representing attorney. The five cases represented were, Belton (Bulah)
v. Gebhart (Delaware), Bolling v. Sharpe (District of Columbia), Brown v. Board of Education
(Kansas), Briggs v. Elliot (South Carolina), and Davis v. County School Board

Segregation In The Film 'Separate But Equal'
The film Separate but Equal focused on Thurgood Marshall and the landmark Supreme Court case
Brown v. Board of Education. The case ended the segregation of public education in the United
States and allowed African American students to receive the same education as white children. The
film was very effective and did an excellent job showing the background of the case. It showed the
racial disparity between the schools such as the white children having transportation but the African
American children having to walk to school. The film really highlighted how detrimental
segregation was to African Americans at the time and how the conditions were far from equal. One
issue I had with the film was the casting of Sidney Poitier who bears to resemblance

Thurgood Marshall Case Study
In 1991, Thurgood Marshall, the first African–American to be designated to the United States
Supreme Court, chose to resign. For the duration of his life, Justice Marshall embodied a perfect of
authority in the legitimate battle for Civil Rights. In the 1950s, he drove the NAACP's noteworthy
fight against racial isolation in the Brown versus the Board of Education of Topeka case, which
looked to integrate the state funded schools. At the point when the case went in the witness of the
Supreme Court in May 1954, the Justices found Marshall's contentions persuading and decided that
"different instructive offices are innately unequal." Chief Justice Earl Warren contended that
isolating school kids on the premise of race "creates a sentiment inadequacy ... Show more content
Slope had worked for Thomas years before when he was leader of the Equal Employment
Opportunities Commission. Slope charged that Thomas bothered her with wrong dialog of sexual
acts and explicit movies after she rebuked his welcomes to date him. A media craze rapidly emerged
around Hill's assertions and Thomas' dissents. At the point when Thomas affirmed about Hill's cases
before the Senate Judiciary Committee, he called the hearings, "a cutting edge lynching for snooty
Blacks." The occurrence turned into one individual's assertion against another's. At last, the Senate
voted 52–48 to affirm Clarence Thomas as partner equity of the Supreme

Thurgood Marshall Research Paper
Early Life and Schooling Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2,1908 in Baltimore,Maryland. His
parents were William and Norma Marshall and his brother was William A. Marshall. His mother
was a schoolteacher and his father was a railroad porter. His parents pushed him and his brother to
get their education. His father was fascinated with trials and took Thurgood to as many public trials
as he could. "Marshall's exposure to the law and the Constitution was unusually early"(Thurgood
Marshall)
Thurgood went to the non white high school in Baltimore. He was a mischievous but a great
student. Whenever he got in trouble in school, his principal made him go to the basement of the
school and memorize parts of the US constitution. He memorized the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
None of them were overturned by the Supreme Court. After his four years of being President,
Lyndon B. Johnson let Thurgood Marshall serve as the first African American US solicitor general.
A solicitor is an attorney that is made to argue on the behalf of the federal government before the
Supreme Court. He served for 2 years and won 14 out of 19 cases before the Supreme Court.
Supreme Court In 1967 president Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Thurgood Marshall to Supreme
Court. On October 2, 1967 he was sworn into the Supreme Court. He used his position to help end
segregation. He won 29 out of 32 cases he argued before court. Justice Marshall served on the
Supreme Court for 24 years until 1991. "Justice Marshall established a record for supporting
voiceless Americans" (Thurgood Marshall,Supreme Court Justice)
Later Life Justice Marshall was forced to give up his seat in 1991 because of illness. He enjoyed
spending time with his family. Justice Marshall lived to see his actions take place. He showed that
people can change their home country to something better. Thurgood Marshall died from heart
failure on January 24,1993. He proved that people are all equal no matter who they are. He made a
big impact on the civil rights

