Implementation Of A Colorectal Cancer Screening Program

Implementation Of A Colorectal Cancer Screening Program
Implementation of a Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in a Rural Upper Midwest Federally
Funded Health Center: An Evidence Based Project
One of the many goals developed by the United States Government in its Healthy People 2020
campaign was to "reduce the number of new cancer cases, as well as the illness, disability, and death
caused by cancer" (Healthy People 2020, 2016). This goal is further broken down by cancer types.
The goals for colorectal cancer (CRC) is to reduce the 2007 baseline mortality rate of 17.1 deaths
per 100,000 to 14.5 deaths per 100,000 and to increase the proportion of adults to receive colorectal
cancer screening (CRCS) based on the most recent guidelines by the year 2020. The American
Cancer Society (ACS, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NCHC's CRC rates (22%) are below North Dakota's established rate of screening. The purpose of
this Doctorate of Nursing Practice Project will be to establish an evidenced based colorectal cancer
screening and surveillance initiative to help improve CRC rates.
Identify the problem CRC screening rates have been improving since Healthy People 2010, however
the rates in North Dakota are still significantly lower than the goal proposed by Healthy People
2020. The ACS (2014a) has released a document revealing the most recent facts and figures
regarding CRC screening rates, diagnoses, risk factors, and treatment in the United States. These
data are most recent as of 2012. CRC screening prevalence in North Dakota (ND) for those age 50
years and older was 57.9%, ranking ND in the lower tertile bracket of states in the U.S., and below
the national average (CDC, 2013). This rate, with Washington D.C. included, ranked ND at 42 out
of 51 states. Healthy People 2020 (2016) hopes to increase the national CRC screening rate to
greater than 70% for all people age 50 years and older by the year 2020. There has been an
identified need at NCHC, a federally qualified community health center, located in North Dakota, to
improve CRC screening rates and surveillance within its healthcare system. Based on results from
quality measure
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Colorectal Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the body uncontrollably replicate forming a malignant tumor
that invades nearby tissues. It has the capability to affect any part of the body and spread to tissues
throughout the body. There are many different types of cancers including rectal cancer, colon cancer,
breast cancer, lung cancer, and skin cancer. Rectal cancer is a disease in which cancer cells develop
and form in the tissues of the rectum. Rectal cancer is typically classified with colon cancer where
they are collectively called colorectal cancer. According to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer–related deaths in the United
States and the third most common cancer in men and in women (CDC, 2014). Colorectal cancer is
the third most commonly cancer diagnosed in men and second in females worldwide (Jemal, 2011).
Certain ethnicities such as blacks have an increased chance of having colorectal cancer compared to
whites and other races. Colorectal cancer also has a higher incidence in men versus in women. It has
been noted that about 90 percent of colorectal cancers are diagnosed in patients who are at the age of
50 and older. Two–thirds of these patients that were diagnosed were older than 65 years old.
(Haggstrom, 2013). Some of the risk factors of colorectal cancer include environmental factors and
genetic component, high fat, low–fiber diet, diet high in red meats, family history of colorectal
cancer, male

Mechanical Bowel Preparation Research
Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) became the standard of care for elective colorectal surgery
once its association with decreased anastomotic dehiscence, surgical site infections (SSI)1, and
overall reduced morbidity and mortality emerged2. Originally, the guidelines and recommendations
for MBP were based on expert opinion and theory rather than randomized controlled trials (RCTs).3
When researchers began testing the theory in large randomized controlled studies, the results
challenged the benefits of MBP. A substantial amount of literature found the practice to either found
no effects, or found negative post–operative effects.3–5 Although current research has casted doubt
on the efficacy of MBP, making its use controversial, most surgeons ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Oliveira L, Wexner SD, Daniel N, et al. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal
surgery. A prospective, randomized, surgeon–blinded trial comparing sodium phosphate and
polyethylene glycol–based oral lavage solutions. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40(5):585–591.
11. Cao F, Li J, Li F. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery: updated
systematic review and meta–analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012;27(6):803–810.
12. Zhu QD, Zhang QY, Zeng QQ, Yu ZP, Tao CL, Yang WJ. Efficacy of mechanical bowel
preparation with polyethylene glycol in prevention of postoperative complications in elective
colorectal surgery: a meta–analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2010;25(2):267–275.
13. Morris MS, Graham LA, Chu DI, Cannon JA, Hawn MT. Oral Antibiotic Bowel Preparation
Significantly Reduces Surgical Site Infection Rates and Readmission Rates in Elective Colorectal
Surgery. Ann Surg. 2015;261(6):1034–1040.
14. Toneva GD, Deierhoi RJ, Morris M, et al. Oral antibiotic bowel preparation reduces length of
stay and readmissions after colorectal surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2013;216(4):756–762; discussion

Bowel Cancer Issues
A current health issue which I encountered in my placement was bowel cancer. This essay will
provide an overview of the research process, explanation of the client and their health issue and
relate the care that the client received to two of the Nursing Council of New Zealand's
Competencies, within domain two (NCNZ, 2012b, p.14).
To locate my resources for this essay I used the EBSCOhost database and the Nursing Reference
Center, both of which were accessed through the WINTEC website. From there I refined my search
by full text articles and articles between 2012 and 2017. This created a narrower search window for
my research. I entered search words such as: 'bowel cancer', 'bowel cancer screening', 'bowel cancer
treatment' and 'bowel cancer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the FIT comes back positive the client is then offered further diagnostic testing, which is usually a
colonoscopy (MOH, 2017). The FIT is particularly important for the detection of colorectal cancer
as 80% of patients with this test positive ("Fecal occult blood tests", 2016). A colonoscopy involves
a doctor inserting a flexible scope into the anus, to visualise the interior walls of the rectum and
colon ("Colonoscopy, assisting", 2016). During the colonoscopy, the doctor is able to remove any
polyps in the colonic or rectal wall and/or take samples as required ("Colonoscopy, assisting", 2016;
MOH, 2017). Any samples that are taken are sent to the laboratory where a diagnosis can be made,
usually within a period of two weeks (Davis at al., 2016, p.305).
Boswell, Cannon and Miller (2013) describe holistic nursing care as care which encompasses the
whole person: the physical, spiritual, family and mental health (p.303). In practice, I found it useful
to integrate the Te Whare Tapa Wha health model. Although this model was more specifically
created for Maori clients I discovered that it can be incorporated into the care for everyone. The Te
Whare Tapa Wha model involves caring for the whole patient, tending to all aspects of their health;
suggesting

Literature Review On Colorectal Cancer
Literature Review Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United
States.4 According to the American Cancer Society, it starts with a growth of adenomatous polps on
the inner lining of the colon or rectums and the growth happens over the course of several years to
become cancer.5 Genetic factors that increase the risk for colorectal cancer are well established such
as family history, ethnicity, and age. Pt is an African American female, and the incidence of
colorectal cancer for African Americans remains higher than for other ethnic and racial groups.4
Another risk factor is increasing in age, especially in the sixth and seventh decades, and Pt is 71
years old. However, there is a major debate regarding if there is evidence that specific nutrients play
a role in the risk of colorectal cancer. The American Institute for Cancer Research found that red
meat, processed meat alcoholic drinks, body fatness, and abdominal fatness, and adult attained
height were associated with an increased risk.4 It has also been found that calcium, dietary fiber,
garlic, vitamin D, lycopene, and folic acid are associated with a decreased risk.4 Physical
observations that can be seen with patients with colorectal cancer are presence of muscle wasting,
stoma, dehydration, and ascites or other areas with edema. Nutritional impact symptoms for the
disease is unintentional weight loss, anemia, anorexia, early satiety, and alterations in bowel
function that may affect

