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    Grammar Book

    Adriana Pitman
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    Table of Contents

    1. Nacionalidades

    2. Stem Changing Verbs

    3. para

    4. Indirect Object Pronouns

    5. Pronoun Placement

    6. Gustar

    7. Affirmative and Negative Words

    8. Superlatives

    9. reflexives

    10. affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

    11. negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement

    12. sequencing events
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    Stem Changers




     pedir    e>i     pido     pides     pide    pedimos    pedis      piden



     contar   o>ue   cuento   cuentas   cuenta   contamos   contais   cuentan



     poder    o>ue   puedo    puedes    puede    podemos    podeis    pueden
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    Para

                          Esta agua es para beber.
       Purpose           This water is for drinking.

       Recipient         Yo traje la comida para mi abuela.
                          I brought the meal for my grandmother.

       Opinion        Para mí los derechos humanos son importantes.
                       In my opinion, human rights are important.
       Destination      Las toallas son para el baño.
                         The towels are for the bathroom.
       Deadline      El proyecto es para el veinte de mayo.
                      The project is due the 20th of May.
       Standard       Su hijo sabe mucho para su edad.
                       His son knows a lot for his age.
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    Indirect Object Pronouns

                                              Examples:
       Me-me                           A me compro unos aretes.

       Te-you (familiar)

       Le- you (formal), him, her   El hombre le vende el carro a mi padre.

       Nos- us                         A nosotros no nos interesa el tenis.

       Os- you (familiar)

       Les- you, them                 Yo les escribi una carta a mis tios.
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    Pronoun Placement

       Attach the pronoun to the infinitive

       Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

       Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command

       Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
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    Gustar- to like

    Singular                       Plural

    Me gusta la idea    Me gustan las personas

    Te gusta la idea    Te gustan las personas

    Le gusta la idea     Le gustan las personas

    Nos gusta la idea    Nos gustan las
    personas

    Os gusta la idea     Os gustan las
    personas

    Les gusta la idea    Les gustan las
    personas
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    Affirmative + Negatives


     Affirmatives                     algo                   alguien         algun/alguno(a)               siempre              Tambien




                            english          something             someone         some                   always         also




                     nada                    nadie
                                                                  Negatives
                                                                                                     nothing           no one




           tampoco                            Ningun/ninguno(a)                          neither/either                    none/not any




                                 nunca                                                                         never
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    Superlatives

       Ismo
                      These are added to adjectives and
       Isimos        adverbs.
                      If the adjective/adverb ends in c, g, z
       Isima         they change to qu, gu, and c.

       Isimas


                 Examples:
                 rico>riquisimo
                 larga>larguisima
                 feliz>felicismo
                 mal>malismo
                 muchas>muchisimo
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    Reflexives

    Used when the subject also receives the actions.

    -se is usually attached
                                          Examples:
         Reflexive Pronouns
                                          Pepa se lava.
         me                               Pedro se afeita.
         te
         se
         nos
         os
         se
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    Affirmative tu commands +
    irregulars + pronoun placement
    Irregular Affirmative tu commands


decir                di                     Affirmative tu commands
hacer                haz                    Simply place verb in its infinitive
                                            form, then remove the “r”.
ir                   ve                     Example:
poner                pon                    Caminar> Camina!
salir                sal
ser                  se                   Example:
tener                ten                  Primero haz los quehaceres.
venir                ven                  (First do the chores!)


     When a pronoun is used, attach the pronoun to
     the command. Example: Ponte otra comisa!
     (Put on (yourself) another shirt!)
+
    Negative tu command + irregulars +
    pronoun placement
    Negative tu commands
    1. Place verb in yo form
    2. Use the opposite ending –es
       for –ar verbs, -as for –er and
       –ir verbs                               Irregular tu commands
                                               Examples:
Hablar           hablo           No hables!    No le des direccion a nadie.
Volver           vuelvo          No vuelves!   (Don’t give my address to
                                               anyone)
                                               *The pronoun comes before
                                               the verbs in negative
                                               commands
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    Sequencing Events

       Primero>first

       Entonces>then

       Luego/despues>after, later

       Por fin>end, last

       Antes de/despues de>before/after

       Por la manana/tarde/noche>in the morning/afternoon/night

       Los lunes/martes…>every Monday/Tuesday…
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    Preterite

       A snapshot in time


        -AR verbs
        é                    amos
        Aste                 asteis
        o                    aron


        -ER verbs
        I                    imos
        iste                 isteis
        io                   ieron
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    Trigger Words
        Un dia          One day
        Una vez         once
        Ayer            Yesterday
        A noche         At night
        Hace un ano     A year ago
        Ya              Already
        El mes pasado   Last month
        Anteayer        Day before yesterday
        Por una hora    For one hour
        Por fin         Finally
        Una dia         One day
        A las ocho      At eight
        Dos veces       twice
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    -car, -gar, -zar

       -car > -qué   tocar > toqué

       -gar > -gué   Jugar > jugué

       -zar > cé     comenzar > comencé
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    Deber + infinitive

       Deber = should

    debo                        debemos
    debes                       debéis
    debe                        deben


    Example: Yo debo cantar. (I should sing.)
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    Modal Verbs

       Can’t have two conjugated verbs

       Examples of modal verbs: deber (should), desear (to desire),
        necesitar (to need), poder (to want)

