1. Wounds and wound process.
Treatment of clean wounds. Purulent
wounds. Infected and purulent
wounds.
DocentDocent of the Surgery chairof the Surgery chair
of the Dentistry departmentof the Dentistry department
Ryziuk M. D.Ryziuk M. D.
Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical UniversityIvano-Frankivsk National Medical University
2. PLANE
OF LECTURE
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1.1. DETERMINATION AND CLINICDETERMINATION AND CLINIC
2.2. HISTORY OF TREATMENT OF WOUNDSHISTORY OF TREATMENT OF WOUNDS..
3.3. CLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDSCLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDS
4.4. PATHOGENESIS OF THE WOUNDSPATHOGENESIS OF THE WOUNDS
5.5. TREATMENT OF WOUNDSTREATMENT OF WOUNDS
4. Physiology of Wound Healing
Blood leaksBlood leaksWounWoun
dd
occursoccurs
WounWoun
dd
occursoccurs
STOPSTOP
EpithelialEpithelial
cellscells
ScabScab
causescauses
obstructionobstruction
ScabScab
causescauses
obstructionobstruction
Thickening and returnThickening and return
to normal stateto normal state
5. DETERMINATION AND CLINICDETERMINATION AND CLINIC
WOUND (WOUND ( Vulnea)Vulnea) is the damage of integrity of skinis the damage of integrity of skin
or mucus membrane,deep tissues and the inneror mucus membrane,deep tissues and the inner
organs.organs.
Symptoms of woundSymptoms of wound (local):(local):
• bleeding;bleeding;
• hiatus;hiatus;
• pain.pain.
6. HISTORY OF TREATMENT OF WOUNDSHISTORY OF TREATMENT OF WOUNDS
HipokratHipokrat
M.I. PirogovM.I. Pirogov Ambruas PareAmbruas Pare
7. History of Wounds
• Herbal balms and ointments
• Initially, wounds were left open
• Oldest suture 1100BC
• Primary and secondary closure 2000 yrs
ago
• Middle ages: pus thought necessary
• Recent wound closure less that 200 yrs old
10. In according to the damage of tissues the wounds areIn according to the damage of tissues the wounds are
distinguished:distinguished:
Cut wound – incisumCut wound – incisum
CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDSOF THE WOUNDS
13. CLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDSCLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDS
- Stab wound – punctum- Stab wound – punctum
- Sabre or slash wound – caecum- Sabre or slash wound – caecum
25. Avulsion Treatment
• Control bleeding
• Clean and dress
• Seek physician evaluation
• Watch for infection
• If complete avulsion (amputation), take avulsed
tissue to physician for reattachment!
26. Care of the avulsed tissue
• Wrap tissue in clean
cloth
• Put wrapped tissue in
plastic bag
• Put plastic bag in a
bag of ice
27. Crushed wound – conqvassatumCrushed wound – conqvassatum
CLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDSCLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDS
32. -Bite wound – morsumBite wound – morsum
- Poisoned wound – venenatum- Poisoned wound – venenatum
CLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDSCLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDS
33. CLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDSCLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDS
Gunshot wound – sclopetariumGunshot wound – sclopetarium
34. CLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDSCLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDS
In according to depth of the wounds they areIn according to depth of the wounds they are
distinguished:distinguished:
- superficial wounds;superficial wounds;
- deep wounds.deep wounds.
In relation to cavities of body the woundsIn relation to cavities of body the wounds areare
distinguished:distinguished:
- unpenetrable;- unpenetrable;
- penetrable.- penetrable.
In according toIn according to reason the woundsreason the wounds areare distinguish:distinguish:
- operative wounds;operative wounds;
- accidental wounds.accidental wounds.
35. In relation to the bodily cavities:In relation to the bodily cavities:
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penetrativepenetrativedo not penetrativedo not penetrative
36. CLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDSCLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDS
According to the level ofAccording to the level of
infection :infection :
- clean (aseptic) wounds;clean (aseptic) wounds;
- conditionally clean wounds;conditionally clean wounds;
- muddy (contaminated)muddy (contaminated)
wounds;wounds;
- infected wounds;infected wounds;
- purulent wounds.purulent wounds.