Colorectal Cancer Increasing Risk Factors
To start, one already has an increased chance of getting cancer if one already has a history of
colorectal, ovarian, endometrial, or breast cancer. Thus, due to her family's history of getting
colorectal cancer, Ms. Wilson should have already been more wary of colorectal cancer. Although
her race is not mentioned, the following races have highest occurring colon cancer rates from
highest to lowest: Black, White, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan natives, and then
Hispanic. With the specificity of sex, women are less likely than men to contract colorectal cancer,
but do so at roughly the same incidence. In addition, being 61 years old gave her a 0.92% chance of
developing colorectal cancer after 10 years, 2.37% after 20 years, and 3.76 after 30 years [5]. In
regards to environmental factors, colon cancer shares many similarities with other forms of cancer.
For example, some environmental factors for colorectal cancer are diet, tobacco, and lack of
exercise.
In addition, there are several polyposis disorders, colorectal cancers that are passed on via errors or
mutations within the genetic code, that can also contribute to the development of colorectal cancer.
Examples of polyposis disorders are familial adenomatous polyposis, turcot syndrome, attenuated
familial adenomatous polyposis, and hyperplastic polyposis syndrome. On the other hand, non–
polyposis disorders, or inherited colorectal cancers that affects organs such as the reproductive tract,
digestive

Colorectal Cancer : Disease Risk Factor Research Paper Essay
Nora Darko
Colorectal Cancer
Disease Risk Factor Research Paper HLTH 435
Chronic diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent in the United States and around the world.
Although preventable, chronic diseases can last anywhere from 3 months to a life time. Cancer is a
chronic disease that is termed epidemic because the number of cases has increased highly over the
years. Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer is one of the many cancers and it accounts for
over 9% of all cancer incidents. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), colorectal
cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. (Center for Disease Control, 2016).
This paper will discuss colorectal cancer and its symptoms and causes. It will also touch upon the
morbidity and mortality rate, treatment, prevention strategies and future improvements for the
treatment and prevention of this chronic disease.
According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), colorectal cancer is the third most common
cancer diagnosis among men and women in the United States. The risk of getting colorectal cancer
increases as one gets older. More than 90% of cases occur in people who are 50 years old or older.
The American cancer society has estimated that there will be a total of 134,490 cases and 49,190
death of colorectal cancer in 2016 (American Cancer Society, 2016). Colorectal cancer is a chronic
disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the colon or rectum. It

Acute Diverticulitis: A Case Study
Acute Diverticulitis
Introduction
Acute diverticulitis is the third most common cause of gastrointestinal–related hospitalizations in the
United States with an estimated annual healthcare cost that exceeds two billion dollar (Stollman et
al., 2015). Acute diverticulitis is the inflammation or infection of diverticulosis, which is a condition
wherein a sac–like pocket develops in the colonic wall. The probability of developing acute
diverticulitis from diverticulosis is four percent and 15% to 30% of patients will experience
recurrence (Strate, Peery, & Neurmann, 2015).
The primary risk factors for acute diverticulitis are advanced age, smoking, lack of physical activity,
and obesity. (Van Buren & Fisher, 2017, p. 194). More than 60% of cases ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A variety of diseases could be considered in patients who present with LLQ pain. These include
colorectal cancer, urinary tract infection, urinary calculus, bowel obstruction, irritable bowel
syndrome, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemic bowel, gastroenteritis, and
gynecologic disorders (Feingold et al., 2014, p. 285).
The main focus here is acute diverticulitis. Its clinical presentation depends on the severity of the
inflammation or the presence of infection. The most common signs and symptoms are pain in the
LLQ of the abdomen, fever, and leukocytosis (Strate et al., 2015). Other signs and symptoms
include nausea, vomiting, constipation or loose stool, palpable mass, and stool occult blood
(McQuaid, 2017).
Mr. B is most likely suffering from acute diverticulitis based on his clinical presentation and workup
findings. The laboratory results showed leukocytosis, hypokalemia, kidney injury, anemia, and
borderline low platelet count. He also has fever and loose stool. These tests are a good start, since
the patient's past medical history is not particularly suggestive of any gastrointestinal disease, but for
a definite diagnosis and to rule out complicated diverticulosis, additional tests are

Obesity : Childhood And Adolescence And Colorectal Cancer
Obesity in Childhood/Adolescence & Colorectal Cancer
Not only have the links between obesity in adulthood and CRC been investigated, but recent studies
have also discovered an association between overweight & obesity during childhood/adolescence
and an increased risk of CRC in later life.
Research conducted by Levi et al. (2011) in a prospective cohort study on Jewish Israeli males aged
between 16 & 19 years concluded that adolescents with a BMI classified as OW/OB had a 53%
increased risk of developing colon cancer with HR of 1.53; 95% CI, 1.17–2.0 (statistically
significant result). However, it was shown that those adolescents with increased BMI had no
increased risk of developing rectal cancer with HR of 1.09; 95% CI, 0.68–1.73 (statistically
insignificant).
In this large cohort study of 1,109,864 males, 12.5% of the population had a baseline BMI of greater
or equal to the 85th percentile. Follow–up examinations took place when the individuals were of at
least 40 years of age. This follow–up examination revealed that 561 cases of CRC were detected
with 390 located in the colon and 171 rectal cancer cases. Excess risk of CRC linked to an
adolescent BMI of greater or equal to 25kg/m2 had a greater association with nonmucinous colon
cancer (HR 1.68; 95% CI, 1.26–2.23) but not mucinous cancer (HR 0.94; 95% CI, 0.47–1.86). This
study categorised BMI into 5 quintiles. The association between excessive BMI and increased risk
of colon cancer was restricted to the Q5 BMI

Fatty Acid Composition Of Adipose Tissue And Colorectal...
Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and colorectal cancer: a case–control study
Colorectal cancer is considered as the third most common cancers worldwide that usually leads to
the death of the patient. Studies have proved that lifestyle factors great influence the development
and spread of cancer. Modifying the lifestyle can reduce the risk of getting colorectal cancer by
70%. It is noted that more consumption of red and processed meat increase the risk of developing
colorectal cancer. However, high intake of dietary fibers decreases it. On the contrary epidemiologic
studies that connect the fat intake with colorectal cancer are varying and unreliable. The
concentrations of fatty acids in human serum and in the membranes of red blood cells depict the
intake of previous days or weeks. Conversely, the fatty acid concentration in the adipose tissue truly
show the habitual dietary intake in the previous two to three years. Hence, various studies that aim
to explore the correlation between the concentration of fatty acids and cancer risk use adipose tissue
in this request.
The case study discussed in this paper is conducted in Five University hospitals located in
Northeastern France (Cottet and others 2015). Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were acquired
from the surgery departments through surgeons. The samples belonged to the patients who were
admitted for elective abdominal surgery. These patients were recently diagnosed of primary
colorectal cancer.
Patients

