English grammer

Person and number
singular Plural
Firstperson I (my, me, mine) We (our, us)
Second person You You
Third person They, The boys,The girls
Structure of TENSE
(Define as the time of action)
Forms of verb
Present/Base form Do Eat Go Put Come Walk read
Pastform Did Ate Went Put Came walked read
Pastparticipleform Done Eaten Gone put Come Walked read
_ing form Doing Eating Going Putting Coming Walking reading
s/es form (Present/Base) Does eats Goes Puts Comes walks reads
Verb (Action)
Auxiliary verb: am, is,are (be verb), have, has was,were, had been
Modal verb: can,shall,will,may, must, ought could,should,would, might (main verb baseform)
Main verb: do, eat, go, come, catch, jump, talk,see, kill,read,cut, put, have
Present past future
Simple/indefinite Sub+ Verb’s Present/Base +obj. Sub+ Verb’s Pastform +
obj.
Sub+ shall/will +Verb’s Present/
Base form +obj.
Continuous Sub+ am/is/are+Verb’s _ing
form +obj.
Sub+ was/were+ Verb’s
_ing form +obj.
Sub+ shall/will +be+ Verb’s _ing
form +obj.
Perfect Sub+ have/has +Verb’s Past
participle +obj.
Sub+ had + Verb’s Past
participle+obj.
Sub+ shall/will +have+ Verb’s Past
participle+obj.
Perfect continuous Sub+ have/has +been + Verb’s
_ing form +obj.
(since/for + time)
Sub+ had+ been+ Verb’s
_ing form +obj.
(since/for + time)
Sub+ shall/will +havebeen+ Verb’s
_ing form +obj. (since/for + time)
He, She, It, The boy, The girl, Urmy,
Rahim, karim, The cow,
(Main verb+ ing, but for ‘have,
has & had’verb will bePastP.)
Addition of s/es with verb
(v1, v2, v3, v4, v5 without
Auxiliary & modal verb)

Parts of Speech
Noun
Name of anything likeperson,animal,place,thing, abstract,idea,action,s tate or quality is called Noun.
যেক োন ব্যোক্তি, প্রোণী, ব্স্তু , ভোব্, ভোব্নো, োজ, অব্স্থোন, য োষ-গুণ, ইতযোদ র নোমক Noun ব্কে।
Noun plays the rolein a sentence as subjectof a verb or object of a verb or both subjectand object of a verb.
Examples:
Maria,Girl,Dhaka,Book, Teacher, Water, Honesty, Happiness,Family,Sleep, Death, etc.
In Sentence: (Bold words are noun)
- A boy is comingtowards us.
- Sarah is a pretty girl.
- The sun shines in daytime.
- Education removes darkness.
- Poverty is curse.
Classification of nouns:
i. Proper Noun:
Proper noun is the name of some particular person,placeor thing. Proper noun always starts with capital
letter. Example:
- Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.(Dhaka is thename of a particular capital)
- Sunny is a smartboy. (Sunny is the name of a particular boy)
- Rimi is a clever girl.(Rimi is thename of a particular girl)
ii. Common Noun:
Common noun is a noun that is not the name of a particularthingor classbutthat represents one or all of the
members of that classor thing.A common noun can be preceded by articles (a,the).
Examples:
- Sunny is a smartboy. (Here boy is common noun whileSunny is a proper noun)
- Rimi is a clever girl.(Here girl is common noun whileRimi is a proper noun)
Examples without sentence:
- People: boy, girl,mother, father, baby, child,teacher, student, man, woman, etc.
- Things: book, table, computer, pen, pencil,etc.
- Animals:bird,dog, cat,cow, goat, wolf, tiger, etc.
- Place:city, country, state, capital,beach,forest,etc.
iii. Collective Noun:
A collectivenoun is the name of a collection or number or group of things or persons taken together and
considered of as one whole.
Example:
- The navy is ready for the voyage.
- Public was notaware of the incident.
- The proposal was approved by the cabinet.
Example without sentence:
Crowd, class,army,mob, gang, team, jury, family,herd, committee, audience,council,public,navy,cabinet,
group, company, society, troupe, corporation,senate, faculty,board, etc.
iv. Material Noun:
A material noun is the name of material,substanceor ingredient of something.
Such as iron,steel, copper, gold, coal,silver,milk,water, tea, sugar,wheat, etc.
Example:

- The necklaceis made of gold.
- The cow gives us milk.
- Give me a cup of tea.
v. Abstract Noun:
An AbstractNoun is usually thename of a quality,action,state or concept. Abstractnouns are the names of
such things that can’t be touched, tested, smelt or heard.
Such as:
Quality- honesty, beauty, bravery, wisdom,heroism, stupidity,darkness,kindness,goodness,brightness,etc.
Action- Judgment, movement, laughter, hatred, theft, etc.
State- Childhood,boyhood, youth, death, poverty, slavery,sickness,sleep,etc.
The names of Arts and Sciencesuch as grammar, chemistry, physics,music,etc.are also abstractnoun.
Pronoun
A Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun-equivalent. It is the replacement of noun. Pronouns are
usually shortwords and they are used to make sentences less cluttered and less repetitive.
Pronoun সোধোরণত Noun ব্ো Noun এর সমতু েয দ ছু র পদরব্কতে ব্কস। ইহো Noun য প্রদতস্থোপন কর।
Common pronouns areI, me, he, she, him, his,her, they, them, it, we, us, etc.
Example:
- She is a pretty girl.
- His contribution is appreciable.
- They are unbeatable.
- This job is done by them.
Kinds of Pronoun:
i. Personal Pronoun:
A personal pronoun is used instead of a person. Such as I, you, he, she, we, they and who.
When a personal pronoun is the subjectof a verb, itis called SubjectivePronoun (I,we, he, she, they, and you).
E.g. I love this book.
When a personal pronoun is not a subjectand acts as the object, then itis called ObjectivePronoun (me, you,
her, him, it, us,them and whom).
E.g. give itto him.
ii. Possessive Pronoun:
A PossessivePronoun shows ownership of something. Such as his,hers, its, mine, yours, ours,and theirs.
Example:
- This pen is mine.
- Yours one is not real.
- Take hers from the room.
iii. Reflexive Pronoun:
Reflexive Pronoun refers back to the subject in the sentence. They are myself, himself,herself, ourselves,
themselves, yourselves and itself.
Example:
- I ask myself when I take a decision.
- He spoke to himself.
- We learn aboutourselves every day.
iv. Intensive Pronoun:
An IntensivePronoun is used for emphasis.Intensivepronouns aremyself, himself,herself,yourself,itself,
yourselves,ourselves and themselves.