37. Classification of wounds
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Depending on the cause:
surgical, or asepticsurgical, or aseptic accidental, or casualaccidental, or casual
38. CLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDSCLASSIFICATION OF THE WOUNDS
According to the origin wounds are distinguished:According to the origin wounds are distinguished:
-- fresh woundsfresh wounds ((from 1 till 24 hourfrom 1 till 24 hour););
- later woundslater wounds ((after 24 hour)after 24 hour)
According to the method of healing of the woundsAccording to the method of healing of the wounds
they arethey are::
-- primary tensionprimary tension (per primum)(per primum);;
- secondary tensionsecondary tension (per secundam);(per secundam);
- reparation under the crust.reparation under the crust.
39. Superficial Wounds
• Involve epidermis
only
• No breach of basement
membrane
• No bleeding
• Can be painful
• Ex- sunburn, “rug
burn”
40. Arterial Wounds
• Inadequate arterial
flow
– Tissue lacks nutrients
and oxygen to maintain
• Causes: peripheral
vascular disease,
diabetes, embolism
• Often located on tips
of toes and fingers
41. Venous Wounds
• Inadequate venous
drainage
• Causes: vein valve
disfunction, post vein
removal, DVT, vein
dilation
• Often located LE,
above ankle
• Weepy wound
42. Pressure Wounds
• Aka- “bedsore”
• Excessive or
unrelieved pressure
• Often over bony
prominences
• Impaired mobility
43. Neuropathic Wounds
• Wound develops in area
with impaired sensation
• Commonly on foot
• Often patients with
diabetes, s/p chemothepy,
neurodegenerative diseases,
nerve compression
• Often lead to amputation
44. Acute Surgical Wounds
• Often sutured or
stapled and heals
quickly
• Left open due to
swelling
• Infection, poor
nutrition can lead to
chronic wound
46. PATHOGENESIS OF THE WOUNDSPATHOGENESIS OF THE WOUNDS
WOUND PROCESSWOUND PROCESS –– it is a large complex of theit is a large complex of the
biological reactions which develops as a result of thebiological reactions which develops as a result of the
damage of the tissues and will be finishing of its healingdamage of the tissues and will be finishing of its healing
as a rule.as a rule.
The first phaseThe first phase –– INFLAMMATIONINFLAMMATION ((ALTERATIONALTERATION,,
HYDRATIONHYDRATION,, CLEARNINGCLEARNING)) –– 1-5 DAY1-5 DAY
The second phaseThe second phase–– PROLIFFERATIONPROLIFFERATION ((DEHYDRATIONDEHYDRATION,,
REGENERATIONREGENERATION,, GRANULATIONGRANULATION)) –– 6-14 DAY6-14 DAY
The third phaseThe third phase –– FORMATION AND REORGANIZATIONFORMATION AND REORGANIZATION
OF THE SCAR –OF THE SCAR –15 DAY – 6 MONTH15 DAY – 6 MONTH
47. PHASE OF INFLAMMATIONPHASE OF INFLAMMATION
- duration 1-4 days- duration 1-4 days
(depending on a trauma);(depending on a trauma);
- destroying of tissues;- destroying of tissues;
- spasm of vessels;- spasm of vessels;
- swelling;- swelling;
- hypoxia and acidosis;- hypoxia and acidosis;
- infection;- infection;
- cleaning from dead tissues- cleaning from dead tissues
(enzymes).(enzymes).
48. PHASE OF REGENERATIONPHASE OF REGENERATION
- lasts from 3-4 dayslasts from 3-4 days
tilltill ................
- decrease of the swelling;decrease of the swelling;
- decrease of thedecrease of the
inflammation;inflammation;
- normalization of рН;normalization of рН;
- decrease of the secretedecrease of the secrete
from the wound;from the wound;
- wound process fills bywound process fills by
granulative tissue.granulative tissue.
49. GRANULATTIVE TISSUEGRANULATTIVE TISSUE
GRANULATIONGRANULATION - this is the- this is the
special kind of connective tissue,special kind of connective tissue,
which forms only during heal of thewhich forms only during heal of the
wound by second tension and has 6wound by second tension and has 6
layers:layers:
1.1. Superficial leukocytic-necroticSuperficial leukocytic-necrotic
layers.layers.