Thurgood Marshall: Future Black Leader
Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2,1908 in Baltimore, Maryland. His father, William Marshall
worked as a waiter in an exclusive club. His mother, Norma worked as a kindergarten teacher. (Bio.)
Marshall attended high school at Frederick Douglass High in Baltimore which at the time was called
Baltimore's Colored High and Training School he was. He graduated in 1925 and followed his
brother William Aubrey Marshall to Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. (Thurgood Marshall) At
Lincoln many of Marshall's classmates where important future Black leaders including Langston
Hughes and the future President of Ghana Kwame Nkrumah. While there he met and married his
wife Vivian "Buster" Burey. After Twenty–five years of marriage it sadly ended in 1955

Lyndon B Johnson Biography Essay
Stephanie Pesavento
Period 6
Mrs. Rhodes
Lyndon B. Johnson– 1963–1969
Early Life– Lyndon B. Johnson was born on August 27, 1908 in Texas. Source by
http://www.biography.com/people/lyndon–b–johnson–9356122. His father was a part–time
politician. but unfortunately ran into financial difficulty. His father was also a rancher, but because
of the financial difficulties they lost the farm. After high school, Johnson enrolled in Texas State
University. He participated in debates and politics. Later, He married Claudia Taylor. Claudia
bought a radio and television station which made the Johnsons rich. Johnson has two daughters.
One's name is Luci Johnson, and the other is named Lynda Johnson. His life was hard, yet pretty
normal. The money problems did not keep him from doing great things to the government. Money–
wise and Government–wise.
Pre–Presidency– After the Pearl ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Johnson actually had a normal life, but it was weird because he wasn't great at school. He just really
liked politics. His father was into it so, He wanted to be like that too. He used to participate in
debates at the school as well. He was a Texan that lived on a farm. His family was not rich at all.
They lived in poverty. He was a peacemaker, wanting no

Brown Vs Board Of Education
Yesterday my best friend, Brandon, and i went to the library located on Savannah State's campus to
study for our upcoming final exam. Even though Brandon is a caucasian, people don't have a
negative outlook on our relationship just because i am an African American. It doesn't make much
of a difference to society when we are seen together,considering America symbolizes unity. Must i
remind you, it hasn't always been this way in America. in fact Whites and Blacks weren 't allowed to
attend the same school, let alone the same water fountain because of segregation. to many people
this situation was looked upon as ridiculous. Why should a person's skin tone determine where they
should be allowed to go? I shouldn't. This was going on way too long without anything being done
about it. Finally someone decided to take the problem to a new extent to bring on change. Brown vs
Board of education is one case that still has great significance in history. Not only did it have a huge
effect on segregation, but America as well would not be the same. My surroundings would totally
change if this case had not been established. Brandon would not be my best friend, and sadly
without the desegregation in schools we would have never crossed paths. Oliver Brown stood as the
representative plaintiff in the case Brown vs. Borad of Education. He felt so strong about segregated
shools, becuase his daughter was denied entrance of a whiteschool located in Topeka Kasas.
Although many people dealt with the

Thurgood Marshall Research Paper
EFFECTUATING EDUCATIONAL EQUALITY: THURGOOD MARSHALL When presenting
the chief influencers of the civil rights movement, many would immediately think of Dr. Martin
Luther King Jr. with his peaceful protests and empowering speeches that urged people to be calm
and rational. Also, Malcolm X could be seen as a chief influencer because he called black people to
action and told them to stand up for their rights. On the other hand, the judicial branch and the court
systems are not normally considered the prime source of change in the civil rights movement.
However, the principle decisions that changed civil rights history forever and greatly influenced
equality were made almost exclusively in courthouses. One organization, called the National
Association ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When he was nominated, Thurgood was described by the president as the right man for the job and
he was chosen at the right time and place to have an impact on society. Marshall was sworn in on
October 2nd in 1967 and he stayed a justice until 1991. Because he was the first black Supreme
Court justice, Thurgood was an inspiration to kids who wanted to become justices. Also, he had a
huge impact on civil rights while he was a justice because he was given a major say in court cases
and legal decisions that affected every country, including civil rights cases. One example of this is
the 1972 Furman vs. Georgia case where Marshall chose, along with the majority of the other
justices, to prohibit the death penalty and fight for the rights of prisoners. Another key example of
Marshall using his powers as a justice on the Supreme Court for civil rights is the Roe vs. Wade
court case. Marshall chose to vote that women should have the right to have an abortion in the
controversial 1973 case. Throughout his life, whether he was working as a lawyer or as a justice,
Thurgood Marshall kept his liberal views and continued to support civil