Example:
- I myself have done the job.
- The president himself visited the area.
- He himself can’t do it.
v. Indefinite Pronoun:
An IndefinitePronoun refers to an indefiniteor non-specific person or thing. Indefinite pronouns areany,
anything, some, someone, somebody, everybody, everything, everyone, nobody, none, one, several,some,
few, many and each.
An Indefinitepronoun may look likean indefiniteadjective, but it is used differently in sentences by taking the
placeof a noun.
Example:
- All people gathered here for the same purpose.
- Does anyone know anythingabout the matter?
- Anybody can play the game easily.
- None but the brave deserves the fair.
- Each must do his best.
- One must do one’s duty.
vi. Demonstrative Pronoun:
A Demonstrative Pronoun particularly pointouta noun. This,these, that and those are demonstrative
pronouns to pointout a noun.
A Demonstrative pronoun stands alonebut a demonstrative adjectivequalifies a noun.
Example:
- You can smell that from here.
- This smells good.
- Those were bad days.
- Look at that.
- Would you deliver this?
vii. Relative Pronoun:
A RelativePronoun is a pronoun that introduces or links onephraseor clauseto another in the sentence.
Relative Pronoun are that, who, whom, where, when, whoever, whichever and whomever.
Example:
- The person who called me is my uncle.
- I know where I am going.
- The pen which I lostwas red.
- You should buy the book that you need for the course.
- Robii Thakur is a poet who wrote the National Anthem.
Who and whom refer only to people.
Which refers to things,qualities and ideas.
That and whose refer to people, qualities,things and ideas.
viii. Interrogative Pronoun:
An InterrogativePronoun is used to ask question.It helps to ask aboutsomething.
Interrogative Pronouns arewho, which, what, whom, whose; as well as whoever, whomever, whichever and
whatever.
It is used in the beginning of the sentence.
Who and whom refer to person.
What refers to thing.
Which refers to person or thing and whose refers to person as possessive.

Example:
- What’s happened?
- What do you expect from me?
- Who designed this website?
- Whose mobileis this?
- Whatever did you want?
ix. Reciprocal Pronoun:
A Reciprocal Pronoun refers the relations between two or more persons or things.Each other and one a nother
are Reciprocal Pronouns.
We useReciprocal Pronouns when there are two or more persons or things doing the same thing.
Example:
- Rimi and Raju likeeach other.
- Why don’t we believe each other?
- They do not tolerate each other.
- We should help one another.
Adjective
An adjectiveis a partof speech (word) that modifies a noun or a pronoun by qualifying,specifyingor
describingit.
Adjective ব্েকত এমন এ ধরকণর শব্দমোেোক যব্োঝোয় েোরো য োন Noun ব্ো Pronoun এর যেোগ্যতো, স্বতন্ত্রতো, ব্ো
ব্ণ েনো সম্পক ে ধোরণো দ কয় থোক ।
Generally an adjectivemodifies a noun by answeringone of these followingquestions:
Which? What kind? How many?
Example:
- Foxes are cunninganimal.(Answer the question “What king of animal?”)
- Five or six gunmen attack the area.(Answer the question “How many gunmen?”)
- The one eyed man tells him the story.(Answer the question “Which man?”)
Adjective Classification:
i. Qualitative Adjective or Adjective of quality:
Expresses the qualities of somethingor someone.
Such as great, good, bad, wise,poor, nice,happy, pretty, angry,blue, etc.
Example:
- He gives me a great idea.
- Mr. Rahimis a good person.
- He is a bad guy.
Adjective of quality answer the question: what kind?
ii. Quantitative Adjective or Adjective of quantity:
Expresses or indicates thequantity of a noun or pronoun.
Such as some, little,much, enough, whole, sufficient, all,none, more, half,no, etc.
Example:
- I have enough money to but he car.
- The whole countrymen congratulated the president.
- She wants all themoney.
Adjective of quantity answer the question: How many or much?

iii. Numeric or Adjective of number:
Express the number or order of something or someone. Such as one, two, three, ………., first,second,third,
……………, single,double, triple,quadruple,twofold, threefold, fivefold,………… etc.
Example:
- He can eat ten eggs at a time.
- She is the firstgirl in the class.
- The house owner does not rent the room to the singleperson.
Adjective of number is to types Definite and Indefinite.
Definite Numeric adjectives areof three kinds.
Such as
- Cardinal (one,two, ….),
- Ordinal (first,second,……),
- Multiplicative(Single,double……..)
iv. Demonstrative Adjective:
Specifies noun or pronoun. Such as this,that, those, these etc.
Example:
- This boy is good.
- That is her room.
- These are the book to follow.
v. Distributive Adjective:
Express the distributivestateof nouns. Such as every, each, neither, either, both etc.
Example:
- Every movie in the series is popular.
- Both the boys are appreciated by them.
- Each person will get the reward.
vi. Possessive Adjective:
Shows the possession or belongingness in thesentence. Such as his,her, him, my, our, your, their, etc.
Example:
- This is her cell phone.
- I have seen their house.
- Our house is tow stored house.
vii. Interrogative Adjective:
Interrogative Adjective modifies nouns in interrogative sentence. Such as which,what, whose, etc.
Example:
- What kind of man he is?
- Whose phone is this?
- Which programare you listening?
Verb
A verb is a word or a group of words (phrase) that is/areused to describean action,state or occurrence.
Verb হকে এমন শব্দ ব্ো শব্দ গুে েো দ্বোরো য োন োজ, অব্স্থো ব্ো ঘটনোক যব্োঝোয়।
Role of Verb in a sentence:

Verb forms the main partof the predicateof a sentence. Every complete sentence must have a verb.
Verbs are:
Actions: read, do, walk, bring,run, learn,eat, etc.
States: be, exist,stand, etc.
Occurrences:happen, become, etc.
Examples:
- He is a good man. (Usingthe most common to be verb)
- We learn from the Web.
- She speaks in English.
- Rimi is thinkingaboutthe incident.
Verbs change their forms based on time/tense (past,present, and future), person (firstperson,second person,
and third person), number (singular,plural),voice(activeand passive),etc.
Kinds of Verb:
i. Principal/Main/Lexical Verb:
Verbs which are used independently without the help of other verbs, are called Principal or Main verb.
Example:
- He is a singer.
- She does her job.
- They have many problems.
Principal verbs areof two types depending on the object they take:
a. Transitiveverb.
Transitiveverb is an action verb that requires one or more objects which receive the action of the verb in the
sentence.
Examples:
- She reads the book. (verb with the object ‘the book’)
- He gave me a mobile phone. (verb with the object ‘me’ and ‘mobilephone’)
- I saw her in the market.
- Rifatwants a pen form Ryan.
b. Intransitiveverb.
Intransitiveverb is an action verb that requires no directobject in the sentence.
Example:
- She reads.(no object in the sentence)
- Sit down here. (“)
- The birds areflying.(“)
- She is singing.(“)
- The sun set. (“)
- I walked to the park today. (“)
- I went to the campus for a scheduled class.(“)
Way to find transitiveand intransitiveverb:
If object is availablein a sentence then the verb is transitiveof that sentence.
And if object is not present in sentence then the verb is intransitiveof that sentence.
So, to find an object we ask the verb by “Whom” or “what”, and the answer we get is an object of that
sentence.
Example:
-He gave me a mobile phone.
Gave whom? Answer is me. And Gave what? Answer is mobilephone.
So the “gave” verb should be a transitiveverb.

-She reads.
Reads what? No answer is found.
So the reads verb is intransitiveverb.
ii. Auxiliary or Helping Verb:
Verbs which help a Principal verb to form a sentence are called Auxiliary or Helpingverb.
Example:
- He is singinga song.
- She is doingher job.
- They are facingmany problems.
Here, 'is' and 'are' arehelping the main verbs sing,do and face.
Auxiliary verbs areof two types:
i. Primary or Tense Auxiliaries such as be,am, is was,are, were, been, being, have, has, had, having,do, does
and did.
Example:
Different forms of verb are used in different situations.
- I am doingthe job. (present Continuous)
- Ryan was sleepingthat moment. (past Continuous)
- It is done by her. (passiveform)
- Rifatreads the book. (present form as principleverb)
- She is here. (principleverb)
- They have completed the mission.(presentperfect)
- Does he make it?
- Have you prepared for the situation?
ii. Modal Auxiliaries such ascan,could,shall,should,will,would,may, might, must, need, dare, used to, ought
to etc.
Modals only take the baseform of verbs after them.
Example:
- Shall we startthe game? (Asking the question)
- You should read the book attentively. (Suggest)
- Would you give a cup of coffee? (request)
- I can do the sum? (ability)
- May I come in? (permission)
- I used to have tea in the evening. (habit)
- We ought to respect our seniors (moral obligation)
Finiteand Non-finite Verbs:
Finiteverb:
A Verb which changes its form accordingto the number, person or tense and must ha s subjectis called finite
verb
Example:
- I saw her crying.
- He makes me proud.
- I will write a book in this month.
- The honey tastes sweet.
- They are doing a good job.
Non-finite verb:
A Non-finite verb is a form of verb that is not limited by person, number or tense in a sentence and cannotact
as main verb.

There are three kinds of non-finite verbs.
i.Infinite
ii.Gerund
iii.Participles
Infinitive:
Infinitiveverb is a non-finiteverb that is made up of “to + baseform of verb”.
Example:
- He likes to play football.
- Honey is sweet to taste.
- The man is too late to go.
- People gathered here to hear the news.
Certain verbs such as bid,let, make, need, dare, see, hear, etc. are used without ‘to’ and are called bare
infinitive.
Example:
- Make her stand.
- Let the people go there.
- You need not leave the place.
Gerund:
A gerund is a form of non-finiteverb which is made up by addingthe ‘ing’ at the end of the baseform of a
verb.
Example:
- I saw her crying.
- Swimming is good for health.
- Being tired I took rest for a while.
- Seeing is believing.
Participles:
A Participleis verbal butworks as an adjective.Participlecan be followingtypes.
Present Participle:Present participleis madeby adding‘ing’ to the baseform.
Example:
- A swimmingsnake bithim in the leg.
- Don’t put your hand into boilingwater.
- Look at the setting sun.
- Don’t get into a runningbus.
N. B.:
Both of Gerund and Present Participles aremadeby adding‘ing’ to the baseform.
But difference between them is that A gerund functions as a noun and present participles functionsas an
adjective.
Example:
- Swimming is good for the people. (Here swimming is noun)
- A swimmingsnake bithim in the leg. (Here swimmingis an adjective)
PastParticiple:Pastparticipleis madeby adding‘ed’, ‘-d’ or ‘-t’ to the base form of a regular verb. Such as
looked, said,learnt,broken, etc.

The pastparticiplecan bepreceded by have, has,had,etc. to express the perfect aspect. And it also expresses
the passivevoice.
Example:
- They have invited himto the party.
- A faded flower attracts none.
- It is said by them.
- The floated area is good for cultivation
Adverb
An adverb is a word which modifies or qualifies themeaning of a verb, adjective,other adverb or any other
word(s) or phrase(s) in a sentence; such as quickly,firmly,lightly,carefully,extremely, etc.
Adverb এর োজ হকে য োন Verb, Adjective ব্ো Adverb সম্পক ে অদতদরি তথয য ওয়ো ব্ো প্র ত্ত তথযক আকরো
তোৎপে েতোপূণ ে কর যতোেো।
Example:
- The leopard runs quickly.( Here quickly modifies theverb)
- He works extremely hard. (Here extremely modifies the adverb)
- Most of our countrymen are very poor. (Here very modifies the adjective)
- I absolutely haveno idea about the matter.
Function of adverb in a sentence:
Adverb adds information and impression abouttime, manner, placeetc. in a sentence.
Form of Adverbs:
Many adverbs that express how an action is performed, end in ‘ly’. However, there are many exceptions, like
fast,well, never, least, more, far,now, very, just,still,etc.
Kinds of Adverbs:
i.Adverb of Time: Indicates the time of an action,and answer the question ‘when’?
Such as now, soon, still,then, today, yet, since,back, ago, already,before, after, recently, today, lately,
tomorrow, once, someday, early, etc.
Example:
- I have already finished my job.
- I will do it now.
- The resultwill be published tomorrow.
ii.Adverb of Manner: Expresses the manner of an action,and answer the question ‘How’?
Such as happily,slowly,quickly,carefully,loudly,easily,fast,bravely,hard,well,badly,etc.
Example:
- Rafat is speakingquietly.
- He is doingthe job carefully.
- The boy is cryingloudly.
iii.Adverb of Place:Indicates the placeof an action,and answer the question ‘Where’?
Such as here, there, up, down, in,out, by, hither, thither, where, anywhere, somewhere, everywhere,
nowhere, etc.
Example:
- Go out.
- I love to be here.
- People still livethere.