2. Layer of the band vessels.2. Layer of the band vessels.
3. Layer of the vertical vessels.3. Layer of the vertical vessels.
4. Mature layer of fibroblasts.4. Mature layer of fibroblasts.
5. Layer of5. Layer of horizontalhorizontal fibroblasts.fibroblasts.
6. Fibrous layer.6. Fibrous layer.
50. PHASE OF FORMATION ANDPHASE OF FORMATION AND
REORGANIZATION OF THE STICHREORGANIZATION OF THE STICH
- begins in 2-4 weeks andbegins in 2-4 weeks and
goes on till 6 mons;goes on till 6 mons;
- active forms of theactive forms of the
collagen and elasticcollagen and elastic
fibers;fibers;
- take place the process oftake place the process of
the epithelization.the epithelization.
51. PHASE OF FORMATION ANDPHASE OF FORMATION AND
REORGANIZATION OF THE STITCHREORGANIZATION OF THE STITCH
52. PHASE OF FORMATION ANDPHASE OF FORMATION AND
REORGANIZATION OF THE STITCHREORGANIZATION OF THE STITCH
60. Inflammatory Phase
• 0-3 days
• Begins with clotting cascade and platelets
• Characterized by:
– Rubor (redness)
– Turgor (swelling)
– Calor (heat
– Dolar (pain)
61. Inflammatory Phase
• Goals:
– Destroy pathogens
• White blood cells
– Clean wound site
• Breakdown cellular and extracellular debris
– Signal cells of repair
• Cytokines, growth factors,
62. Inflammatory Phase
Cellular Component
• Neutrophils
– Migrate into wound within 24
hours
• Initially largest proportion of
WBCs
– Remain 6 hours to 4 days
– Called to wound by presence of
fibrinogen, fibrin degradation
products
– Move into wound from
vasculature by diapedesis
63. Inflammatory Phase
Cellular Component
• Macrophages
– Most active in late
inflammatory phase
– Main regulatory cell of
inflammation
– Remain through
proliferative and
remodeling phases
64. Inflammatory Phase
Cellular Component
• Macrophages
– Phagocytize bacteria and exogenous debris
– Secrete collagenases to remove damaged
extracellular matrix
– Release nitric oxide to kill bacteria
– Release fibronectin to recruit fibroblasts
– Can stimulate angiogenesis
69. Proliferative Phase
Matrix Formation
• Aka- fibroplasia
• Begins 48-72 hours post injury
• Fibroblasts secrete collagen (type III) and
ground substance
• Maximally secretes for 5-7 days
• Forms scaffold for endothelial migration
• Binds cytokines, growth factors
70. Wound Extracellular Matrix
• Composed of collagen
and ground substance
• Produced by
fibroblasts
• Provide structure for
cells and tissues
• Bind growth factors,
helps create gradient
71. Ground Substance
• Amorphous viscous gel produced by fibroblasts
• Comprised of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and
proteoglycans
• Occupies space between cells and fibers
• Allows medium for diffusion of nutrients and
wastes
72. Ground Substance
• Major GAGs- hyularonic acid, chondroitin
sulfate
• Composition varies by age and location
– Decreased water with age
– GAGs increased in wounds, weight bearing
surfaces
73. Collagen and Wounds
• Normal surgical wound has 15% tensile strength of non-
injured tissue after 3 weeks.
• Increases to 70-80% in two years
• Wound recurrence: gravity, swelling, poor closure
75. Proliferative Phase
Re-epithelialization
• Begins within 24 hours of injury
• Closed surgical wounds complete in 48-72
hours
• New skin tensile strength ~15% of original
skin
• After remodelling tensile strength only 70-
80%
76. Remodeling Phase
• Begins during proliferative phase
• Continues 1-2 years post injury
• Scar tissue/ECM remodeled
• Increases tensile strength of scar
– Type III collagen replaced by type I
78. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF THEPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF THE
WOUNDWOUND is the first surgical operation, providedis the first surgical operation, provided
in aseptic conditions, with anesthesia, whichin aseptic conditions, with anesthesia, which
contains the following stages.contains the following stages.
THE MAIN STAGES:THE MAIN STAGES:
1.1. Disinfection of the operative field.Disinfection of the operative field.
2.2. Anesthesia.Anesthesia.
3.3. Cutting of the wound.Cutting of the wound.
4.4. Revision of the wound channel.Revision of the wound channel.
5.5. Removing of the margins, walls and bottom of theRemoving of the margins, walls and bottom of the
wound.wound.