Case Analysis : David Kane
Case Study Thurgood Marshall High School Prepared for Dean Bulloch Prepared by Sheetal
Vasishta Shahnaz Ahmed Syed Gillani Naina
Table of Contents Title..............................................................................................................1
Executive Summary...............................................................................3
Organizational Change................................................................................4 Environmental
Factors..................................................................................6 High
Prospect..........................................................................7
Conflict..................................................................................7 Weak
Administration.................................................................8 Cost
Cutting............................................................................8
Diversity.................................................................................9 The McKinsey–7
Model................................................................................10
End notes......................................................................................................12
Bibliography.................................................................................12
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY David Kane is an African–American

Brown Vs Board Of Education
Yesterday my best friend, Brandon, and I went to the library located on Savannah State's campus to
study for our upcoming final exam. Even though Brandon is a Caucasian, people don't have a
negative outlook on our relationship just because I am an African American. It doesn't make much
of a difference to society when we are seen together,considering America symbolizes unity. Must I
remind you, it hasn't always been this way in America. in fact, Whites and Blacks weren 't allowed
to attend the same school, let alone the same water fountain because of segregation. to many people
this situation was looked upon as ridiculous. Why should a person's skin tone determine where they
should be allowed to go? I shouldn't. This was going on way too long without anything being done
about it. Finally someone decided to take the problem to a new extent to bring about change. Brown
vs Board of education is one case that still has great significance in history. Not only did it have a
huge effect on segregation, but America as well would not be the same. My surroundings would
totally change if this case had not been established. Brandon would not be my best friend, and sadly
without the desegregation in schools, we would have never crossed paths. Oliver Brown stood as the
representative plaintiff in the case Brown vs. Borad of Education. He felt so strong about segregated
schools, becuase his daughter was denied entrance of a white school located in Topeka Kansas.
Although many people

Black History Month Research Paper
Black History Month Inquiry – Segregation
Black History Month is a very important month which, occupies a very important place in history.
We remember and celebrate the contributions of many heroes for giving us hope and a remarkable
history. We honor their accomplishments and determination to give us freedom. I am thankful and
joyful for this month as it is a time of rejoicement of those individuals who gained rights for their
race. A period of time when these heroes stood up for what they believed was right was during the
period of racial segregation.
Racial segregation is the separation of people of different races due to a law. Examples included
separate eating areas at a restaurant, separate fountains, separate washrooms, separate schools,
separate sitting areas in a bus, and separate rules for renting or purchasing a home. In America,
segregation began in 1896 due to the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson, which authorized
in legal separation between the two races black and white as long as it was equal. This law came to
be known as "separated but equal". However, the law during 1954 was overruled because of the
decision in the case Brown v. Board of Education, which helped establish the importance that ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Board case. At the period of time, when there was no equality for black people, Marshall realized
that one of the leading ways to establish change was through the legal system. Between 1938 and
1961, he handled more than 30 civil rights cases before the Supreme Court. He won 29 of them,
including his most important case the Brown v. Board of Education which ended segregation in
public schools. Many white Southerners were against the Brown v. Board of Education ruling and
pulled their children from public schools and placed them into private schools. However, in 1956,
100 Southerners signed the "Southern Manifesto" declaration to defend segregation