iv.Adverb of Degree or Quantity: Expresses quantity, and answer the question ‘How much/ How far/ to what
extent’?
Such as extremely, fully,quite, almost, very much, too, a lot, totally,absolutely,fairly,hardly,etc.
Example:
- He is quite wrong.
- She is fully cured.
- He is bad enough to kill you.
v. Adverb of Affirmation and negation: Indicateassertion and express the one’s reaction to question.
Such as yes, no, yeah.
Example:
- Yes, I can.
- No, she isn’t.
vi.Adverb of Frequency: Expresses the frequency of an action and answer the question “How often”?
Such as never, ever, always,often, seldom, everyday, sometimes, usually,normally,frequently, rarely,hardly,
scarcely,oncea week, etc.
Example:
- He always helps the poor.
- The barkingdog seldom bites.
vii.Adverb of reason:Expresses the reason and make the conclusion.
Such as hence, therefore, thence etc.
Example:
- He therefore resigned the job.
ConjunctiveAdverb:
Conjunctiveadverb is used to join two clauses together.
Such as also,finally,furthermore, consequently, hence, however, incidentally,indeed,instead,likewise,
nevertheless, meanwhile, next, nonetheless, otherwise, then, still,thus,and therefore.
N.B: ConjunctiveAdverb joins two independent clauses with a semi-colon.
Example:
- The people waited for an hour; finally thetrain comes to the station.
- The policemen searched the market; indeed the gunman has escaped through the basement door.
Position of Adverb:
General positions of adverbs areas follows:
i.Adverbs of time usually comeat the end of a sentence or at the beginningof sentence.
Example:
- It may rain today.
- Last night I dreamt a sweet dream.
ii.Adverbs of placeusually followtheverb.
Example:
- The doctor is in.
- They were everywhere.
iii.Adverbs of Degree or Quantity come before the verb, adjectiveor adverb.
Example:
- He is fairly good.

- You arequite wrong.
- He can run very fast.
Conjunction
A conjunction is a partof speech or word that connects –
- One word to another word.
- One word to another clause.
- One sentence to another sentence.
Conjunction হকে এমন শব্দসমূহ েোরো এ শব্দক অনয শকব্দর সোকথ, এ শব্দক অনয clauseএর সোকথ ব্ো এ
Sentence য অনয Sentence এর সোকথ সংেুি কর।
The conjunctions areand,but, or, for, nor, so, yet, because, if,whether, lest,unless,as,since,how, when,
where, while,why, till,until,after, before, however, as soon as,though and than.
Example:
One word to another word:
- Rupom and Rifat aretwo brothers. (noun to noun)
- Rimi and you have done this work. (Noun to pronoun)
- You and I will go there. (Pronoun to pronoun)
- The old man sat down and wept. (verb to verb)
- We aresad but hopeful. (adjectiveto adjective)
- A catmoves slowly and silently.(Adverb to adverb)
- The bird flies through and through the sky.(preposition to preposition)
One word to another clause:
- He is so weak that he cannot walk.
- Such was her beauty that everybody loved her.
One sentence to another sentence:
- I trust him because he is honest.
- He says thathe will do it.
- They will come if they are allowed here.
- It is a longtime sinceI sawyou last.
- You must waithere until your father comes back.
- I wish to know whether he will come or not.
There are different types of conjunctions:
- Coordinate Conjunction
- Subordinate Conjunction
- Correlativeconjunction
I. CoordinateConjunction:
Coordinateconjunctions such as and,but, or, nor, for, so, or yet are used to join individual words,phrases and
independent clauses.
Example:
- She stood firstand got a prize.
- He is sad buthopeful.
- The snake is small butdangerous.
- You must read or you may fail in theexamination.

II. SubordinateConjunction:
The subordinateclausesuch as since,because,although, as,until etc. are used to join an independent clause
to a dependent clause.
The subordinateconjunctions areused before the dependent clauses.Dependent clausecan be placed before
or after the independent clauses.
Example:
- He never gives up until he wins.
- Since shehad the headache, she did not go to work.
- Though he loved her cousin,he married another one.
- Despite callingseveral times,shenever received a replay.
III. Correlativeconjunctions:
Correlativeconjunctions arepairsof conjunctions such as both…and,either…..or, neither……nor etc. They are
used in the sentences to link words,phrases and clauses.
Correlativeconjunctions connecttwo words or phrases or clauses thathavethe similarstructureand are
grammatically similar.Thatmeans nouns are linked to nouns, adjectives to adjectives,prepositional phrases to
prepositional phrases.
Correlatives conjunctionsare:
Both….and, either….or, neither….nor, not only….but also,so….that, such….that, no sooner….than,
hardly….when, scarcely….when, else….than, else….but.
Example:
- He is both a fool and a knave. (noun to noun)
- She is both wiseand good. (adjectiveto adjective)
- He must either work or go. (verb to verb)
- He behaved neither wisely nor kindly.(adverb to adverb)
- He is so tired that he cannot run.
- Such was her beauty that everybody loved her.
- No sooner had I satdown than they left the room.
- Hardly had I left the room when it began to rain.
- Scarcely had I left the room when it began to rain.
- She has none else than her mother.
- She has none else but her mother.
Interjection
The part of speech that expresses a strongfeeling or sudden emotion or sentiment is called interjection or
exclamation.Generally interjections areused in Exclamatory sentences and take often note of exclamation as
punctuation.
যে শব্দগুকেো আ ক্তি আকব্গ্, ৃঢ় অনুভূদত ব্ো মকনর ভোব্ প্র োশ কর, তোক র Interjection ব্কে। সোধোরণত
Exclamatory Sentence এ Interjection ব্যব্হৃত হয়, এব্ং এমন ব্োক যর যশকষ েদত দিহ্ন দহকসকব্ আশ্চে েকব্োধ দিহ্ন
(!) ব্যব্হৃত হয়।
Interjections arenot grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.
Example:
- Oh no! I missed the scheduleof the class.(express failure)
- Hey! Don’t you hear me? (callingattention)