6.6. Hemostasis.Hemostasis.
7.7. Rehabilitation of injured organs and structures.Rehabilitation of injured organs and structures.
8.8. Applying of stitches on the wound with leaving ofApplying of stitches on the wound with leaving of
drainages (according to indications)drainages (according to indications)
79. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
Full and partial treatment of theFull and partial treatment of the
wound.wound.
Primary and secondary treatment ofPrimary and secondary treatment of
the wound.the wound.
Early, delayed and later treatment ofEarly, delayed and later treatment of
the wound.the wound.
80. Wound Preparation
• Removal of hair
– Not eyebrow
• Scrubbing the wound
• Irrigation with saline
– Avoid peroxide,
betadine, tissue toxic
detergents
81. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
Cutting of the wound and removing ofCutting of the wound and removing of
margins, walls and bottom of the woundmargins, walls and bottom of the wound..
82. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
CUTTING OF APONEVROSISCUTTING OF APONEVROSIS
83. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
REMOVING OF THE NECROTIC TISSUESREMOVING OF THE NECROTIC TISSUES
84. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
REVISION OF ZONE OF SPEADING OF WOUNDREVISION OF ZONE OF SPEADING OF WOUND
CHANNEL AND CHARACTER OF INJURYCHANNEL AND CHARACTER OF INJURY
85. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
WASHING OF THE WOUNDWASHING OF THE WOUND
86. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
DRAINAGES OF THE WOUNDDRAINAGES OF THE WOUND
87. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
PASSIVE DRAINAGE OF THE WOUNDPASSIVE DRAINAGE OF THE WOUND
88. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
ACTIVE DRAINAGE OF THE WOUNDACTIVE DRAINAGE OF THE WOUND
REDONS SET OFREDONS SET OF
DRAINAGINGDRAINAGING
89. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
WASHING DRAINAGES OF THE WOUNDWASHING DRAINAGES OF THE WOUND
90. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
SEWING OF THE WOUNDSEWING OF THE WOUND
91. PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OFPRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
THE WOUNDTHE WOUND
ACCORDING TO THE TIME OF APPLYING OF THE STITCHES:ACCORDING TO THE TIME OF APPLYING OF THE STITCHES:
1.1. Primarily.Primarily.
2.2. Primarily delayed.Primarily delayed.
3.3. Early secondary.Early secondary.
4.4. late secondarylate secondary..
99. Staples
• More rapidly placed
• Less foreign body
reaction
• Scalp, trunk,
extremities
• Do not allow for
meticulous closure
100. Adhesive Tapes
• Less reactive than
staples
• Use of tissue adhesive
adjunct (benzoin)
• Poor outcome in areas
of tension
• Seldom used for
primary closure
• Use after suture
removal
101. Tissue Adhesives
• Dermabond, Ethicon
• Topical use only
• Outcome equal to 5-0
and 6-0 facial repairs
• Less pain and time
• Slough off in 7-10 days
• Act as own dressing
• No antibiotic ointment
102. Post-procedural Care
• Dressing for 24-48 hours
• Topical antibiotics
• Start cleansing in 24 hours
• Suture/staple removal
– Face 3-5 days
– Non-tension areas 7-10 days
– Tension areas 10-14 days
103. Choosing Your Suture
• 6-0
– Face
• 5-0
– Chin
– Low tension/detail
• 4-0
– Large laceration
– Moderate tension
• 3-0
– Significant tension
109. The Interrupted Stitch
• Curl needle into dermis of 1st
side
• Curl needle trough parallel opposite subcutaneous side
110. The Interrupted Stitch
• Curl needle into dermis of 1st
side
• Curl needle trough parallel
opposite subcutaneous side
• Tie square knot with at least
two braids
111. The Interrupted Stitch
• Curl needle into dermis of 1st
side
• Curl needle trough parallel
opposite subcutaneous side
• Tie square knot with at least
two braids
• Repeat three to four throws
112. Points to Remember
• Specific points affecting wound
healing
• Evaluation of laceration and
neurovascular assessment
• Types of sutures
• Staples
• Adhesive tapes
• Tissue adhesives
113. Points to Remember
• Advantages vs disadvantages
• Post procedure care
• Choosing your suture
• Instruments
• Be able to perform interrupted
suture for lab final
122. PRINCIPELS OF THE LOCALPRINCIPELS OF THE LOCAL
TREATMENT OF THE WOUNDTREATMENT OF THE WOUND
1.1. During the first phase of the wound process:During the first phase of the wound process:
- immobilization of the wound;- immobilization of the wound;
- use of the proteolytic ferments;- use of the proteolytic ferments;
- use of antisepsis- use of antisepsis
solutions.solutions.