Colorectal Cancer : The Third Most Common Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world, with nearly 1.4 million new
cases diagnosed in 2012. Almost 55% of the cases occur in more developed regions. About 95% of
those diagnosed are adenocarcinomas, malignant tumors that form from glandular structures of the
epithelial tissues, and mortality is primarily due to hepatic metastasis. It is predicted that by 2035,
there will be 2.4 million cases of colorectal cancer diagnosed annually worldwide.
http://www.wcrf.org/int/cancer–facts–figures/data–specific–cancers/colorectal–cancer–statistics
No major breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of metastatic CRC , many new therapies
failing to improve 5–year survival rates. Conventional chemotherapy efficiently targets tumor bulk,
however, a small subpopulation of cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), contribute to resistance
to therapy, tumor regrowth and relapse. These CSCs have been shown to be responsible for the
initiation and maintenance of tumors, as well as chemotherapeutic resistance and cancer recurrence.
Accordingly, targeting this group of cells has become a major key to improve the treatment of CRC.
Salinomycin is a polyether antibiotic used in chicken fodder as an antiprotozoal agent that acts upon
Coccidia parasites. Salinomycin induces cell death in various solid tumors, such as prostate cancer,
via downregulation of Skp2, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane
depolarization. Salinomycin has also

Colorectal Cancer : An End Stage Disease
The availability of the peritoneal disease in relation to colorectal cancer has a poor prognosis;
therefore, traditional treatment such as systemic chemotherapy is usually associated with less
survival rate. Currently, several innovative individuals globally are seeking to utilise more rapid and
thorough strategies for the management of colorectal cancer. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) is one of
the most popularised methods of managing the disease in some selected patients. Peritoneal
carcinomatosis has been established as one of the major causes of treatment failure among patients
with colorectal cancer. Even though it is considered fatal, scientist have postulated that a localised
peritoneal carcinomatosis without any other metastases can be considered as a regional disease
metastasis and should be pliable to local–regional therapy.8 Despite the fact that curative liver
resection for colorectal cancer is well established with a survival rate of 5 years, peritoneal cancer
has been considered as an end stage disease. The notion that some individuals who have peritoneal
carcinomatosis possess a regional disease rather than a metastatic malignancy has led to the
development of multiple complex surgeries that can result in a macroscopic excision of the cancer
completely (cytoreduction), which is combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy to
manage some of the microscopic diseases.15
Several scholars have advocated for the combination of surgical approaches since it

Colon Or Colorectal Cancer
Colon or colorectal cancer emerges when a malignant tumor arises on the inner walls of the large
intestine or rectum. It is the third most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer deaths in
over 50,000 patients. Colorectal cancer does not discriminate amongst race or gender, however it is
most commonly found in individuals over the age of fifty, generally not in younger cases (What is
Colon Cancer). It evolves in the tissues of the colon which is found in the lower portion of the
gastrointestinal tract. The colon is an essential organ which absorbs nutrients and water and stores
the rest as waste (Colorectal Cancer information). However when the DNA of healthy cells has any
sort of malfunction or is damaged, the cells continue to divide ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Theres are five stages of colon cancer beginning at stage 0. Stages 0 and 1 indicate the tumor has not
grown out of the inner lining of the colon wall, therefore the polyps can be removed by a
colonoscope. As long as all the cancerous cells are removed completely, no additional treatment is
necessary and the cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes. In stage 2, the cancerous cells have
grown through the wall of the colon, possibly to healthy tissue nearby however they have not spread
to the lymph nodes. Once an individual has reached stage two, there is a higher risk that a margin of
cancerous cells was left behind, and the cancer has blocked the colon off. In stages 3 and 4, more
aggressive treatments are necessary in order to rid not only the colon but also the metastases at
which the cancer has spread. In stage 3, a partial colectomy is necessary to surgically remove part of
the diseased colon as well as any infected area. Chemotherapy may also be required to make sure
that all of the cancerous tissue has been removed from the abdominal lining and vital organs like the
lungs or liver. Doctors may also use radiation to further target cells left behind that surgery was
unable to extract. At stage 4, the cancer has spread far from the colon to other tissues and organs
which makes it a lot more challenging to remove with surgery. Chemo is often given before surgery
as to hopefully reduce the size of tumors so they may be taken out surgically later on. At this stage
of colon cancer, the goal is to elongate the person's life and relieve symptoms rather than rid them of
cancer because it is very unlikely chemotherapy and radiation will be enough to demolish all of the
cancerous tissues (Treatment of Colon

Colorectal Cancer
a malignant growth or tumor resulting from the division of abnormal cells.
The cell cycle, the process by which cells progress and divide, lies at the heart of cancer. In normal
cells, the cell cycle is controlled by a complex series of signaling pathways by which a cell grows,
replicates its DNA and divides.
Some cancers can be caused by infections with pathogens. Notable among these include liver
cancers due to Hepatitis B and C infections; cervical cancer due to infections with Human Papilloma
virus (HPV); Epstein Barr virus causing Burkitt's lymphoma and gastric or stomach cancer due to
Helicobacter pylori infection. the most recent year for which we have statistics available, 157,423
people–– 86,689 men and 70,734 women –– died from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is estimated that 26,120 deaths from this disease will occur this year.
about 26,370 cases of stomach cancer will be diagnosed (16,480 in men and 9,890 in women) About
10,730 people will die from this type of cancer (6,540 men and 4,190 women)
Body paragraph 1
Cancer that forms in tissues of the uterus (the small, hollow, pear–shaped organ in a woman's pelvis
in which a fetus develops). Two types of uterine cancer are endometrial cancer (cancer that begins in
cells lining the uterus) and uterine sarcoma (a rare cancer that begins in muscle or other tissues in
the uterus).
A Pap test, often done with a pelvic examination, is primarily done to evaluate for cervical cancer.
However, sometimes a Pap test may occasionally find abnormal glandular cells, which are caused
by uterine cancer. Transvaginal ultrasound. An ultrasound uses sound waves to create a picture of
internal organs.
3. Pelvic examination. The doctor feels the uterus, vagina, ovaries, and rectum to check for any
unusual findings. Apap test , often done with a pelvic examination, is primarily done to evaluate for
cervical cancer. However, sometimes a Pap test may occasionally find abnormal glandular cells,
which are caused by uterine

Cancer: The Most Common Cause Of Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer affects colon and rectum. Also it occurs in the large intestine. When the cancer is
in the last six inches of the rectum, it is known as a rectal cancer. Additionally, colon is in the lower
part of the digestive system that processes food and rides the body of waste. Simultaneously, these
are referred to as colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common disease in our
society that kills men and women. It is ranked the third most common cause of death among the
African American men and women in the United States of America. In addition, colorectal cancer is
caused by ulcerative colitis, certain types of diets such as diets that are high in red meat, obesity,
smoking, alcohol abuse, and poor exercise. Also, colorectal