- Hey! Take it easy.(callingattention)
- Uh, I forget the answer.(Express hesitation)
- Hurrah!We have won the match. (Express joy)
- Wow! She is amazing.(Express surprise)
Preposition
Below

Voice change
Structure:
Object+be verb (accordingto tense) + verb এর pastparticiple+extension (if any) +by+ subject(possessiveform)
Active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম:
Rule 1:
a) Active voice এর object টট passive voice এর subject এ রুপোন্তর হয়।
b) মূে verb এর past participle হয় এব্ং subject ও tense অনুসোকর auxiliary verb/be verb হয়।
c) Active voice এর subject টট passive voice এর object (possessive form) হকয় েোয়।
Rule 2:
a) Present indefinite tense েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject + am/is/are + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.
Active – I play football.
Passive- Football is played by me.
b) Present continuous tense েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject + am being/is being/are being + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.
Active: I am playing football.
Passive: football is being played by me.
c) Present perfect tense েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject + have been/ has been + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.
Active: I have played football.
Passive: Football has been played by me.
d) Past indefinite tense েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject + was/were + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object
Active: They played football.
Passive: Football were played by them.
e) Past continuous tense েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject + was being/were being + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.
Active: They were catching fishes.
Passive: Fishes were being caught by them.
f) Past perfect tense েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject + had been + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.
Active: We had dug the cannel.
Passive: The cannel had been dug by us.
g) Future indefinite tense েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject + shall be/will be + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.
Active: They will play football.
Passive: Football will be played by them.
h) Future continuous tense েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject + shall be being/will be being + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.
Active: They will be playing football.
Passive: Football will be being
i) Future perfect tense েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject + shall have been /will have been + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.
Active: They will have caught the fish.
Passive: The fish will have been caught by them.
Rule 3:
May, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject+ may, might, can,could,must, ought to, going to এর পকর be + verb এর pastparticipleform
+ by + subject এর object.

Active: I may help you.
Passive: You may be helped by me.
Active: You must do the work.
Passive: The work must be done by you.
Active: We ought to obey our teachers.
Passive: Our teachers ought to be obeyed by us.
Active: We are going to open a shop.
Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us.
Rule 4:
Imperative sentence এর active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
A) শুধু মোত্র মূে verb দ কয় শুরু েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Let + object এর subject + be + verb এর past participle form
Active: Close the door.
Passive: Let the door be closed.
B) Do not দ কয় শুরু েুি েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Let not + object এর subject + be + verb এর past participle form
Active: Do not close the door.
Passive: Let not the door be closed.
C) Let এর পর েদ য োন ব্যক্তিব্োি object (me, us, you, them, him, her)থোক এব্ং তো েদ Imperative
Sentence হয়, তোহকে active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Let + object এর subject + be + verb এর past participle form + by + ব্যক্তিব্োি object.
Active: Let me play football.
Passive: Let the football be played by me.
Active: Let us sing a song.
Passive: let a song be sung by us.
Active: let him give the chance.
Passive: let the chance be given by him.
D) Never েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Let not + object এর subject + ever be + verb এর past participle form
Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.
Active: Never do this.
Passive: Let not this ever be done.
E) মূে verb এর পর েদ য োন ব্যক্তিব্োি object (me, us, you, them, him, her) থোক এব্ং তো েদ
Imperative sentence হয়, তোহকে active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Let + direct object টট ব্সকব্ (মূে verb এর পর যে object টট থোক + be + verb এর past participle form + for +
ব্যক্তিব্োি object
Active: Buy me a shirt.
Passive: Let a shirt be bought for me.
Rule 5:
Interrogative sentence েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Interrogative sentence য Assertive sentence এ রুপোন্তর কর দনকত হকব্ + রুপোন্তদরত Assertive sentence এর
activevoice যথক passivevoice এ রুপোন্তর রকত হকব্ + এব্োর রুপোন্তদরত passivevoiceএর auxiliary verb টটক
প্রথকম ব্সোকত হকব্ + যশকষ প্রশ্নকব্োধ দিহ্ন ব্কস। Tense অনুসোকর রকত হকব্।
Active: Have you eaten rice?
Assertive: You have eaten rice.
Assertive এর passive: Rice has been eaten by you.
Passive এ রুপোন্তর: Has rice been eaten by you?

Rule 6:
Subject + verb + object + present participle েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject + tense ও person অনুেোয়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর pastparticipleform+ present participle
েুি অংশটট + by + subject এর object.
Active: I saw him playing cricket.
Passive: He was seen playing cricket by me.
Rule 7:
Double object েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
ুইটো object এর যে য োন এ টট subject রকত হয় (personal object য subject এ রুপোন্তর রকে ভোে) + verb
এর pastparticipleform+ tense ও person অনুেোয়ী Auxiliary verb + প্র ত্ত ব্োদ object টট ব্কস + by + active voice
এর subject টট object রুকপ হয়।
Active: He teaches us math.
Passive: we are taught English by him.
Rule 8:
Complex and compound sentence েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Complex and compound sentence েুি active voice এ রূপোন্তকরর সময় উভয় clause এর voice পদরব্তেন হয়।
Active: I know that he did the work.
Passive: It is known to me that the work was done by him.
Active: He told me that he had done the work.
Passive: I was told that the work had been done by him.
Note: Active voice “people say” দ কয় শুরু হকে It is said দ কয় passive voice রোই ভোে।
Active: People say that the lion is the king of forest.
Passive: It is said that the lion is the king of forest.
Rule 9:
Intransitive verb েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
সোধোরনত Intransitive verb এর passive voice হয় নো। তকব্ Intransitive verb এর পকর preposition েুি হকয় েদ
group verb গ্ঠন কর এব্ং তো Intransitive verb দহকসকব্ ব্যব্হৃত হয় তোহকে –
Object টট subject + tense অনুেোয়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + প্র ত্ত preposition + by +
subject টটর object।
Active: The truck run over the boy.
Passive: The boy was run over by the truck.
Active: They looked at the poor man.
Passive: The poor man was looked at by them.
Rule 10:
Reflexive object (myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourself, themselves, himself, herself) েুি active voice য
passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Active voice subject টট অপদরব্দতেত অব্স্থোয় passive voice এর subject দহকসকব্ হকব্ + tense ও person অনুেোয়ী
Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + by + Reflexive object ব্সকব্।
Active: You killed yourself.
Passive: You were killed by yourself.
Rule 11:
Factitive object/Complementary object েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Factitive object/Complementary object( select, elect, nominate, make, call, name ইতযোদ transitive verb থো ো
সকেও সম্পূণ ে রুকপ অথ েপ্র োশ রকত পোকর নো। পদরপূণ ে অথ েপ্র োশ রোর জনয অদতদরি object আনকত হয়।
এইরুপ অদতদরি object য Factitive object/Complementary object ব্কে।
নোমব্োি object টটর (me, us, you, them, him, her) object টট subject হয়। + tense ও person অনুেোয়ী Auxiliary
verb + verb এর past participle form + Factitive object + by + subject এর object।

