Afghan Students and Learning English Grammar

1. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
Gerund ‫فعل‬ ‫)اسم‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫)اسم‬
The (Ing) form of the verb which does the work of a noun is called gerund.
) ‫شکل‬Ing.‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫نامیده‬ (‫فعل‬ ‫مصدر)اسم‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫دهد‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫را‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫یک‬ ‫کار‬ ‫که‬ ‫فعل‬ (
Ex. Swimming is useful for health.
Gerund can be used in the following ways:
1. As the subject of the sentences.
‫جملت‬ ‫در‬ ‫فاعل‬ ‫منحیــــث‬
Ex. Studying make us perfect.
2. As the complement of the sentences.
‫جملت‬ ‫در‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫تکمیل‬ ‫منحیث‬
Ex. I like swimming.
3. After the main verbs.
.‫اصلی‬ ‫افعال‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعد‬
Ex. He enjoys studying English.
4. Gerund is used in short prohibition.
No waiting, No parking, No smoking
Gerund.‫میشود‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫کوتاه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ممانعت‬ ‫برای‬
5. Gerund is used after preposition.
Ex. He was accused of smuggling
.‫اضافه‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعد‬
Combined or Compound Noun is a noun which formed by the
combination of two or more than two nouns.
:‫مرکب‬ ‫اسم‬.‫باشد‬ ‫شده‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫دو‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ترکیب‬ ‫از‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫اسمی‬
Like: Book Store, bus driver......Etc
Ex. Ahmad has a big book store in the city.
a): Noun + Noun
Like: Moonlight, Air man, Shoe maker.…
b): Adjective +Noun
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

2. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
Like: Sweet heart, Stronghold..…
c): verb + Noun
Like: Spend thrift, breakfast.…
d): Gerund + Noun
Like: Writing desk, waiting room
The Noun Case
Noun can take different cases in sentences.
1:(Nominative Case: When a noun or pronoun is used as the subject of
the sentence it is said to be in the Nominative Case.
Ex. Ahmad is a driver
Ex. The boy washes his car.
2:(Accusative Case or Objective Case: When a noun or pronoun is
used as the object of the sentence it is said to be in the accusative or objective
case.
Ex. I saw Ahmad
Ex.Ahmad drives a car.
sub object
The noun Ahmad is called the indirect object of the sentence. The
position of the indirect object is immediately after the verb and before the
direct object.
A noun which comes after a preposition is also said to be in the accusative
Case.
Ex. The book is on the table.
Pre
3:(Possessive or Genitive Case of Noun
Sometimes nouns are used to show ownership or possession. The
possessive answer s the question (Whose.(?
Ex. Ali’book is useful.
Ex. A mother’s love is real
4:(Vocative Case: Sometimes nouns can have Vocative Case.
Ex. Do your home work,my son.
Ex. Hassan, what are you doing
4:(Vocative Case: Sometime nouns can have vocative case.
Ex. Do your home work, my son.
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

3. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
Ex. Hassan, what are you doing?
Future progressive tense ‫جاری‬ ‫آینده‬ ‫زمان‬
Structure:
A.F= S + shall/will + be + ving + Complement.
I .F= Shall/will + S + be + ving + complement?
N.F= S + Shall/will + Not + be + ving + complement.
N.IF= Shall/will + S + Not + be + ving + complement?
EX: I shall be watching the TV.
EX: Shall I be watching the TV?
EX: I shall not be watching the TV.
EX: Shall I not be watching the Tv?
Structure:
A.F= S + Tobe + going to + be + ving + Complement.
I.F= To be +S + going to + be + ving + complement?
N.F= S + Tobe+ Not + going to + ving + compement.
N.I.F= To be +S + Not +going to + ving + complement?
EX: They are going to be playing football.
EX: Are they going to be playing football?
EX: They are not going to be playing football.
EX: Are they not going to be playing football?
1. Future Progressive Tense is used to show the duration of an action which
will be in progress at in a specific time in the future.
:‫استمراری‬ ‫آینده‬ ‫زمان‬‫خواهد‬ ‫جریان‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫حال‬ ‫در‬ ‫آینده‬ ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫گردد‬ ‫می‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫عملی‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫برای‬
.‫بود‬
Ex. She is going to be cooking lunch at 11:00.
Ex. What are you going to be doing in this time tomorrow?
Adjective ‫صفت‬
Adjective is a word which is used to modify a noun or pronoun.
:‫صفت‬.‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫را‬ ‫ضمیر‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫چگونگی‬ ‫که‬ ‫ایست‬ ‫کلمه‬
Ex. Ahmad is a talented student.
Ex. He is a talented student.
The adjective is divided into eight parts:
1. Proper Adjectives are those which are derived from proper noun.
:‫خاص‬ ‫صفات‬.‫باشند‬ ‫شده‬ ‫گرفته‬ ‫یا‬ ‫مشتق‬ ‫خاص‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫از‬ ‫که‬ ‫هستند‬ ‫صفاتی‬
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

4. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
Like: Afghanistan Afghani…… etc
Proper noun Proper Adj
Note: The proper nouns are always written with capital letters.
.‫گردند‬ ‫می‬ ‫تحریر‬ ‫بزرگ‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫با‬ ‫همیشه‬ ‫خاص‬ ‫صفات‬
2. Adjectives of quality show the kind or quality of person place or thing.
‫صفات‬:‫کیفی‬.‫کند‬ ‫می‬ ‫دلتلت‬ ‫شی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫مکان‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫چگونگی‬ ‫و‬ ‫کیفیت‬ ‫به‬ ‫که‬ ‫اند‬ ‫آنهایی‬
Like: Clever Tall Smart…….
Ex. Ahmad is a very clever boy.
3. Adjectives of quantity: Are those which show how much of a thing is
meant.
:‫اندازه‬ ‫و‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫صفات‬.‫است‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫شی‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫چه‬ ‫میدهند‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫که‬ ‫هستند‬ ‫صفاتی‬ ‫از‬ ‫دسته‬ ‫آن‬
Like: Any – Little Much- Some etc….
Ex. We have little food at home.
4. Demonstrative Adjectives are those which are placed before noun and
point out some person, place, and things.
:‫ئی‬ ‫اشاره‬ ‫صفات‬.‫میکند‬ ‫وشی‬ ،‫مکان‬ ،‫شخص‬ ‫به‬ ‫اشاره‬ ‫و‬ ‫شده‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫که‬ ‫اند‬ ‫صفاتی‬
The Demonstrative Adjective Consists in:
This That
These Those
5. Possessive Adjectives are those which are placed before noun and show
possession or ownership.
‫ملکی‬ ‫صفت‬‫ا‬ ‫صفاتی‬ ‫از‬ ‫:عبارت‬‫ند‬‫اس‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫که‬‫ت‬.‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫را‬ ‫ماتلکیت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ملکیت‬ ‫شده‬ ‫عمال‬
The possessive Adjectives consist in:
My ‫من‬ ‫از‬
Your ‫شما‬ ‫از‬
Our ‫ما‬ ‫از‬
Their ‫آنها‬ ‫از‬
His ‫مرد‬ ‫آن‬ ‫از‬
Her ‫زن‬ ‫آن‬ ‫از‬
Its ‫بیجان‬ ‫او‬ ‫از‬
Ex. This is his book.
Ex. It is my pen.
6. Distributive Adjectives are those which are used before nouns and
indicate each person of a number or group.
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

5. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
:‫توضیعی‬ ‫صفات‬‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫که‬ ‫اند‬ ‫صفاتی‬ ‫دسته‬ ‫آن‬ ‫از‬ ‫عبارت‬‫اسم‬‫یک‬ ‫افراد‬ ‫تک‬ ‫تک‬ ‫به‬ ‫و‬ ‫شده‬ ‫استعمال‬
.‫کند‬ ‫می‬ ‫دلتلت‬ ‫گروپ‬
These Adjectives are as follow:
Each ‫یک‬ ‫هر‬
Every ‫کس‬ ‫هر‬
Either ‫دو‬ ‫هر‬
Neither ‫کدام‬ ‫هیچ‬
Ex. He has played every game.
Each student has to be present tomorrow.
Either teacher was absent.
7. Interrogative Adjectives when (What, which and whose) are placed
before noun and ask question are called interrogative Adjective.
) ‫هنگامیکه‬What, Which, whose(‫اسم‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬‫قرار‬‫بگیرد‬‫پرسشی‬ ‫صفات‬ ‫کند‬ ‫پرسش‬ ‫را‬ ‫سواتلی‬ ‫و‬
.‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫نامیده‬
Ex. What time is it?
Which class are you in?
8. Numeral Adjectives show how many person or things are meant or in
what position a person or thing stand.
:‫عددی‬ ‫صفات‬‫نظر‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫شی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫تعداد‬ ‫چه‬ ‫که‬ ‫میدهند‬ ‫نشان‬‫ا‬.‫دارند‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫حاتلتی‬ ‫چه‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ست‬
Ex. One, First, Three, All, Etc….
She has one pen.
The numeral adjective is divided into two parts:
A. Definite numeral Adjectives
B. Indefinite numeral Adjectives
1. Definite numeral Adjectives are those which show an exact number.
:‫معین‬ ‫عددی‬ ‫صفات‬.‫میدهند‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫را‬ ‫دقیق‬ ‫شماره‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫تعداد‬ ‫که‬ ‫هستند‬ ‫آنهائی‬
Like: One, First Two, Third …etc
Ex. He is the first in the class.
2. Indefinite numeral Adjectives are those which indicate an inexact
number.
:‫نامعین‬ ‫عددی‬ ‫صفات‬.‫میکنند‬ ‫دلتلت‬ ‫دقیق‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫شماره‬ ‫یا‬ ‫تعداد‬ ‫به‬ ‫که‬ ‫هستند‬ ‫آنهائی‬
Like: Many, Few, No, Several, Some…etc
Ex. He has many books.
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

6. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
Comparison of Adjectives ‫صفات‬ ‫مقایسه‬
Adjectives are usually compared in the following ways:
‫میگردند‬ ‫مقایسه‬ ‫ذیل‬ ‫های‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫در‬ ‫ل‬ً ‫د‬ ‫معمو‬ :‫صفات‬:
1. Positive degree: The positive degree of an adjective is the degree in the
simple form of an adjective.
It is used when no comparison is meant.
:‫صفات‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫مطلق‬ ‫درجه‬‫صفت‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫از‬ ‫عبارت‬‫است‬،‫که‬ ‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫هنگامی‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫این‬
.‫نباشد‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫مقایسه‬
Like: Tall, Short, Famous ….etc
Ex. Ahmad is a short boy.
Note: When the positive degree is used for comparison it is placed between
(as…..as…).
:‫نوت‬) ‫بین‬ ‫رود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫مقایسه‬ ‫برای‬ ‫صفت‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫مطلق‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫هنگامیکه‬as…as.‫میگیرد‬ ‫قرار‬ (
Ex. Ahmad is as tall as his brother.
2. Comparative degree of an adjective: ‫صفت‬ ‫مقایسوی‬ ‫درجه‬
The comparative degree of an adjective indicates the higher degree of an
adjective than positive, it is used when two persons or things compared.
‫میکند‬ ‫صفت‬ ‫تر‬ ‫عاتلی‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫بر‬ ‫دلتلت‬ ‫صفت‬ ‫مقایسوی‬ ‫درجه‬،‫دو‬ ‫که‬ ‫میگردد‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫هنگامی‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫این‬
‫اشخاص‬ ‫ویا‬ ‫اشیا‬‫گرد‬ ‫مقایسه‬ ‫باهم‬‫ند‬.
Like: Taller, Shorter, More, and Famous
Ex. Ahmad is taller than Mahmood.
Omid is more famous than Ali.
Note: The preposition (Than) usually used to introduce the second part of
comparison with comparative degree.
) ‫اضافه‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫صفت‬ ‫مقایسه‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫قسمت‬ ‫معرفی‬ ‫برای‬ ‫ل‬ً ‫د‬ ‫معمو‬Than.‫میرود‬ ‫بکار‬ ‫مقایسوی‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫با‬ (
Superlative degree of an Adjective
‫صفت‬ ‫عالی‬ ‫درجه‬
The Superlative degree of and adjective indicates the highest degree of an
adjective, it is used when we compare one thing or person to a group of
persons or things.
:‫صفت‬ ‫عالی‬ ‫درجه‬‫نماید‬ ‫می‬ ‫صفت‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫ترین‬ ‫عاتلی‬ ‫بر‬ ‫دلتلت‬،‫استعمال‬ ‫هنگامی‬ ‫مقایسوی‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫این‬
‫می‬‫شود‬‫که‬‫اشخاص‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫اشیا‬ ‫از‬ ‫گروپ‬ ‫یک‬ ‫با‬ ‫را‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫شی‬ ‫یک‬‫مقایسه‬‫کنیم‬.
Like: Tallest, Shortest, The most famous…..etc
Ex. Ahmad is the shortest student in our class.
Ex. Paris is the most beautiful city in the world.
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

7. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
Memo: The Article (The) is usually used before the superlative degree of
adjective.
) ‫تعریف‬ ‫حرف‬The.‫گیرد‬ ‫قرارمی‬ ‫صفت‬ ‫عالی‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫ال‬ً ‫ق‬ ‫معمو‬ (
The formations of comparative and superlative degrees are as follows:
‫و‬ ‫مقایسوی‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫طرز‬:‫است‬ ‫ذیل‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫صفت‬ ‫عالی‬
The usual way for the formation of comparative and superlative degree of an
adjective is adding er, est, more and the most with positive form.
‫و‬ ‫مقایسوی‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫نمودن‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫برای‬ ‫معمول‬ ‫طریقه‬‫عالی‬ ‫صفات‬‫افزودن‬ ‫از‬ ‫عبارت‬er،est ، More،‫و‬
The most‫ساده‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫با‬‫صفت‬.‫است‬
1. One or two syllable adjectives take (er) in the comparative and (est) in the
superlative form.
‫یک‬ ‫صفات‬‫دو‬ ‫ویا‬) ‫مقایسوی‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫در‬ ‫هجائی‬er) ‫عالی‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ (est‫می‬ ‫اختیار‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعد‬ (
.‫کنند‬
Positive Comparative Superlative
Short Shorter Shortest
Sad Sadder Saddest
Tall Taller Tallest
2. Adjective of two syllable ending in (er, y, ow, le) take (er) in the
comparative and (est) in the superlative form.
‫صفات‬‫دوهجا‬) ‫حرف‬ ‫به‬ ‫که‬ ‫ئی‬er, y, ow, le) ‫مقایسوی‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫در‬ ‫اند‬ ‫شده‬ ‫ختم‬ (,er) ‫عالی‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ (
est.‫کنند‬ ‫می‬ ‫اختیار‬ (
Positive Comparative Superlative
Ex. Lever Cleverer Cleverest
Ex. Happy Happier Happiest
Ex. Noble Nobler Noblest
3. More than two syllable adjectives always form their comparative and
superlative by taking (more) and (The most) before the positive from.
‫نمودن‬ ‫اختیار‬ ‫با‬ ‫را‬ ‫خویش‬ ‫عالی‬ ‫و‬ ‫مقایسوی‬ ‫درجات‬ ‫همیشه‬ ‫هجا‬ ‫دو‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫صفات‬more‫و‬the
most.‫میدهند‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬
Positive Comparative Superlative
Intelligent More intelligent The most intelligent
Famous More famous The most famous
Beautiful More beautiful The most beautiful
Interesting More interesting Most interesting
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”

8. ERFAN HIGH EDUCATIONAL CENTER
Note: (Most + simple form of adjective with out article (the) means very much.
) ‫صفت‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫هرگاه‬Most) ‫تعریف‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫بدون‬ (The‫معنی‬ ‫زیاد‬ ‫یا‬ ‫خیلی‬ ‫گردد‬ ‫استعمال‬ (
.‫میدهد‬
Ex. He is most intelligent
Ex. He is the most intelligent.
Note: Some adjectives compared irregularly.
.‫شوند‬ ‫می‬ ‫مقایسه‬ ‫قاعده‬ ‫بی‬ ‫بشکل‬ ‫صفات‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعضی‬
Like:
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Much More Most
Up Upper Uppermost
Arranged by Hamidullah “Rezayee”