Colorectal Cancer Synthesis Essay
Screening for colorectal cancer is important for your health. There's a recommendation that people
over 50, particularly those with colon disease in their family history get screened however some
people just don't bother whilst others seem to test way too often. It is important to know when and
why to test.
Colorectal cancer is becoming an increasingly greater threat of death from cancer but if caught early
the survival rate increases about 90% so screening is very important as a diagnostic tool.
Colonoscopies are invasive procedures even though the risks are small. There can be bleeding,
bowel perforations or other complications especially if you are older however the advantage is that
during a colonoscopy the doctor can take a biopsy (a piece of tissue to look at in the lab), remove
precancerous polyps if they are there before they grow and spread. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A tube is used about the thickness of a finger and this tube is flexible. Through this tube the doctor
can examine the lining of the bowel much better than from an x–ray.
Polyps are small growths on the lining of the bowel. They don't need to be cancerous. Removal of
them is called a polypectomy and is done by putting a wire through the instrument and severing the
polyp at the base with a small, painless electric current. If these are removed early enough they don't
become cancerous so this procedure is a way of protecting against colon cancer. Usually after a
couple of days patients can begin to follow a normal routine.
Some doctors recommend that it is wise to repeat colonoscopies every five years in patients with
previous exposure to cancer whilst others feel the test is needed more frequently. Knowing when to
test becomes a difficult decision which needs to be made by a

Colorectal Cancer Research Paper
There are many preventable diseases in existence; however, for one reason or another, the
population is not taking advantage of the preventable measures to prevent these deadly diseases. For
instance, colorectal cancer which is a preventable disease that has been recognized as a major health
problem for people over 50 years of age. Colorectal cancer does not discriminate between race color
or sex. It affects everyone, but not everyone is dying from the disease. Healthcare leaders need to be
more involve in the prevention or early treatment of colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is
foreseeable; moreover, it has been proven that early screening is an opportunity to save lives by
preventing or catching the disease on time.
1. A description of the public health leadership problem and why it is a problem. Colorectal cancer
is defined as a cancer of the large intestine of the colon that spread to the lower part of the digestive
system (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). There is an opportunity to save lives from this deadly disease; therefore,
why is there millions of people dying from it? Well, the answer is simple, Healthcare leaders are not
doing enough to help the population understand the importance of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These factors are also classified by Healthy People 2020 as complex factors, and "The most obvious
factors are associated with a lack of health care coverage and low socioeconomic status (SES)"
(Healthy People 2020, n.d.). Healthy people, 2020 aim is to reduce the number of all cancer cases in
the United States. Better yet, Healthy people, 2020 would specifically like to reduce stage IV breast,
cervical, and colorectal cancer due to their devastating prognosis (Healthy People 2020,

Colorectal Cancer : The Third Most Common Cancer Among Men...
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among men and women in the United States, and
mutations in the MUTYH gene significantly increase the risk of developing polyps that may evolve
into cancer.1,2 Biallelic mutations in the MUTYH gene can lead to MYH–Associated Polyposis
(MAP), which causes the growth of dozens to hundreds of polyps, furthering increasing the risk for
colon cancer.2 Meanwhile, recent studies have shown that both biallelic and monoallelic mutations
can contribute to bladder, ovarian, gastric, hepatobiliary, endometrial, and breast cancer.3 The
MUTYH gene itself codes for the MYH glycosylase enzyme, which repairs mistakes in DNA
caused by reactive oxygen species.3,4 Also a sign of oxidative stress, the oxidation product, 8–oxo–
7,8–dihydro–2–deoxyguanosine (OG), mimics thymine, eventually matching with adenine and
resulting in a complete loss of the cytosine–guanine pair.4 MUTYH removes the undamaged A base
from the mismatched pair, aiding in the correction of such damage.4 However, when MUTYH is
mutated, there is an increase in G to T mutations, which can eventually affect the tumor suppressor
genes APC and K–ras and lead to tumor formation.4 The MUTYH variants Y165C and G382D are
the most common mutations seen in individuals with MAP, and for this reason are of great interest
in research working towards reducing the risk of colorectal cancer.2,4 In recent years, the
CRISPR/Cas system for gene editing has become the preferred method for

The Long Term Effects Of Colorectal Cancer
A cancer diagnosis can bring most people to tears because it is thought of as an early death sentence.
Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer, inflicting over 1 million people every
year and accounting for more than 600,000 deaths worldwide.1, 5 Patients with colorectal cancer
concomitantly present with anemia.1, 2 In addition to the blood loss expected during surgery,
anemic patients undergoing surgical resection of colorectal cancer are at increased need for
perioperative blood transfusion.2 In the early 1980s, researchers began to question the long–term
effects of perioperative blood transfusions administered to patients with cancer.3 A year later the
first clinical study was conducted and showed untoward effects on cancer recurrence. Since then
many studies have shown an increased morbidity and mortality and higher recurrence rate of cancer
due to immunomodulation.3, 4, 5 Presented here is a case report of a patient recently diagnosed with
colorectal cancer and right and left lobe liver masses. Case Report A 53–year old female (height:
157 cm, weight: 65 kg) with NKDA underwent a colonoscopy screening that revealed a mass in the
right colon. Biopsies indicated high–grade adenocarcinoma. Staging CT scans indicated a IIIB,
T3N1cM0 malignant tumor and also showed two resectable liver lesions, on right and left lobes.
Medical history included asthma, diverticulosis, depression and anxiety. She also had a rectal
adenoma removed during a colonoscopy in

Colorectal Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer, is a disease in which cancer cells form in the colon,
which is the upper five to six feet of the large bowel, or large intestine. Hereditary factors play a role
in colorectal cancer risk, but it can also be caused by outside factors. "Excluding skin cancer, it is
the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States" (American
Cancer Society). Colorectal cancer has been known since ancient times, and it is becoming less fatal
as research becomes more advanced. Great efforts have been put forth for investigation. Some
studies have been performed on organisms such as yeast and bacteria, such as one in 1993,
conducted by Dr. Bert Vogelstein, MD, led to the discovery of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
FAP is caused by mutations on the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene, a tumor suppressor gene
on chromosome 5 that occurs in an autosomal dominant pattern. The ACP gene controls cell growth,
so a mutation on that gene develops polyps in the colon that when left untreated, will develop into
colon cancer and can only be prevented by removing the colon. FAP is very rare, associated with
less than 1 percent of colon cancers . Familial adenomatous polyposis can also be a result of
mutations on the MUTYH gene (U.S. Library of Medicine 2013). Then, it is inherited in an
autosomal recessive pattern, where both copies of the gene in each cell are mutated. Both parents
may carry a single copy of the gene without showing symptoms. HNPCC, or Lynch syndrome, is a
result of mutations in the genes that repair DNA. Lynch syndrome is inherited in an autosomal
dominant pattern, so a single copy of the mutation will increase cancer risk. Most cases of Lynch
Syndrome are caused by mutations in two genes, MLH1 and MSH2. Both FAP and HNPCC have a
50% chance of offspring inheritance, and are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. A mutated,
inherited gene that is related to HNPCC causes an 80% chance of developing colorectal cancer (U.S.
Library of Medicine 2013). So even when an HNPCC–related gene is inherited, there is not a
definite future of colon cancer.