Active: They made me captain.
Passive: I was made captain by them.
Active: We call him liar.
Passive: He is called liar by us.
Rule 12:
Cognate object েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Cognate object এর সংজ্ঞো – দ ছু intransitive verb তোক র সমথ ে object দনকয় transitive verb দহকসকব্ ব্যব্হৃত
হয়। এ ধরকনর object য Cognate object ব্কে।
Object টট subject + tense অনুেোয়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + by + subject টটর object।
Active: He caught a fish.
Passive: A fish was caught by him.
Active: You ran a race.
Passive: A race was run by you.
Rule 13:
Infinitive েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
প্র ত্ত active voice এর subject + মূে verb + infinitiveএর পকরর object (েদ থোক ) + to be + infinitiveএর পকরর
verb এর past participle form.
Active: He wants someone to take camera.
Passive: He wants camera to be taken.
Active: He wants you to write a letter.
Passive: He wants a letter to be taken.
Rule 14:
Gerund combinations অথ েোৎ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + gerund + object েুি active voice য
passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
প্র ত্ত activevoiceএর subject+ মূে verb + that + gerund এর পকরর object টট + should be + প্র ত্ত gerund টট verb
এ রূপোন্তদরত হকয় verb এর past participle form ব্কস।
Active: He suggested giving up smoking.
Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up.
Rule 15:
Agree, be anxious,arrange,determine, be determined, decide, demand, + infinitive+ object object েুি active
voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
প্র ত্ত activevoice এর subject+ মূে verb + that + infinitiveএর পকরর + object + should be + infinitive এর পকরর
verb এর past participle form.
Active: He decided to buy the house.
Passive: He decided that the house should be bought.
Active: You agreed to sell the house.
Passive: You agreed that the house should be sold.
Rule 16:
One + should েুি active voice য passive voice এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম-
Object এর subject + should be + verb এর past participle form
Active: One should take care of one’s education.
Passive: Education should be taken care of.
Active: One should tell the truth.
Passive: Truth should be told.

Positive to comparative
Rule 1:
No other েুি positive Degree য Comparative Degree যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ
প্র ত্ত sentence এর যশকষর subject+ verb + positivedegree এর comparative form + than any other + no other
এর পর যথক verb এর পূব্ েপে েন্ত।
Positive: No other player in the team is as good as him.
Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.
Rule 2:
Very few েু ্ ত positive Degree য Comparative Degree যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ
প্র ত্ত sentence এর যশকষর subject+ verb + positivedegree এর comparativeform + than most other + no other
এর পর যথক verb এর পূব্ েপে েন্ত।
Positive: Very few students are as good as Lablu.
Comparative: Lablu is better than most other students.
Positive: Very few metals are so costly as gold.
Comparative: Gold is costlier than most other metals.
Rule 3:
As……as েুি positive Degree য Comparative Degree যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ
প্র ত্ত sentence এর যশকষর subject+ verb + not + positivedegree এর comparativeform + than + প্র ত্ত sentence
এর প্রথম subject।
Positive: He is as good as his brother
Comparative: His brother is not better than him.
Positive to superlative
Rule 1:
No other েুি positive degree য superlative degree যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ
প্র ত্ত sentence এর যশকষর Subject + verb + the + positiveএর superlativeform+ no other এর পর যথক verb এর
মোকঝর অংশ।
Positive: No other player in the team is as good as Raju.
Superlative: Raju is the best player in the team.
Rule 2:
Very few েুি positive degree য superlative degree যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ
প্র ত্ত sentence এর যশকষর Subject + verb + one of the + positive এর superlativeform + very few এর পর যথক
verb এর মোকঝর অংশ।
Positive: Very few people in the country are as good as Rakib
Superlative: Rakib is one of the best people in the country.
Comparative to positive
Rule 1:
Than any other/all other েুি Comparative Degree য Positive Degree যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ
No other + any other/all other এর পকরর অংশ + verb + so/as + Comparative Degree এর Positive form + as +
প্র ত্ত sentence এর subject.
Comparative: Dhaka is larger than all other cities in Bangladesh.
Positive: No other cities in Bangladesh is as large as Dhaka.
Rule 2:
Than most other / than few other েুি Comparative Degree য Positive Degree যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ
Degree