2.2. During the second phase of the wound processDuring the second phase of the wound process ::
- treatment bandaging;- treatment bandaging;
- stimulation of the grows of granulative tissues;- stimulation of the grows of granulative tissues;
- the bandages are conducted rarely.- the bandages are conducted rarely.
123. USE OF PROTEOLYTIC FERMENTSUSE OF PROTEOLYTIC FERMENTS
FOR THE TREATMENT OF THEFOR THE TREATMENT OF THE
WOUNDWOUND
BeforeBefore
treatmenttreatment
One week afterOne week after
beginning of thebeginning of the
treatmenttreatment
124. PRINCIPELS OF THE GENERALPRINCIPELS OF THE GENERAL
TREATMENT OF THE WOUNDTREATMENT OF THE WOUND
1.1. Antibacterial therapy.Antibacterial therapy.
2.2. Desintoxication therapy.Desintoxication therapy.
3.3. Immune correcting therapy.Immune correcting therapy.
4.4. Correction of the haemostasis.Correction of the haemostasis.
5.5. Analgetics.Analgetics.
125. Moist Wound Healing
• DRY IS DEAD!
• Moist environment allows:
– Cell function
– Diffusion of chemical factors
– Migration of cells
– Autolytic debridement
126. Moist Wound Healing
Dressings
• Gauze is bad
• Absorb or give
moisture
• Antimicrobial
• Conform to wound
• Limit dressing
changes
127. Chronic Wounds
• Wound “fails to proceed through an orderly
and timely process to produce anatomic and
functional integrity, or proceeded through
the repair process without establishing a
sustained anatomic and functional result”
• No definitive amount of time to be
considered chronic
128. Chronic Wounds
• Wound gets “stuck” in one phase of healing
• Causes can be intrinsic, extrinsic or iatrogenic
132. Ischemic arterial ulcers
• Poor blood supply
• Painful, usually distal
• Shallow wound,
• smooth margins, pale
• S/Sx of PVD: intermittent claudication, rest
pain, color changes, ↓ pulses, ABI < 1, dry
skin, pallor, hair loss
• Tx: revascularization, wound care
133. Venous stasis ulcers
• Incompetence of the deep vein
perforators
• capillary leakage-
polymerization of fibrin impairs
oxygenation
• Painless, shallow ulcer with
irregular margins, possible skin
pigmentation (hemoglobin
extravasation and breakdown)
• Tx: compression therapy (rigid
or flexible)
134. Diabetic ulcers
• 10-15% of DM pts develop ulcers
• Causes: ischemia, neuropathy
(unrecognized injury,Charcot foot)
• Poor healing
• Tx: Tight blood glc control, abx, wide
debridement of necrotic/
infected tissue, relief of
pressure via orthotics/casts,
potentially: topical PDGF and
GM-CSF, skin grafts
135. Decubitus/pressure ulcers
• Localized tissue necrosis from compression
over a bony prominence, ↓ nutrients/O2
• ↑ by friction, moisture
• 3-9% acute care, 2.4-23% in long-term care
facilities
• Tx: debridement of all necrotic tissue,
relief of pressure, wound care (moist
environ), surgical flap repair, nutrition
• 4 stages:
– I. Non blanchable erythema, intact skin
– II. Partial thickness skin loss of
epidermis/dermis
– III. Full thickness skin loss, above
fascia
– IV. Full thickness, involves muscle or
bone
136. Excess Dermal Scarring
• Occur after trauma, may burn or be pruritic
• Xs of collagen/glycoprotein deposition
• Hypertropic scars
– Usu develop within 4 wks of trauma
– Collagen bundles are wavy pattern
– Stay within the original wound, elevated < 4mm
– Occur across areas of tension/flexing
– Often regress
– Tx: excision + corticosteroids
• Keloids
– 15x more common in pts with darker skin
pigmentation
– Develop 3mos-years after trauma
– Collagen fibers are larger, random/ not bundled
– Expand beyond wound edges, can become large
– Rarely regress
– Excision alone (45-100% recurrence). Corticosteroids
then Excision + corticosteroid injections, topical
silicone, external compression, xrt, IFN-γ, 5-FU,
bleomycin
137. Dressings
• Mimics epithelial barrier, protection of site
• Compression provides hemostasis, decreases
edema
