The Eastern Roman Empire document summarizes the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire. It continued the Roman Empire in the East during late antiquity and the middle ages, with its capital of Constantinople. It survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire and lasted until 1453, making it one of the longest lasting empires in history. Citizens continued to refer to it as the Roman Empire.

2. Eastern Roman Empire
 Byzantine empire , also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire.
 Continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during late antiquity and the middle
ages.
 Capital city was Constantinople.
 It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th
century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to
the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
 During most of its existence , the empire was the most powerful economic , cultural
and military force in Europe.
 Both “Byzantine Empire” and “Eastern Roman Empire” are histographical terms
created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as
the Roman Empire.

3. Holy Roman Empire
 Pope Leo III laid the foundation for the Holy Roman Empire in AD 800 when he
crowned Charlemagne as emperor.
 The Holy Roman Empire was a multi – ethnic complex of territories in Central
Europe that developed during the Early middle ages and continued until its
dissolution in 1806.
 Christianity was embraced by the emperor and was pronounced the official religion
of the Roman Empire.
 Religion and government led to an uneasy but powerful mix of doctrine and
politics.

4. The Arabs Empire
 The Arab Empire was built up
in the 7th and 8th centuries
AD. Inspired by the Prophet
Muhammed.
 At its height, the empire
stretched from Spain, through
North Africa and across Asia
as far as India.
 The Arabs comprised of Iraq
and Saudi Arabia. This area is
known as Arabia

5. The Ottoman Empire
 The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman I.
 Empire reached its apex under Suleiman the magnificent also called Al-Qanum
(law giver) who established centralized administration in the territory.
 In the 16th century when it stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to hungary in
the northwest; and from Egypt in the south to the Caucasus in the north.
 Disintegrated after the first world war.

6. The Mongol Empire  The Mongol Empire existed during the 13th
and 14th centuries and was the largest
contiguous land empire in history.
 Originating in the steppes of central Asia.
 The Mongol empire emerged from the
unification of nomadic troubles in the Mongol
home land under the leadership of Genghis
khan.
 The empire grew rapidly under his rule and
that of his descendants, who send invasions in
every direction.
 Vast transcontinental empire connected the
east with the west with an enforced Pax
Mongolica, allowing the dissemination and
exchange of trade, technologies, commodities
and ideologies across Eurasia.

7. The Mali Empire  The Mali Empire was an empire in West Africa
from c. 1230 to 1670.

The Manding languages were spoken in the
empire.
 Largest empire in West Africa and profoundly
influenced the culture of West Africa through
the
spread of its language, laws and customs.
 They have huge treasure of gold.
 Timbuktu of Mali was an important cultural
and
commercial centre of medieval Africa

8. Medieval periods

9. China and Japan
 China was ruled by the sovereign Tang
Dynasty.
 Over Tang dynasty the Song, Ming and
Manchu dynasties ruled over China.
 Emperor was the supreme head of the
political affairs.
 After some time administration was
overhauled by the feudal lords called Shoguns.
 Tokyo became a powerful centre under them.

10. America
 Numerous civilization emerged during the medieval age such as:-
Mississippi
Caribbean
Mogollon
Patayan in north America
Mayan
Inca
Aztec Toltec in south America
 Europeans in the quest for establishing colonies, destroyed the
native cultures of America and started plantation of mines.

11. Decline of Feudalism
 The decline of feudalism occurred due to a
number of events which occurred during the
Medieval era of the Middle Ages.
 Feudalism was based on the division of land
by the king to nobles and vassals in return for
their military service under the Feudal Levy.
 Land was the main source of the economy and
was dependent on the peasants who worked
on the land.
 Factors that resulted in the weakening of
feudalism such as:-
declining trend of agricultural
product.
Out break of famine.
Continuous occurrence of plague.
Crusades shattering many feudal lords.
Outbreaks of peasant revolts strengthened the
position of the kings making the lords weak
This lead to the emergence of nation state.