Very few + most other/few other এর পকরর অংশ + verb এর plural form+so/as +Comparative এর Positiveform
+ as + প্র ত্ত sentence এর subject.
Comparative: The gold is most useful than most other metals.
Positive: very few metals are as/so useful as gold.
Rule 3:
Than েুি Comparative Degree য Positive Degree যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ
Than এর পকরর অংশ + verb + not + so/as + Comparative এর Positive form + as + প্র ত্ত sentence এর subject.
Comparative: He is stronger than I.
Positive: I am not as strong as he.
Rule 4:
No less/not less ……..than েুি Comparative Degree য Positive Degree যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ
No less/not less এর পদরব্কতে উি েোয়গ্োয় as ব্কস এব্ং than এর পদরব্কতে উি েোয়গ্োয় as ব্কস। আর য োন
পদরব্তেন হয় নো।
Comparative: He is no less intelligent than you.
Positive: He is as intelligent as you.
Rule 5:
No sooner had ….than েুি Comparative Degree য Positive Degree যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ
No sooner had এর পদরব্কতে as soon as + subject + verb এর পদরব্কতে past form + than এর পূকব্ ের অংশ + than এর
পদরব্কতে মো ব্কস + ব্ো ী অংশ।
Comparative: No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
Positive: As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
Comparative to superlative
Rule 1:
Subject + verb + the + Comparative এর superlative form + other এর পকরর অংশ।
Superlative: He is the best player in the team.
Note – other এর পর plural noun থো কে superlative এর পকর of all ব্কস।
Comparative: He is bigger than of all boys.
Superlative: He is the tallest of all boys.
Rule 2:
Than most other/than few other েুি Comparative য Superlative এ রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়ম:
Subject + verb + one of the + Comparativedegree এর superlativeform+ most other/few other এর পকরর অংশ।
Comparative: Vatican City is smaller than most other countries in the world.
Superlative: Vatican City is one of the smallest countries in the world.
Superlative to positive
Rule 1:
No other + প্র ত্ত Superlative এর পকরর অংশ + verb + so/as + Superlative Degree এর Positive form + as + মূে
sentence এর subject.
Superlative: Rony is the smallest player in the team.
Positive: No other player in the team is as small as Rony.
Rule 2:
all other, most other, many other, few other, very few, one of the েুি SuperlativeDegree য PositiveDegree
যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ

প্রথকম very few + Superlative এর পকরর অংশ + verb এর plural form + so/as + Superlative Degree এর Positive
form + as + মূে sentence এর subject.
Superlative: He is one of the best players in the team.
Positive: Very few players in the team are as good as he.
Superlative to comparative
Rule 1:
Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative form + than any other + প্র ত্ত sentence ব্ো ী অংশ।
Superlative: He is the best player in the team.
Note: All of থো কে All of এর পদরব্কতে than all other ব্কস।
Superlative: He is the best of all men.
Comparative: He is better than all other man.
Rule 2:
One of the েুি Superlative Degree য Comparative Degree যত রুপোন্তর রোর দনয়মঃ
Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative form + than most other + প্র ত্ত sentence ব্ো ী অংশ।
Superlative: Canada is one of the coldest countries in the world.
Comparative: Canada is colder than most other countries in the world.
Reference:
http://www.english-bangla.com/grammar

A, an এব্ং the য Article ব্কে। Article ুই প্র োর।
 Indefinite Article:
A এব্ং an য Indefinite Articleব্কে োরন তোরো য োন অদনদ েষ্ট ব্যক্তি, প্রোণী ব্ো ব্স্তু ক ব্ুঝোয়। সিরোির singular
countable noun এর পূকব্ েA অথব্ো an ব্কস। Example
- I bought a book.
- He took an apple.
 Definite Article
The য definite Article ব্কে োরন ইহো য োন দনদ েষ্ট ব্যক্তি, প্রোণী ব্ো ব্স্তু ক ব্ুঝোয়। Example
- I read the book.
- Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.
Use of A and An
1.সোধোরণত consonantএর পূকব্ েa এব্ং vowel (a,e, i, o, u) এর পূকব্ েan ব্কস।
যেমন – a hen, a book, a pen, an apple,an egg, an orange.
2.শকব্দর শুরুকত েদ h থোক এব্ং h এর উচ্চোরণ h এর মত হকে তোর পূকব্ েa ব্কস। দ ন্তু h এর উচ্চোরণ o ব্ো
অনয য োন উচ্চোরণ হকে তোর পূকব্ েan ব্কস।
যেমন- a horse, a historian,an honestman, an hour.
3.শকব্দর শুরুকত েদ Vowel থোক এব্ং তোর উচ্চোরণ েদ u এর মত হয় তোহকে তোর পূকব্ েa ব্কস।
যেমন- a ewe, a European, a uniform, a university,a useful metal.
4.O দ কয় গ্টঠত শকব্দর পূকব্ েan ব্কস। শুধুমোত্র one শকব্দর পূকব্ েa ব্কস।
যেমন- an open field,an open heart surgery,an opera, an orange, a one taka note, a one eyed man.
5.সংদিপ্ত রূপ অথ েোৎ abbreviation এর প্রথম অির vowel এর মত উচ্চোদরত হকে তোর পূকব্ েan ব্কস। দ ন্তু
abbreviation এর প্রথম অির consonantএর মত উচ্চোদরত হকে তোর পূকব্ েa ব্কস।
যেমন- an M.B.B.S, an F.C.P.S, an M.A, a B.A, a B.SC.
Omission of a/an:
1.খোব্োকরর (meals) পূকব্ েa/an ব্কস নো। তকব্ খোব্োকরর (meals) পূকব্ েadjective ব্সকে a/an ব্কস.
Incorrect- We have a dinner at 8.00 pm.
Correct- We have dinner at 8.00 pm.
2.Plural noun এর পূকব্ েa/an ব্কস নো।
- Birds are beautiful.
- Cows are useful.
3.Uncountablenoun দহকসকব্ গ্ণয যেমন – advice,information,news,baggage,water, milk,oil,tea,paper, ইতযোদ
এর পূকব্ েa/an ব্কস নো।
- He gave me some information.
- We take tea.
- He drinks water.
তকব্ পদরমোপ রো েোয় এমন দ ছু measure words থো কে তোর পূকব্ েa/an ব্কস।
যেমন – Give me a glass of water.
Use of definite article:
1. দনদ েষ্ট কর ব্ুঝোয় এমন common noun এর singularওplural উভয় number এর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
- The boy is reading.
- The girl is singing.
2. এ জোতীয় স েক ব্ুঝোকত singular common noun এর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
- The cow gives us milk.
- The rose is beautiful flower.
3. ন ী, সোগ্র, উপসোগ্র, পব্ েতকেণী, ীপপুঞ্জ, জোহোজ ইতযোদ নোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
যেমন – The Andamans, The Himalayas, The Titanic.
4. ধম েগ্রন্থ ও পক্তত্র োর নোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
যেমন – The holy Quran, The Daily sun.
5. এ ব্স্তু – পৃদথব্ী, িন্দ্র, সূে ে, পূব্ ে, পক্তশ্চম, উত্তর, দিন ইতযোদ নোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
Articles