• Occlusion controls hydration and allows for
oxygenation/gaseous diffusion
• Occlusion stimulates collagen synth and epith cell
migration
• Primary- directly on wound
• Secondary- placed on a primary dressing
138. Skin Grafts
• Split/partial thickness graft = epidermis + partial dermis
– Require less vascular supply
• Full thickness = entire epidermis and dermis
– Greater mechanical strength, increased resistance
to wound contraction, improved cosmesis
• Autograft – transplant from another site
• Allograft – transplant from a living nonidentical donor or cadaver
– Subject to rejection, may contain pathogens
• Xenograft – from another species
– Subject to rejection, may contain pathogens
• Preparation of wound bed – debridement of necrotic/fibrinous
tissue, control of edema, minimizing exudate, revascularization of
wound bed, ↓ bacterial load
139. Hydrocolloid : Indication
• For low to moderate exuding wounds
• For clean, granulating, superficial
wounds
• With safe surrounding skin
140. Hydrocolloids : Advantage
• Require changing only every 3 -
7 days
• Provide effective occlusion and
barrier (prevent the spread of
Infection
• Cost effective
• More effective than traditional
dressings
1 week1 week
152. SKIN COVER:
The best dressing is the
patients skin whether the
wound be closed directly,
or by skin graft or skin flap.
Early cover means early
healing and potential
avoidance of infection and
bad scarring
154. EASY CLOSURE WITHOUT
TENSION:
Be aware of closing wounds under
tension, the wound edges may
slough, the wound may dehisce, and
there is the potential for a bad scar
(either hypertrophic, keloidal or
stretched). Sometimes a flap or a
graft may be required to reduce the
tension in a wound.
155. Wound classification
• Aetiology is therefore important in your
understanding of how a wound arose and what
structures may also be damaged or require
attention
• Although there are many causes of wounds, in
practise, as part of your assessment prior to
definite management, you will need to categorise a
wound into “tidy” or “untidy”
157. Tidy wounds:
• Clean incision
• Uncontaminated
• Less than 6 hours old
• Low energy trauma
158. Tidy wounds:
• Can be repaired immediately after adequate
wound exploration , cleansing and
haemostasis
• Are associated with a low incidence of
wound infection post repair
159. Untidy wounds:
• Ragged edge,crush or burn
• Contaminated
• More than 12 hours old
• High energy trauma
160. Untidy wounds:
• Need to be converted into tidy wounds
• May require repeated debridements until
tissue viability is ensured
• Never close an untidy wound unless it has
been made tidy
• If in doubt, it is safer to leave the wound
unrepared (but not undebrided!) and
reinspected at 48 hour intervals
164. DRAINS
and
DEAD -SPACE
OBLITERATION
Dead space will fill up with blood or serous fluid which is an
ideal culture medium. Obliterate this dead space by drainage,
suture or by healthy tissue.
165. Closure of Tidy Wounds:
• Tidy wounds should be closed primarily
• All damaged structures should be repaired
• Sutures are to oppose NOT necrose
• Use monofilament materials
166. Closure of Untidy Wounds
• Only close primarily if can be converted to
a tidy wound
• Doubtful tissue must be meticulously but
ruthlessly excised
• Copious Levage “Dilution is the solution to
pollution”
• If in doubt, don’t close
• 48 hourly “second looks”
167. THE COMPLICATIONS AFTER LOCALTHE COMPLICATIONS AFTER LOCAL
TREATMENT OF THE WOUNDTREATMENT OF THE WOUND
1.1. Development of theDevelopment of the
inflammatory infiltrate.inflammatory infiltrate.
2.2. Haematoma.Haematoma.
3.3. Pusing.Pusing.
4.4. Marginal necrosis.Marginal necrosis.
5.5. Kelloid and hypertrophicalKelloid and hypertrophical
ruptures.ruptures.
6.6. Destroy the innervationsDestroy the innervations
and lymphodranages ofand lymphodranages of
the wound.the wound.