Physiological Selection Bias Of Colorectal Cancer
Liquid Biopsies in colorectal cancer patients can elucidate mechanisms of clonal evolution and
resistance to EGFR blockade
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) evolves through clonal evolution and genetic diversification. The clonal
evolution model states that cancer cells develop from normal cells that accumulate a series of
mutations which give them growth advantage under selective pressure. Genotyping of colorectal
cancer has limitations; tissue samples only provide a single snapshot in time which prevents
monitoring of tumour progression and there is spatial selection bias due to tissue heterogeneity.
Tissue heterogeneity, which can be characterised as distinct morphological and phenotypic profiles
between tumour cells, leads to differences in genomic profiles of primary tumours and metastases.
This means CRC patients need to be evaluated regularly for an effective treatment strategy. Liquid
biopsies are a cheaper, less painful and safer option to monitor responses to treatment and help
explain why some cancers are resistant to therapies. They utilize analysis of small pieces of DNA in
the bloodstream from dying tumour cells called circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA). The ctDNA can
be analysed for somatic mutations and compared with known genomic alterations associated with
cancer. Figure 1: Shows the binding of a ligand (EGF) to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
(EGFR), resulting in autophosphorylation of the receptor and activation of signal transduction
cascades. In cancer cells,

Stage IV Colorectal Cancer: A Case Study
The conventional treatment for a stage IV colorectal cancer would be a palliative surgery to resect
the primary tumour but this poses high risk of mortality and morbidity when distant metastases are
present. In addition, since the patient has experienced significant weight loss and their condition is
declining they are not stable enough for surgery (Van der Pool et al., 2012). Surgery is also best
suited for tumours located in the left colon rather than the right colon, which is not the case for the
discussed patient (Van der Pool et al., 2012). Not being eligible for palliative primary tumour
resection is not a huge concern as the patient is not experiencing obstruction, perforation, or
bleeding (Van der Pool et al., 2012). In fact, studies

Cell And Breast Cancers And Colorectal Cancer
An antimetabolite, 5FU is a pyrimidine analog that irreversibly inhibits TS. Thymidine is a
nucleoside and a major component of the DNA and is hence required by cells for proliferation.
Deoxyuridine monophostate (dUMP) upon methylation by TS generates thymidine monophostate
(dTMP). 5FU interrupts the activity of TS and creates a shortage in the levels of dTMP. Thus the
rapidly proliferating cells undergo death due to lack of thymidine nucleoside. The drug has
successful applications in colorectal and breast cancers and is used in various combination therapies
with methotrexate (Maddur et al., 2009). The concentration used for the experiments is 10 µM
Oxaliplatin is an antineoplastic platinum drug. Platinum drugs target DNA synthesis by ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
215 cells have high proliferating rates as compared to 253 cells. To generate metformin resistant
cells, 215 and 253 were cultured 4–8 weeks in the presence of 3mM of metformin. Cells were
considered resistant after 3 serial passages in vitro.
For the generation and enrichment of cancer stem cells, PDAC cells at 106 cells/ml concentration
were grown in a serum free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM–F12) complemented
with B–27 and FGF. The cells were seeded in ultra–low attachment flasks. This aids in the
development and the expansion of the PDAC spheres (cancer stem cells). Metformin was added (at
1:1000 dilution) in case of culturing metformin resistant spheres. All the cells were contained in a
T–75 flask and incubated at 37°C.
The regular cancer cells were seeded at 106 cells/ml concentration in RPMI containing 10% (v/v)
FBS. The cells were cultured in regular attachment T–75 flasks. Metformin at 1:1000 dilutions was
added in case of culturing metformin resistant PDAC cells.
After incubating for 7 days, spheres increase in size and range from 40–120 µm. For serial
passaging, spheres were harvested using 40 µm cell strainers (filters), trypsinised to dissociate into
single cells and then grown again for 4 days in the same conditions.
Growth media was aspirated and the flask was washed with PBS. The cells were trypsinised and
kept in an incubator at 37°C until the cells

Colorectal Cancer Essay
The stage of colorectal cancer describing where the cancer is located in the body. It likewise helps
the specialist to decide how genuine the growth is and how best treat it. [1] The phase of a colorectal
tumor depends on the consequences of biopsies, physical exams, and imaging tests (CT, X–ray
examine, x–beams or PET output), which are depicted in Tests for Colorectal Growth and the
aftereffects of surgery. Colorectal cancer has five stages such as stage 0, stage I, stage II, stage III,
and stage IV.
The first phase is 0 and I. In stage 0, [1] Otherwise called intramucosal carcinoma in situ. stage 0, is
the closer stage of colorectal cancer. The cancer cell in this stage did not grow outside the inner
layer of the rectum or colon.[2] The treatment of stage 0 of colorectal cancer is surgery. stage I,
Cancer disease has become through the mucosa and into the submucosa. It has not spread to lymph
hubs or close–by tissue. [2] Also, it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In stage II, [3] The tumor has spread to 1 to 3 the lymph hubs and encompassing organs of the
colon, however, has not spread to different parts of the body. Stage III, cancer spreads to distant
parts of the body, such as the liver or lungs.[1] Treatment in this phase is surgery, but your doctor
may recommend adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery if your cancer has a higher risk of recurring.
The final Phase Is the most advanced stage of colorectal cancer. If the doctor has been diagnosed
with colorectal cancer stage IV or last, it means that cancer spread to distant sites of the body, such
as the liver or lungs. Cancer can grow through the wall of the colon and rectum or not, and the
lymph nodes can be affected or not. Treatment at this stage depends heavily on chemotherapy and
surgery may be used in some cases. For advanced cancers, radiotherapy can likewise be used to help
ease side effects, for example, pain. but it is difficult to lead to a

Causes Of Colorectal Cancer
Discussion
Colorectal cancer is still a critical issue and threatening society's health (36,37). Tumors have
developed different mechanisms for deceiving, counteracting, and onslaught the immune defense
(38). Tumor cells secret different soluble factors, cytokines, chemokines (16,38,39), and exosomes
(40) that recruit different heterogeneous supporting inflammatory cells such as B–cells, T–cells,
mast cells, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, mononuclear cells (MNCs), macrophages and MDSCs in the
TME. The TME infiltrate with the recruited different cells by secreted factors from tumors (39,41).
These recruited cells secrets various soluble factors, such as tumor–promoting, inhibitory,
inflammatory (e.g., IL–6, IL–12b, TNF–α, IFN–ɣ), ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5, 6). These enhancement and decline in secreted cytokines level are probably are due to the
autocrine and paracrine impact of secreted soluble factors, exosomes, and cytokines releasing from
tumour cells. Secreted factors from tumor cells recruited monocytes from peripheral blood toward
TME. Hence, the level of secreted inflammatory cytokines related with inflammatory monocytes
and M1 macrophages increased (Table. II). Whereas, the level of secreted anti–inflammatory
cytokines related with anti–inflammatory monocytes and M2 macrophages decreased (Table. II).
This study, with consideration of inflammatory and anti–inflammatory genes associated with
inflammatory and anti–inflammatory monocytes, indicated that mononuclear cells were
differentiated towards inflammatory monocytes. Hence, we hypothesized that colorectal cancer
conditioned media (HT–29, and Caco–2) have an impact on the differentiation of monocytes
isolated from PBMCs towards inflammatory phenotype. Additionally, inflammatory monocytes
secreted more inflammatory cytokines.
Moreover, inflammatory and anti–inflammatory monocytes and M1/M2 macrophages ratio were
increased through increasing inflammatory cytokines panel. Suggesting that M1/M2 ratio was
higher in CRC and infiltrating inflammatory monocytes and M1 macrophages might be dominating
and correlated with good