High School Is A Dire Situation Essay
Part 1 Currently, Thurgood Marshall High School is in dire straits. They are experiencing profound
problems impacting school culture, safety, and most vitally, student performance. What follows is a
description of these situational problems and a detailed analysis of their root causes. To begin, there
is an incredible level of strife between virtually all relationships within the school. High levels of
tension exist among staff members, students, between the students and the staff, and even between
the parents and the school as a whole. Such depleted relationships have led to teacher assaults,
student assaults, vandalism of school property, parents threatening to boycott the school, and even
staff members petitioning to get coworkers fired. These damaged relationships are deeply rooted
and continue to build upon one another. I believe that the overall design of the school initially
kindled this volatile and dysfunctional culture. The school is designed to essentially have four
separate schools ("houses") functioning under one school. Each house is complete with its own
headmaster, staff, classrooms, conference rooms, offices, and separate entrance. The philosophy
behind the original "house system" was to foster competition within the school which would
theoretically drive academic excellence. This concept led to the implementation of a "free market"
policy, which encouraged headmasters to design their own classes and recruit teachers from the
other houses. One can clearly

Thurgood Marshall: Segregation In The US
Thurgood Marshall is someone worth recognizing because of what he did for those with colored
skin. He gave rights to African Americans making it illegal to have segregation in the U.S. He
positively changed history for the U.S. He was the first African American to serve U.S. Solicitorr,
appointed by by Lyndon B. Johnson. Thrugood was like Martin Luther King J.r, but he wasn't
acknowledged or know by some. However he was a big help in achivment of racial equality.
Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2, 1908 and born in Baltimore, Maryland. Living with his
mother, father, and brother. His father William Marshall was a grandson to a slave and worked as a
steward at an exclusive club. His mother Norma Arica was a Kindergarten teacher. Thrugood's

Thurgood Marshall was a great African American Civil Rights activist who changed a lot of lives in
the United States. As a passionate lawyer and prominent Supreme Court justice he fought for Civil
Rights and social justice in the courts and believed that racial integration is best for all schools. Very
early in his professional life Marshall broke down racial barriers and overcame resistance despite
the odds. He then became a role model of the disciplined leader, although he didn't have the
religious qualities or charisma as Martin Luther King. However, in terms of achievements, most of
us would agree that he should be ranked next to Martin Luther King Jr. Thurgood was particularly
famous for winning the Brown vs. Board of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson admired Marshall by recognizing his high level of legal, moral
and performance standard. President Johnson appointed Marshall to the US Supreme Court in 1967,
where he served until 1991. Marshall also served as top aide to President Bill Clinton until his death
in 1993. (3, 84) Marshall will be remembered for all his efforts in trying to put an end to racial
segregation. He spent considerable time to work the Supreme Court to end the lasting legacy of
slavery in the US. Quite evidently, he worked for the good of American society. Thurgood never
wanted to lead protests but to peaceably pioneer civil rights movements. He found he was achieving
a long–held ambition which placed him in the lead of the social revolution to end racial segregation.
(4, 67) For this reason his life became very important in shaping the American society today. He
also did many important things as a judge. He fought for individual rights and equality. His efforts
helped to put an end to all racial segregation and discrimination against all African Americans in this
country. Marshall did not only fight for equality in his fellow Africans, but also put important
decisions as a Supreme Court judge regarding the environment, the right of appeal of people
convicted of drug charges, failure to report for and to serve in the armed forces, and the rights of the
Native Americans – only to state a few.
All the things that

Brown V. The Board Of Education
Brown v. the Board of Education was a case that helped shaped America's education system into
what it is today. 'Separate but equal' is phrase well attributed to the civil rights movement in all
aspects of life: water fountains, movie theaters, restaurants, bathrooms, schools, and much more.
This phrase was coined legal in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. Plessy v. Ferguson said that racial
segregation of public facilities was legal so long as they were 'equal.' Before this even, Black Codes,
passed in 1865 under President Johnson legalized the segregation of public facilities including
schools. In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified guaranteeing all citizens equal protection
under the law. Still, though, blacks were not given equal opportunities when it came to voting,
schooling and many other inherent rights. 1875 brought the Civil Rights Act that prohibited the
discrimination in places of public accommodation. These places of public accommodation did not
seem to include educational facilities. Jim Crow Laws become widespread in 1887, legalizing racial
separation. These downfalls were paused by development of the Nation Association for the
Advancement of Colored People that was founded in 1909. This association began to fight the
discriminatory policies plaguing the country, especially in the southern areas. Finally Brown v. the
Board of Education fought these decisions, stating that 'separate but equal' and discrimination
allowed by the latter decisions did not have a

