The document provides definitions and examples of various English grammar concepts including: 1. The three degrees of adjectives - simple, comparative, and superlative. 2. The present perfect tense and how it refers to past actions that continue to the present. 3. Examples of common discourse markers used in speaking and writing. 4. The differences between possessive nouns, pronouns, and adjectives.

1. Grammer Chapter
For
(Speak Now-2)
Gathered by: M.reza Alizadah

2. In the name of
Uncreated who
Has created
The Creature
Creatively

3. Comparisons (Degrees of adjective)
In fact, the adjective has three degrees:
1: Simple
2: Comparative
3: Superlative
1 : Simple: there main formis called simple degree.
Like : good , bad , tall , Fast and etc.
Sara is smart.
Amir is tall.
2 : comparative: a comparativeadjective is an adjective which use to compare
two things or two people.
Like : bigger , Smaller , More expensive and etc.
Sara is faster than mahmood
3 : Superlative : Itused to describesomething as being of the highest degree or in
other hand , it compare one thing with a group of things.
Like : The fastest,The most expensive
Sara is thefastest student.

4. PresentPerfect Tense :
The present perfect tense refers to an action or state that either occurred at
an indefinite time in the past (e.g., we have talked before) or began in the past
and continued to the present time (e.g., he has grown impatient over the last

5. hour).Thistense isformedby have/has + the past participle.
Discoursemarker :
Discourse markers are words or phrases like anyway, right, okay, as I say, to begin
with. We use them to connect, organise and manage what we say or write or to express
attitude:
[friends are talking]

6. A:
So, I’ve decided I’m going to go to the bank and ask for a car loan.
B:
That sounds like a good idea.
C:
Well, you need a car.
B:
Right.
A:
Anyway, I was wondering if either of you would teach me how to drive.
The discourse markers in this extract have a number of uses:so marks the beginning of
a new part of the conversation.
well marks a change in the focus (from getting a car loan to needing a car).
right marks a response (B is agreeing with C).
anyway marks a shift in topic (from buying a new car to having driving lessons).
We use different discourse markers in speaking and writing. In speaking, the following
discourse markers are very common:
anyway like Right you know
fine now So I mean
good oh Well as I say
great okay mind you for a start
In writing, the following discourse markers are common:
firstly in addition moreover on the other hand

7. secondly in conclusion on the one hand to begin with
thirdly in sum
Discourse markers do not always have meanings that you will find in your dictionary.
However, they do have certain functions, and some discourse markers, such as well,
can have a number of functions.
Possessivenoun, pronoun , adjective :
A possessive adjective is always followed by a noun. Examples are: your phone, my brother, his
dog etc.

8. A possessive pronoun is used without a noun. Examples are: his, hers, yours, theirs, ours, mine
etc.
A possessive noun is a noun that possesses something—i.e., it has something. In most cases,
a possessive noun is formed by adding an apostrophe +s to the noun, or if the noun is plural
and already ends in s, only an apostrophe needs to be added.
Time clause
Time clauses are used in English to demonstrate a period of time based on an
action or event,
similar to dependent clauses in conditional sentences.
For example, I will cook dinner when I get home.
‘When I get home’ is a clause demonstrating a point in time, based on an
action/event (the time that I get home), in place of a time such as I will cook
dinner at 7pm.
Time clauses are grammatical units that require subjects, verbs and objects, but
they do not always use the same verb rules as the main clause.
like
Whenwe love or wantsomethinggenerallywe canuse fromlike structure.
e.g. I like swimming.
Would like
Whenwe want somethingjustnowwe canuse fromWouldlike structure.
e.g.I wouldlike eatingpizza.
Want
1: To desire wish forsomething.
e.g:I want a Lamborgini formy birthday.
2: To need.
e.g:Our car wantspainting.
3: To be without something.
e.g: Poorpeople wantsfood

9. But:
used to introduce a statement that adds something to a previous statementand usually contrasts
with it in some way.
e.g: I don’t eat pizza but my mommy does.
Impersonal pronouns:
The Pronoun which describes or stands for a thing or verb or any nonliving thing but not
for a person is the impersonal Pronoun. Sometimes we use it in case of undetermined
gender, like for an insect or animal. For example, this Pronoun seems to stand for no
person, but we use it to describe things, places, or verbs.
Examples:
 It is raining.
Here it describes the verb raining.
 It is a tasty pizza.
Here it denotes pizza, a food item.
 I did not see the bug, but it stung me.
In the above sentence, the word is referring to the insect.
Reflexivepronouns:
Reflexive pronouns are words ending in -self or -selves that are used when the subject
and the object of a sentence are the same (e.g., I believe in myself). They can act as
either objects or indirect objects. The nine English reflexive pronouns are
Myself
Yourself
Ourselves
themselves
Himself
herself,
itself,
Prepositional phrases
A prepositional phrase is a group of words consisting of a preposition, its
object, and any words that modify the object. Most of the time, a prepositional
phrase modifies a verb or a noun.

10. These two kinds of prepositional phrases are called adverbial phrases and
adjectival phrases.
e.g: He arrived in time .
e.g: Is she really going out with that guy ?
GERUND:
A gerund phrase is a phrase consisting of a gerund and any modifiers or objects
associatedwith it. A gerund is a noun made froma verb root plus ing (a present
participle). A whole gerund phrase functions in a sentence just like a noun, and can
act as a subject, an object, or a predicate
e.g: The ballerina taught us dancing.
Infinitive:
An infinitive verb is essentially the base form of a verb with the word "to" in front of it. When
you use an infinitive verb, the "to" is a part of the verb. It is not acting as a preposition in this
case. Infinitives are never conjugated with -ed or -ing at the end because they are not used as
verbs in a sentence. They’re one of the three types of verbal, which are verbs used as an
adjective, noun or adverb. The other verbal are gerunds and participles.
e.g : To be, To have ,To hold ,To sleep and etc.
e.g : It’s too hard tobe an astronaut.
Shane is too full to have another hamburger.
.