The Advanced Practice Nurse Is On The Front Lines Of Care
The advanced practice nurse is on the front lines of care being received or falling short within their
community. By having direct asses to the success and failures of health care in the community, the
advanced practice nurse (APN) can be the voice of patient to the officials having an impact on
health care accessibility. The purpose of this paper is to address a current problem by evaluating
multiple influencing factors and investigate a policy capable of changing and providing a more
positive outcome.
Problem Identification
Men and women serve in the United States armed forces in hopes of receiving the promise of a
dependable income and reliable benefits. The primary influence for those joining the armed forces is
tuition reimbursement followed by health care benefits (Clever, & Segal, 2013). The majority of
enlisted military only serve for seven years and often work in minimum wage jobs without health
insurance after departing from the military. Before the implementation of the Affordable Care Act,
veterans could only utilize veteran hospitals and outpatient clinics for military related health
problems (United States Department of Veterans Affairs, 2016). Once the Affordable Care Act was
initiated, all veterans could utilize veteran medical services for any of their health care needs. The
problem needing to be addressed is the number of veteran facilities available to provide treatment
for the vast amount of veterans now qualified for medical services.
Background
Social

Essay On Colorectal Cancer
Omega–3 PUFAs and the colorectal cancer: a review of the similar and different effect of EPA and
DHA
Abstract
Introduction
In the United States, colorectal cancer is the third in cancer–related deaths among both men and
women. 28 In 2017 the estimated of newly diagnosed individuals is 135,430 cases and 50,260
deaths from CRC. More than half of new cases occur in people aged 65 years or older. 45% of men
and 39% of women are younger than age 65 years at diagnosis. Alaska Natives and blacks are
highest in CRC incidence rates while Asian/Pacific Islanders are the lowest. 27
CRC is a multifactorial disease. Food, environmental factors, life style and genetic factors are the
most studied factors associated with incidence and mortality ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Review published preclinical and clinical studies that support anti–colorectal cancer activity of EPA
and DHA and their lipid metabolites to assess whether there are any different effects between them
in CRC.
Dietary sources and Metabolism of ω–6 and ω–3 PUFAs
Fatty acids are carbon chains with a methyl group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other.
Which is either saturated (contain only carbon–carbon single bonds) or unsaturated fatty acid
(contain one or more carbon–carbon double bonds). (1) The DHA and EPA are synthesized from the
n–3 precursor a–linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3), whereas long chain n–6 PUFA such as arachidonic acid
(ARA) are synthesized from linoleic acid (LA; 18:2). The ALA and LA are essential to the human
diet (both found in vegetable oils) because neither is synthesized endogenously by humans, and the
n–3/n–6 families cannot be interconverted. (25) Humans can easily metabolize linoleic acid to form
the ω–6 PUFA arachidonic acid (ARA). However, due to low efficiency of conversion of α–linolenic
acid to ω–3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), it is
recommended to obtain EPA and DHA from additional sources (oily fish, krill oil, algae oil). 24
The most important pathways of PUFAs metabolism include cyclooxygenases (COXs),
lipooxygenases (LOXs), and cytochrome P450 (CYP). Cyclooxygenases (COXs)pathways convert
ARA and EPA into respective prostaglandin H2(PGH2) and prostaglandin H3 (PGH3).

Colorectal Cancer : The Third Most Common Type Of Cancer
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the third most common type of cancer in women.
Furthermore, it is the fourth most dominant kind of cancer in men recorded all over the world.
Consequently, CRC accounts for over a million new cases and more than half a million deaths every
year. Colonoscopy allows early discovery and removal of precancerous lesions and may, therefore,
effectively prevent or reduce the risk of Colorectal cancer. Although studies under hugely
standardized conditions have shown that colonoscopy is linked with a 76% to 90% risk reduction of
colorectal cancer in individuals with colorectal polyps, its effectiveness in preventing this type of
cancer, especially in the community environment, is not clear. The aim ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Biases
The main bias noted in the research investigation was the selection of the respondents, which had
limitations and restrictions on age, sex, and previous colonoscopy results. Essentially, such
considerations ended up biasing the research investigation.
Confounding
The study had a higher possibility of a residual confounding bias because the measure of association
between the use of previous colonoscopy results was bound to be mixed up other factors under
investigation that could not give an opportunity for getting the most accurate results. In this study,
the conclusions indicated that risk reduction of colorectal cancer was observed for both the right–
sided and left–sided colon cancer.
Methods
Study Design, Sample, and Population. The study employed a case–control and population–based
design that was carried out in the Rhine–Neckar region in the southwestern part of Germany that has
a population of more than two million individuals. Initially, the study required eligible patients aged
30 years or older, had experienced their first diagnosis of invasive primary colorectal cancer, were
able to communicate in German, and were mentally and physically capable to participate in the
study. The report of the study was based on an enormous number of control patients (n _ 1945) and
case patients (n _ 2399) who were recruited from January 2003 to December 2007. Furthermore, a
total of 22

Most Commonly Diagnosed Cancer: Colorectal Essay
Colorectal cancer (Colon cancer) is a referred as the disease in which cancer cells form in the tissues
of the colon or the rectum. The actions undertaken to curb the probability of suffering from cancer
can be termed as the prevention strategies. In regards to the findings in this study, Colorectal
Colorectal cancer was the most commonly diagonosed cancer(14.4%) for Korean American(KA)
men and the second most commonly diagonised cancer (12.9) for Korean American women after
breast cancer. (The North American Association of Central Cancer registries , 2006).
There are various effective means of preventing Colorectal Cancer (CRC). In this literature we will
categorize them into two main groups i.e. the Primary and Secondary prevention ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another key strategy would be persuading the KAs smokers to watch their smoking levels; this
should be as minimal as possible. However, the best alternative would be quitting.
For the secondary prevention strategies for CRC we have frequent genetic testing and frequent
preventive treatment process, conducting regular procedures which aim at looking for cancer signs
and symptoms. For patients with ulcerative colitis or hereditary colon cancer it would be encouraged
to perform a colon removal surgery. According to KHEIR (Korean Health Education, Information,
and Research Center), not all hormone replacement procedures helps in decreasing the risk of
getting colorectal cancer and in any case it can lead to breast cancer issues, blood clots and heart
diseases.
Based on credible sources, there are some prevention strategies which effects on reducing colorectal
cancer are not clear. For instance taking vitamin and calcium supplements, minerals, using drugs
that minimize the level of cholesterol in our bodies as well as using the nonsteroidal anti–
inflammatory drugs except the aspirin.
In conclusion the research shows that more clinic trials have been established to find out new
methods of preventing colorectal cancer and whether the already existing ways are effective or not.
The colorectal cancer