Essay On Thurgood Marshall
Throughout history, there has been discrimination against race, religion, gender, orientation, age,
among many other things. From the British preventing the colonists' rights to the "separate but
equal" doctrine people used to justify discrimination against African Americans, America has had its
fair share of it. After years of the mockery of equality that African Americans had, change was
needed. Out of the thousands of voices who brought the winds of change, that were heard the most
were: Martin Luther King Jr., for convincing people to join their cause; Thurgood Marshall, who
used the law to get people to listen to their voices; and the Silent Majority, for without them,
freedom would never truly ring from every mountainside.
While King was the spokesperson, the Silent Majority were the people who really pushed for civil
rights. They were the ones who did the sit–ins, boycotts, strikes, and protests. While the
organizations such as the NAACP ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Linda Brown, an African American girl, had to have to walk so far to a school in terrible condition
when there was an all–white school close to her house. Her parents hired Marshall on her behalf to
find a way to desegregate schools so black students could go to the same school. This resulted in his
most famous case, Brown v. Board of Education, which argued that it was "unconstitutional" for
schools to be segregated. (The Road to Civil Rights) Because of his victory in the Supreme Court,
the Little Rock Nine could desegregate Little Rock Central High School, and the only legal way to
get them out of the school was to close it. While working for the NAACP, he also won several other
cases that would pave the way for equality for all, and went on to become the first African American
Supreme Court justice. (The Road to Civil Rights) His efforts helped Martin Luther King Jr.'s

Essay about Biography of Thurgood Marshall
Why was Thurgood Marshall Famous?
Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2, 1908, in Baltimore, MD. He was born to his Mother Norma
Marshall and Father William Marshall. In his lifetime he was a civil Right Activist, Lawyer, Circuit
Court Judge & Solicitor General, and a Supreme Justice. He died at the age 84 on January 24, 1993.
He was married twice in his lifetime first to Vivien "Buster" Burey till her death in 1955 then to
Cecilia Suyat till his death. He had two sons by his second wife Thurgood Marshall. Jr and John W.
Marshall.
Thurgood Marshall attended Frederick Douglass High School and graduated with an above average
in 1926. Three years later he got married to his first wife Vivian Burey in September 4, 1929 at the
age of 21. He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smith because S.E. Allwright didn't allow him to vote in the 1940 Texas primary election.
Thurgood received the highest award the Spingarn Medal. It received its name from chief Joel
Spingarn. This award is appointed to the most highest or noblest achievement by a nigro.
The Brown v. Board of Education was Marshall greatest achievements as a civil–rights Lawyer. The
lawsuit was because a group of black parents in Topeka, Kansas were forced their children to attend
all black segregated schools. This was one of the most important cases of the 20th century. The
Supreme Court's unanimously ruled that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal," On
May 17, 1954. Racial segregation of public schools, violated the 14th Amendment. The court's
provided the legal foundation during the enforcement. The inspiration for the American Civil Rights
Movement that unfolds over the next decided. His Victory in this case put Marshall as one of the
best lawyers in America. As a lawyer he worked on 32 cases and won 29 of these cases.Thurgood
Marshall, Jr. his son was born 12 Aug. 1956
Thurgood was appointed as the U.S second Circuit in 1961 for four years none of Marshall's
decision were overturned by the Supreme Court. Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Thurgood as the first
black U.S solicitor general. Marshall won 14 of the 19 cases he argued before the Supreme Court for
two years as solicitor.
Marshall was nominated in 1967 by President Johnson to survive on the

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