       Nonexamples: Yo debo bailo.
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    Present Progressive

       -er, -ir verbs change to –iendo

       -ar verbs change to –ando

       If the verb has a double vowel like leer then it changes to
        leyendo

       Examples:

    Bailar > bailando

    Mover > moviendo
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    Adverbs

       Ending in –o or –a the adjective changes to –amente

       Ending in –e or other consonant then just add –mente

       Facil > facilmente

       Rapido > rapidamente

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Grammar book2

  • 1. + Grammar Book Adriana Pitman
  • 2. + Table of Contents 1. Nacionalidades 2. Stem Changing Verbs 3. para 4. Indirect Object Pronouns 5. Pronoun Placement 6. Gustar 7. Affirmative and Negative Words 8. Superlatives 9. reflexives 10. affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement 11. negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement 12. sequencing events
  • 3. +
  • 4. + Stem Changers pedir e>i pido pides pide pedimos pedis piden contar o>ue cuento cuentas cuenta contamos contais cuentan poder o>ue puedo puedes puede podemos podeis pueden
  • 5. + Para Esta agua es para beber.  Purpose This water is for drinking.  Recipient Yo traje la comida para mi abuela. I brought the meal for my grandmother.  Opinion Para mí los derechos humanos son importantes. In my opinion, human rights are important.  Destination Las toallas son para el baño. The towels are for the bathroom.  Deadline El proyecto es para el veinte de mayo. The project is due the 20th of May.  Standard Su hijo sabe mucho para su edad. His son knows a lot for his age.
  • 6. + Indirect Object Pronouns Examples:  Me-me A me compro unos aretes.  Te-you (familiar)  Le- you (formal), him, her El hombre le vende el carro a mi padre.  Nos- us A nosotros no nos interesa el tenis.  Os- you (familiar)  Les- you, them Yo les escribi una carta a mis tios.
  • 7. + Pronoun Placement  Attach the pronoun to the infinitive  Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense  Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command  Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
  • 8. + Gustar- to like Singular Plural Me gusta la idea Me gustan las personas Te gusta la idea Te gustan las personas Le gusta la idea Le gustan las personas Nos gusta la idea Nos gustan las personas Os gusta la idea Os gustan las personas Les gusta la idea Les gustan las personas
  • 9. + Affirmative + Negatives Affirmatives algo alguien algun/alguno(a) siempre Tambien english something someone some always also nada nadie Negatives nothing no one tampoco Ningun/ninguno(a) neither/either none/not any nunca never
  • 10. + Superlatives  Ismo These are added to adjectives and  Isimos adverbs. If the adjective/adverb ends in c, g, z  Isima they change to qu, gu, and c.  Isimas Examples: rico>riquisimo larga>larguisima feliz>felicismo mal>malismo muchas>muchisimo
  • 11. + Reflexives Used when the subject also receives the actions. -se is usually attached Examples: Reflexive Pronouns Pepa se lava. me Pedro se afeita. te se nos os se
  • 12. + Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement Irregular Affirmative tu commands decir di Affirmative tu commands hacer haz Simply place verb in its infinitive form, then remove the “r”. ir ve Example: poner pon Caminar> Camina! salir sal ser se Example: tener ten Primero haz los quehaceres. venir ven (First do the chores!) When a pronoun is used, attach the pronoun to the command. Example: Ponte otra comisa! (Put on (yourself) another shirt!)
  • 13. + Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement Negative tu commands 1. Place verb in yo form 2. Use the opposite ending –es for –ar verbs, -as for –er and –ir verbs Irregular tu commands Examples: Hablar hablo No hables! No le des direccion a nadie. Volver vuelvo No vuelves! (Don’t give my address to anyone) *The pronoun comes before the verbs in negative commands
  • 14. + Sequencing Events  Primero>first  Entonces>then  Luego/despues>after, later  Por fin>end, last  Antes de/despues de>before/after  Por la manana/tarde/noche>in the morning/afternoon/night  Los lunes/martes…>every Monday/Tuesday…
  • 15. + Preterite  A snapshot in time -AR verbs é amos Aste asteis o aron -ER verbs I imos iste isteis io ieron
  • 16. + Trigger Words Un dia One day Una vez once Ayer Yesterday A noche At night Hace un ano A year ago Ya Already El mes pasado Last month Anteayer Day before yesterday Por una hora For one hour Por fin Finally Una dia One day A las ocho At eight Dos veces twice
  • 17. + -car, -gar, -zar  -car > -qué tocar > toqué  -gar > -gué Jugar > jugué  -zar > cé comenzar > comencé
  • 18. + Deber + infinitive  Deber = should debo debemos debes debéis debe deben Example: Yo debo cantar. (I should sing.)
  • 19. + Modal Verbs  Can’t have two conjugated verbs  Examples of modal verbs: deber (should), desear (to desire), necesitar (to need), poder (to want)  Nonexamples: Yo debo bailo.
  • 20. + Present Progressive  -er, -ir verbs change to –iendo  -ar verbs change to –ando  If the verb has a double vowel like leer then it changes to leyendo  Examples: Bailar > bailando Mover > moviendo
  • 21. + Adverbs  Ending in –o or –a the adjective changes to –amente  Ending in –e or other consonant then just add –mente  Facil > facilmente  Rapido > rapidamente