Colorectal Cancer And Its Effects On The Digestive System
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer mainly starts at colon or the rectum. They are common in most of the way like
features, but they have different treatment. What is the different between colon cancer and rectum
cancer? Colon cancer happens first four to five feet of the large intestine and rectal cancer happens
in the last few inches of the large intestine where it is connected to anus.
Digestive system in our body
Colon and rectum are both located in the digestive system. There are two parts of the digestive
system. Upper part of the digestive system included stomach and small intestine, in which their job
is to digest food for energy. Lower part of the digestive system are called gastrointestinal system,
where colon and rectum are located. Its function is to absorb fluid to form solid waste then passes
from the body as a stool. Small intestine made up of the most part of the digestive system, it is about
20 feet long. It break down the foods and absorb most of the nutrients. Then it pass to the large
intestine which is mainly made up of a muscular tube, colon, and it is about 5 feet long. The colon
can be divided into 4 section. Ascending colon, it is the beginning of the colon that included the
cecum, where the appendix attaches to the colon. Transverse colon, the second section of the colon.
It located in the upper abdomen and from the right to the left. The next section is called descending
colon, the lower abdomen and from the left to right. The last section,

Research Paper On Colorectal Cancer
the United States, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among both men and women
separately, and the second most common cancer overall.
This year, an estimated 134,490 adults in the United States will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer.
These numbers include 95,270 new cases of colon cancer and 39,220 new cases of rectal cancer.
It is estimated that 49,190 deaths (26,020 men and 23,170 women) will occur. Colorectal cancer is
the third leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. It is also the second leading cause
of cancer death for men and women combined.
When colorectal cancer is found early, it can often be cured. The death rate from this type of cancer
has been declining since the mid–1980s, possibly because it is usually diagnosed earlier now and
treatments have improved. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Percent means how many out of 100. The 5–year survival rate for people with colorectal cancer is
65%. The 10–year survival rate is 58%. However, survival rates for colorectal cancer can vary based
on a variety of factors, particularly the stage.
The 5–year survival rate of people with localized stage colorectal cancer is 90%. If the cancer has
spread to surrounding tissues or organs and/or the regional lymph nodes, the 5–year survival rate is
71%. If the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, the 5–year survival rate is 13%. However,
for patients who have just 1 or a few tumors that have spread from the colon to the lung or liver,
surgical removal of these tumors can eliminate the cancer, which greatly improves the 5–year
survival rate for these

A Brief Note On Colorectal Cancer And Cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the global leading diseases and it is the third most common causes of
death in both men and women in America. Approximately 1 in 12 Australians will develop
colorectal cancer in their lifetime, and according to Bowel Cancer Australia, individuals are at risk if
they are aged 50 years and over, have had an inflammatory colorectal disease or significant family
history of colorectal cancer polyps.
Although there are various treatments for colorectal cancer, complications may arise. Post–infection
caused by surgical damage to the mucosa of the intestine may occur. Furthermore, a previous study
indicated that although some chemotherapy regiment, such as FOLFOXIRI, can produce maximal
response in decreasing tumour size at high dosage, it can also produce side effects such as
neutropenia and diarrhoea because of the high toxicity level associated with the dosage of the drugs.
As a result, it has become a necessity for researchers to trial new methods, such as combining drug
regimen with surgery, to improve clinical outcomes from treatments in patients with colorectal
cancer.
It has been raised in the media that gut microbiota in individuals can provide an indication of the
development of colorectal cancer. Hence, using it as a screening method can allow early
interventions to prevent colorectal carcinoma. Although the media mentions using gut microbiota
analysis as a preventative screening method, it raises the question: What roles can gut bacteria

Review Of Surgery Versus Surgery Alone For Colorectal Cancer
Research Summary
Study # 1 Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Surgery Versus Surgery Alone for Colorectal
Cancer
This study was meta–analysis review, over six studies using randomized controlled clinical trials,
and is Level I on the hierarchy of evidence (Stillwell et al., 2010). These trials were conducted
between 2002 and 2012, and the researcher conduced their search in 2014. They compared 1393
patients (50.6% of their population studied) using neoadjuvant chemotherapy 1358 patients (49.2%)
using surgery alone. All patients had colorectal cancer, and mirrored each other in the percent of
male vs. female and age. The researchers separated their data by the location of the tumor –
ascending, descending, transverse, sigmoid and rectum. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to their conclusions overall among all of the studies, neoadjuvant chemotherapy seemed
to reduce or delay the possibility of distant metastasis–especially to the liver– in patients with
colorectal cancer (Huang, et al., 2014).
Study # 2 Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Surgical Management of the Axilla in Breast Cancer: A
Review of Current Data
This is a systematic review that has looked over several randomized studies, nine in total, in regards
to whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) can impact patients who would otherwise have an
axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). This is an example of a Level I evidence Stillwell et al.,
2010). Sixty–one percent of women with stage I or II breast cancer will have a breast conservation
surgery (BCS) and 36%, a mastectomy. However, in those with stage III, 72% will have a
mastectomy instead of BCS (American Cancer Society, 2016). The researchers found studies that
showed that some patients who could undergo breast–conserving therapy (BCT) after their tumor
had been down–staged. The researchers mentioned data from another study that followed more than
403 patients, 22% of which had metastasis, but had a complete response to neoadjuvant treatment.
Eighty–seven percent of the ones who had the complete response had a recurrence–free survival.
They found overall that the patients with node–negative sentinel

Colorectal Cancer Screening SWOT Analysis
There must be a strategic plan in place to achieve a successful program, and that requires the use of
the SWOT Analysis model. (Shi & Johnson, 2012). By determining the strength, the weakness, the
opportunity, and the threats of a program, there is a chance that the organization's strategic planning
remains sustainable (Shi et al., 2012). Also, each area of a well develop SWOT analysis (See
Appendix A) must be able to complement one another. For example, based on the SWOT result, the
organizational strength is that the stakeholders are engaging, motivated, and well experience in the
subject of colorectal cancer screening; therefore, these abilities will help overcome the threats of
failing to persuade the communities of the importance of such ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, finding out about a deadly disease on a timely manner outweigh the risk of not knowing.
For example, as mentioned before, a close friend name Yvonne died of colorectal cancer couple of
years ago. The reason for her death was that she found out too late that she had CRC. Worse, after
spending all her life savings, even though she had insurance, she had to listen to the physician
telling her the most famous but detrimental words "there is nothing we can do for you at this stage."
With that said, the plan is to use stories like Yvonne's to persuade all stakeholders that increasing the
statistics with the number of survivors is the only and most advantageous option for all. Also, the
Health Department can help convince policy makers to provide more funds to sustain such program
relying on the fact that early screening can prevent colorectal cancer–related death by finding
precancerous polyps, or by discovering CRC early (Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
2011). Early detection of CRC at a less advanced stage is easy to treat; therefore cost effective
(Center for Disease Control and Prevention,