169. Thank you for attention !Thank you for attention !
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Editor's Notes
Патогномонічне обгрунтування лікувальної тактики при гострому тромбофлебіті нижніх кінцівок
Патогномонічне обгрунтування лікувальної тактики при гострому тромбофлебіті нижніх кінцівок
A brief review of the physiology of wound healing provides a basis for understanding the process of healing and repair.
When a wound occurs, blood leaks from the surrounding vessels into the wound space produced. Immediately after the bleeding has stopped and a clot has formed, enzymes are released that stimulate the epithelial cells to migrate towards each other at high rates of speed.
However, the scab that is forming is in the way, causing an obstruction in which the epithelial cells are impeded in their migration across the space of the wound. The cells eventually bridge this gap and link into a continuous layer.
This layer thickens and the subcutaneous layers begin to return to their normal structure, pushing off the scab and leaving a scar in its wake.
Initial treatments for wounds consisted of herbal balms with application of leaves or grass as bandages. Ointments were made from a wide variety of animal, vegetable, and mineral substances
Wounds were mostly left open
The world’s oldest suture was placed by an embalmer on the abdomen of a mummy in approximately 1100 BC
During early civilization, the care of wounds was dominated by magic and rituals
Celsus first described primary and secondary wound closure more than 2000 years ago
During the middle ages, pus was believed to be necessary for healing.
Advances in the field of anesthesiology and surgery during the past 2 centuries have led to the development of many of the practices today
Патогномонічне обгрунтування лікувальної тактики при гострому тромбофлебіті нижніх кінцівок
Патогномонічне обгрунтування лікувальної тактики при гострому тромбофлебіті нижніх кінцівок
Removal of the hair surrounding a laceration helps facilitate meticulous wound closure. Because many bacteria normally reside in hair follicles, shaving of the hair before repair may increased wound infection rates. Reduced damage to hair follicles may be achieved with the use of hair clippers instead of a razor. Most practitioners avoid removal of the eyebrow hair, because its removal may result in abnormal regrowth.
Direct scrubbing of the wound with a sterile surgical brush helps remove both bacteria and particulate matter that potentiate the risk of wound infection. However, scrubbing also contributes to tissue damage and reduces the ability of the wound to resist infection.
High pressure irrigation (5-8 psi) is recommended for best outcome of reducing bacterial count and reducing infection rates.
Патогномонічне обгрунтування лікувальної тактики при гострому тромбофлебіті нижніх кінцівок
Патогномонічне обгрунтування лікувальної тактики при гострому тромбофлебіті нижніх кінцівок
Non-absorbable sutures, such as nylon and polypropylene, retain most of their tensile strength for longer than 60 days, are relatively nonreactive, and are appropriate for the outermost layer of the laceration
Removal is required
Absorbable sutures are usually used for closure of deeper structures deeper than the epidermis
In general, synthetic sutures are less reactive and have greater tensile strength than sutures from natural sources, such as catgut. They increase the time during which the healing wound retains 50% of its tensile strength from less than 1 week to as long as two years.
Chromic gut lasts for up to 2 weeks and is associated with tissue reactivity
Deep sutures help relieve skin tension, decrease dead space and hematoma formation, and probably improve cosmetic outcome.
Deep sutures should be avoided in highly contaminated wounds, where they increase the risk of infection.
Sutures through adipose tissue do not hold tension, increase infection rates, and should be avoided
Staples can be applied more rapidly than sutures. They are associated with a lower rate of foreign body reaction and infections.
Able to use in scalp, on trunk and extremities. Not over joints.
Do not allow for meticulous closure
Surgical adhesive tapes are less reactive than staples, but they require the use of adhesive adjuncts that increase local induration and wound infection
Tape alone cannot maintain wound integrity in areas subject to tension.
They are seldom recommended for primary wound closure, but are often used after suture removal to decrease tension on the wound until they fall off.
Tissue adhesives have been in use for several decades in Europe and Canada. Approved for use in the US in August 1998.
Methods to reduce pain of local infiltration for lidocaine
Small-bore needle (27G)
Buffered solution
Warmed solution
Slow rates of injection
Injection through wound edges
Subcutaneous rather than intradermal injection
Pretreatment with topical anesthetics
Патогномонічне обгрунтування лікувальної тактики при гострому тромбофлебіті нижніх кінцівок