planning

1. Planning is a function of management.
Planning helps in determining the course of
action to be followed for achieving various
organizational objectives. It is the decision in
advance; what to do, when to do, how to do
and who will do a particular task. Planning
is a process which involves ‘thinking before
doing’.

2. “Planning is the selecting and
relating of facts and the making and using
of assumptions regarding the future in the
visualization and formulation of proposed
activities believed necessary to achieve
desired results.”
-George Terry

3. •An intellectual process
•Primacy of planning
•A rational approach
•Focus on objectives
•Efficiency and economy
•Co-ordination
•Flexibility
•Realistic
•Continuous process

4. Goal
Objectives
Policies
Procedures
Rules
Programmes
Methods
Budgets

5. Attention on Objectives.
Minimizing Uncertainties.
Better utilization of resources.
Economy in operations.
Better co-ordination.
Management by Exception possible.
Facilitates control.
Facilitates delegation.

6. Lack of reliable data
Time consuming process
Expensive
Rigidity
Resistance to change
False sense of security
Limited scope
Influence of external factors