Breast Cancer : A Potential Risk Factor For Colorectal Cancer
Introduction
. The intake of red and/or processed meat is a potential risk factor for colorectal cancer (Chenni et
al, 2013, pg 227). One of the recommendations to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer is to reduce
the intake of red meat (Takachi et al, 2011, pg 604). Higher instances of colon cancer have been
found in men than in women, because men generally consume more red meat than women (Zhu et
al, 2013, pg 2). Some studies prove that an increase of colon tumors in rats connected in high
protein and high fat diets dependent upon the type of red meat consumed (Pierre et al, 2004, pg
2713). Gastric and colorectal cancers are not the only cancers associated with processed red meats,
other types of cancers include: lung cancer, cancer of the upper aero–digestive tract, prostrate
cancer, and cancer of the lower urogenital tract [5]. Most cancer genesis and promotion mechanisms
depend on environmental factors, and are not genetically determined [6]. Some studies suggest that
many cancers that are prevalent today could be prevented by changing nutrition plans and adapting
the Mediterranean diet into their lifestyle [6]. Different countries had different processed meat
counts in their everyday diets and that is something to consider when analyzing the correlation of
colon cancer and processed red meats [5].
The intake of specific nutrients enhances the cancer process especially if there are any pre–
carcinogens their precursors. Two groups of compounds have been

Colorectal Cancer : Cancer Of The Colon
Colorectal cancer is cancer of the colon. It is also referred to as colon cancer. It is mostly found in
people over the age of fifty. In the United States alone, it is the second leading cancer killer in the
US. Colon cancer has four stages of cancer. The cancer can either be malignant or benign. The
anatomy, signs and symptoms and treatments are all very important things to consider when
encountering colon cancer. The anatomy of colon cancer is very intriguing. The colon is part of the
gastrointestinal system. The colon is approximately six feet long and one to two inches in diameter.
The colon has a few different parts. The main four are the ascending colon, the descending colon,
and the sigmoid colon. The colon also includes the cecum, the rectum and the anus. The colon starts
at the cecum and then continues as the ascending colon. It is then a right hepatic flexure and turns
into the transverse colon. The transverse colon then turns at the left splenic flexure and is the
descending colon. The descending colon turns left and is than called the sigmoid colon. The sigmoid
colon then descends and is then called the rectum and then the anus. The colon is meant to absorb
water and nutrients. It is also meant to break down food and store waste until it is time to excrete
them. Signs and symptoms to look out for could mean life or death, if you miss them. The most
important symptoms to look out for would have to be narrow stools or a change in bowel habits. You
should also

Colorectal Cancer Research Paper
Colorectal cancer is a frequently known cancer around the world. It is responsible, however, for a
small amount of cancer deaths in the United States. Contrary to most cancers, there are discrete
amounts of treatments to extend prognosis in patients that have been diagnosed with colorectal
cancer. Despite all of the numerous treatments and therapy for colorectal cancer, it should never be
taken lightly.
Primarily, colorectal cancer, if not treated, is a deadly cancer that focuses on the last two parts of the
digestive system: the colon (which is the large intestine) and the rectum. It is the third most
prevalent cancer in the United States, and is the culprit of 10 percent of all cancer deaths.
Unfortunately, about 40 percent of the nation's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A person's diet, as well as lack of physical activity and obese citizens is severely large risk factors
too. Inflammatory bowel disease, which is often mistaken for colorectal cancer, too, plays a part in
the risk factor. Smoking, which most people think would be the most common cause of lung cancer,
has a higher colorectal cancer rate than the average person, as well as African American citizens.
Colorectal cancer affects not only the colon itself, as well as a person's genes. The APC, p53, and
K–ras genes are commonly involved. The APC gene stands for the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
gene. It is known as a tumor suppressor gene, and mutations of it are found in common colon polyps
or cancers. Furthermore, in the p53 gene, cells that have damaged DNA are repaired by this gene. As
well as the APC gene, it is a tumor suppressor. When it's mutated, it no longer functions, leaving
damaged DNA cells in the body. Lastly, the K–ras gene helps with cellular growing and signaling. In
the abnormal state, it can result in a continually growth–simulated state. The treatments for
colorectal cancer may not help the mutation of these

Personal Narrative: I Have Stage Three Colorectal Cancer
"I have stage 3 colorectal cancer" is not something I ever expected to hear from anyone, much less
my father. The day I was told by my parents that my father had cancer changed our lives forever. On
Friday, February 23, 2007, we were told what to expect, but could not have known what would lie
ahead. Then began the five plus hour drives to Houston, Texas to MD Anderson Cancer Center. We
tried to keep things light although we were all thinking the same thing, what would happen next and
where would it leave us? We told ourselves we could handle it; that he would sail through
chemotherapy and surgery and be back to normal in no time. I couldn't have anticipated that
"normal" would never be an option again. Our two–year journey began with ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The experience has provided me a very in–depth look at a field I have imagined myself getting
involved in. I cannot wait to walk in each week, observe the daily routine of the healthcare team and
engage with the patients even if it's just listening to their story. I have learned many important
lessons from the doctors, nurses and physical therapists that I have worked with. I've seen them light
up when a patient turns a corner and feel elated when they are finally able to go home. I've been able
to witness the joy of a baby being born and also had the experience of holding a patient's hand who
was told disheartening news. Despite this, seeing a patient get completely healed is rewarding and
one of the main reasons I want to be a doctor. My experiences volunteering have helped me grow
into a person of determination, dedication, integrity, and compassion. It has made me have a greater
desire to learn more about medicine. Ovid said, "Medicine sometimes snatches away health,
sometimes gives it." That summer, medicine, and all the research they do at MD Anderson Cancer
Center gave my father life. I would never wish what my family went through on anyone, but I am a
firm believer that all things happen for a reason. The countless hours in the waiting rooms, the
pacing back and forth, the prayers every time my father went into surgery;

Colorectal Cancer Prevention Campaign
"Objectives are the building blocks or the steps towards achieving a goal" (Toffler, 2011. P. 1). With
that said, the Colorectal Cancer Prevention Campaign mission is to provide screening opportunities,
and education to all while creating a society where everyone can have an equal chance to live a long
and healthy life. A goal that is not far from Healthy People 2020's primary objectives which are to
use an ecological and a determinant approach to promote health and prevent diseases (U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion). It
will be best to use the SMART Objectives guidelines which are measurable, achievable, realistic and
Time–bound to set these goals. For instance, the program has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Health Information Technology System allows for public health professionals to retrieve data to
effectively monitor public health outcomes while focusing on supporting enhanced decision–making
to improve the population's health (Public Health Informatics Institute, n.d.). This system will help
the leaders of the colorectal cancer prevention program to measure the number of life that were
saved for the year compare to the previous years. Another resource is the Geographical Information
System (GIS). The GIS is an automated computer package that assimilates several functions. These
features are, capturing and incorporating data sets, manipulate, analyze, and give a visual of the data
collected on maps (Shi and Johnson, 2012). Leaders of colorectal cancer prevention program would
use this software to collect data related to who is less likely to be screened for colorectal cancer and
how the situation impact the community. Collecting this data would allow leaders to have a clear
understanding of what geographical area to focus first in other to provide service to a least 50
Florida communities by the end of the year. After all, the GIS is an advanced system that can use the
collected data and link them to the geographic database. There is a process called the Geocoding
Process which is the action of matching each record in an attribute database with their geographic
files (Shi et al. 2012 p.291).

Implementation Of A Colorectal Cancer Screening Program

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Implementation Of A Colorectal Cancer Screening Program

Similar to Implementation Of A Colorectal Cancer Screening Program (15)

More from Alexis Naranjo

More from Alexis Naranjo (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Implementation Of A Colorectal Cancer Screening Program