2. CONTINUITY in politics and social
classes
From the earliest civilizations to the
present, leaders and governments had
connections or were directly tied to
religion.
Religious leaders were in the elite
classes.
Egyptian pharaoh, Mandate of Heaven,
Caliph, Akbar made his own religion,
Divine Right
3. CHANGE in politics in the WEST and later in
Asia and Africa in the 19th centuries
The RISE OF SECULAR GOVERNMENTS
Religion began to separate from politics.
Government’s power was not based on
religious ideology.
Enlightenment
American and French revolutions
Post-WWs disillusion
Communist Revolutions in Russia and
China
4. CONTINUITIES in POLITICS and
SOCIAL CLASSES
The military had an important role in the
government and politics of regions and
empires.
Warriors/military leaders have often been in the
elite classes.
Some evidence
Classical Civs were all based on expansion and then
dominance through military might or alliances (1st centuries
bce to 3rd centuries ce).
Islamic Empire expanded through military conquest. (8th
centuries to 11th century).
Mongol armies built the largest land empire in the world (13th
century).
Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires and Aztec & Inca. (13th
to 17th centuries)
The America, French, Haitian (18th), Latin American (19th),
and Russian Revolutions (20th) were military based.
Ashoka, Muhammad, Knights, Samurai, Aztec warriors,
Chinggis Khan, George Washington, Mao
5. CONTINUITIES in POLITICS
From the earliest civilizations to the
present, the military has had an
important role in the government and
politics of regions and empires.
HOWEVER,
Chinese scholar gentry had power over
the military in times of stability and
were in an equivalent social class.
6. ECONOMIC CHANGES
2000s bce Neolithic Revolution
(agriculture) leads to permanent
settlements
200s bce - 400s ce Classical
Trade
Classical period saw more trade as
classical empires in Mediterranean,
India, and China helped foster trade
7. ECONOMIC CHANGES
700s – 1000s ce Islamic Empire
1450 – 1750 ce Ottoman,
Safavid, and Mughal Empires
Islamic Empire(s) connect Asia,
Africa, Indian Ocean and the
Mediterranean – trade increases
(pilgrimage)
8. ECONOMIC CHANGES
1450 – 1750s ce European
Expansion
Americas, Africa, Asia, Atlantic and
Indian Ocean connections
(Columbian Exchange, slave trade)
Europeans begin to dominate trade
networks.
More “world” in world trade
9. ECONOMIC CHANGES
Late 1700s to 1900 Industrial
Revolution first in Europe, then
US, then Russia and Japan
Manufacturing and commerce
became the base of many
economies. Political, social, and
gender results. The WEST continued
to dominate.
10. ECONOMIC CHANGES
19th century Imperialism and
Colonialism
World trade increases as Europeans
and US take control of many parts of
Africa and Asia.
11. ECONOMIC CHANGES
1900s Consumerism
Emphasis on consumer goods in the
economy began in the West.
12. Continuities according to 3rd period
“Luxury” goods tended to be a main part of trade – early
civs to present
Gold, spices, silk, porcelain
China – exported more than imported (until the 1700s)
Ag is the base of most economies
Competition improves quality
European weapons
US intervention in 1900s
Trade benefits the upper class (or merchant)
Dependency on the west . . (after 1800s)
Capitalism after industrial rev
China (1800s) & Japan’s (up to 1800s) chosen isolation
13. Economic Continuities according to 5th
period
“Luxury” goods tended to be a main part
of trade – early civs to present
Gold, spices, silk, porcelain
Ag is base of economy
Gov involved or controlled trade.
Economy is improved through expansion
Division of labor = social classes.
Economic & trade centers near water
routes.
Until 19th c – importance slave labor
14. Economic Continuities according to 6th
period
Luxury goods important part of regional or
world trade
Spice, ivory, silk, precious metals, coffee?
Ag based economies
Economy expanded through colonizing or
conquest
Specialization of labor
Religion and trade
Government supported control
15. SOME AP VOCAB
Demographics – make-up of human
populations (ethnic, religious, regional)
The demographics of the western
hemisphere changed after European arrival.
The native population declined and the
European population increased. Also, new
classes of mixed ancestry began.
Political structure or system – how the
government is set up
Social hierarchy – social class (the caste
system was in India)
16. SOME AP VOCAB
Labor systems – how people work, work
patterns
Coercive labor system – forced labor like
slavery or indentured servitude.
Elite – upper class
Gender systems – roles of men and
women