The sun, The earth, The moon.
6. ব্ণ েনোমূে ব্ো অথ েপূণ েনোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
- The U.S.A, the panjab.
7. তোদরকখর নোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
যেমন - The 10th March.
8. জোদত ও সম্প্র োকয়র নোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
যেমন – The rich, The poor, The Muslims.
9. Superlative degree যত adjective এর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
যেমন – He is the best boy in the class.
10. Material noun এর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস নো। তকব্ দনদ েষ্ট স্থোকনর ব্ো প্র োকরর ব্ুঝোকে the ব্কস।
যেমন – The Diamond of Africa is famous.
11. Proper noun এর পূকব্ েadjective থো কে তোর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
যেমন – The great Akbar was a mighty ruler.
12. ব্ংশ ব্ো পদরব্োকরর পদরিয়জ্ঞোপ নোম plural হকে তোর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
যেমন – The khans, The Pathans.
13. সংখযো প্র োশ word েদ unit অকথ েব্কস তোহকে তোর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
যেমন – Eggs are sold by the dozens.
14. Musical instrument এর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
যেমন – I can’t play the Guitar. The cowboy can play the flute well.
15. য োন য োন েন্ত্র এব্ং আদব্স্কোকরর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
যেমন – Markoni invented the radio. The bicycles is an easy means of transport.
16. Singular designation এর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস।
যেমন – The president, The Prime Minister, The headmaster.
Omission of definite article:
1. দব্খযোত গ্রকন্থর যেখক র নোম গ্রকন্থর পূকব্ েথো কে the ব্কস নো। দ ন্তু যেখক র নোম পূকব্ েনো থো কে the
ব্কস।
যেমন – The Gitanjoli of Robindranath.
2. রোস্তো, এদভনু, স্কয়োর, পোক ের নোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস নো।
যেমন – He is going to park.
3. ভোষোর নোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস নো।
যেমন – Bangla is our mother lsnguge. English is an international language.
দ ন্তু ভোষোর নোকমর পকর language শব্দ টো উকেখ থো কে the ব্কস (assume nation).
যেমন – The English language is international.
4. Lake/হ্রক র নোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস নো।
যেমন – Lake Superior, Lake Baikal, Lake Caspian.
5. দ ন ব্ো মোকসর নোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস নো।
যেমন – Friday is holyday.
6. যরোকগ্র নোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস নো।
যেমন – Fever has broken out in the home.
7. Allah or God এর নোকমর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস নো।
যেমন – Allah has created us.
8. শরীকরর অঙ্গ-প্রতঙ্গ এব্ং যপোশো - পদরকে ইতযোদ র পূকব্ েthe ব্কস নো।
যেমন – Raise your right hand. Put off your shirt.
9. ভ্রমন সম্পদ েত েোনব্োহন ব্ো ভ্রমন পকথর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস নো।
যেমন – by bus, by train, by launch.
10. মোনব্জোদত man and women এর পূকব্ েthe ব্কস নো।
Incorrect – The man is mortal.
Correct - Man is mortal.

Prepositions:
The word preposition indicates positioning something before something else. And in English grammar-
A preposition is a word placed or positioned before a noun or a pronoun or noun equivalent to show the
relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
Pronoun এর োজ হকে য োন Noun, Pronoun ব্ো এক র সমতু েয য োন শব্দ(গুে) এর সংকগ্ ব্োক যর অনয য োন
শকব্দর সম্প ে দনধ েোরণ রো।
The following are the words used as preposition in English-
For, of, on, at, in, to, off, by, up, with, from, into, within,like, until,above, about, against,under, before, after,
among, along,across,around,behind,bellow,beneath, beside, between, beyond, down, during,except, inside,
near, since, toward, through and upon.
Role or function of preposition in a sentence:
A preposition sits beforea noun or a pronoun to show noun’s or pronoun’s relationship to another word in the
sentence. Preposition helps to constructa sentence.
Example:
-He is looking for papers.
-Rifat lives in Dhaka.
-Place the book on the table.
-I will go there after breakfast.
-Look at the sky clearly.
-You should stand by him.
Prepositions are of five different kinds:
i. Simple Preposition such as in, at, by, of, for, on, over, under, up, to, from, out, about, under, with, etc.
-He goes to school.
-Maruf is about seven.
-These people are coming from abroad.
ii. Double Preposition such as into, onto, within, without, from, among, toward, behind, etc.
-He will be back within three days.
-We cannot do this job without you.
-She is different among the girls.
iii.Compound or Phrasal or Complex Prepositions are made of two or more words. Such as instead of, in front
of, in between, out of, in behalf of, in placeof, except for, throughout, underneath, on accountof, accordingto,
etc.
-Rahat is talking in behalf of his team.
-Musfiq is playing in place of Rasel.
-They carried on rescue mission in spite of bad weather.
-Her GPA is 3.50 out of 4.00
iv. Participial Preposition.
Present or PastParticiples can beused as Prepositions.Such as concerning,regarding,considering,pending,etc.
Example:
-What does he know regarding this proposal?
-Considering the quality, the price is not high.

Following are the specific area to use prepositions.
I. Preposition of Place, Position and Direction (in, at, on, by, next, to, beside)
In
At
On
By
Above
To
Towards
From
Into
In the room.
At the window. At the office.
On the table.
Sitting by the woman.
Above the sky.
Go to university.
Towards east.
Fled from home.
Jumped into the well.
ii. Preposition of time
At
After
Before
By
During
From
For
In
On
Since
Within
throughout
At 10 a.m., at dawn, at noon, at night, at an early age.
After 3 O’clock, after his arrival.
Before the 15th July.
By 4 p.m.
During five years. During the whole day/summer, during 5 years.
From 1st January.
For a week/month.
In June, in 2010, in the morning/evening/afternoon.
On Sunday.
Since he comes.
Within three days.
Throughout the year.
iii. Preposition of Reason or Purpose
For
Form
Of
Through
With
For the good of the people, died for the country.
Died from fatigue, suffering from fever/cold.
Died of cancer.
Lost his pen through negligence
Trembles with fear shivers with fever.

English grammer

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