This is a course that introduces would be teachers to the ICT concepts and its application to teaching and learning of various subjects.

1. YOU ARE
WELCOME TO
ICT IN EDUCATION
CLASS
Lecturers in-charge
Dr. OMIOLA, M. A.
&
Mr. Sabitu, A.

2. COURSE TITLE
Information and
Communication
Technology in Education
(EDU 332)

3. COURSE CONTENT
 Meaning of ICT
 ICT in Education
 Application of ICT
 Components of Computer
 Microsoft word (MS-word)
 Microsoft Excel
 Microsoft Power Point (MS-power point or PPT)
 Using the Internet for Searching Authentic
Academic Information

4. MEANING OF ICT
ICT acronym stands for Information and
Communication Technologies, ICT is defined as a self-
governing functional knowledge and smart equipment
(tools) that follows instructions strictly in performing
tasks.
ICT can also be defined as a system that processes,
stores and/or communicates information.
Some experts defined ICT as different set of
technological tools and resources used to transfer,
create, disseminate, store and manage or utilize
information. These technologies include computer,
telecommunication networks, internets, broadcasting
technologies etc. the information sends or transfer can
be in different forms either in form of numbers, text,
pictures, videos, sounds etc.

5. ICT IN EDUCATION
People often mix ICT Education and ICT in
Education but the two are not the same.
ICT Education is referring to learning about ICT or
learning in the concept of parts of that make-up ICT,
it involve the subject matter of ICT so as to acquire
ICT skills.
But ICT in Education is applying ICT skills or
gadgets in Education or in teaching/processes, which
is how to effectively use ICT resources to ease
teaching/learning processes which help to make the
learning more meaningful and interesting.

6. APPLICATION OF ICT
ICTs are being used in our day to day or daily life
activities in different areas, some of the
applications of ICTs include:
 ICTs can be used for business purposes like
buying and selling of goods and services, often
refer to as e-business or online shopping. It is
being facilitated through the internet, which
make the process more easy, time saving and
reduce the cost of traveling.
 ICT is used in medical line or health care, this
days hospitals make use of machines and
computers to diagnose diseases, perform
automated operations and also telemedicine
(Doctor stay in hospital and monitor a patient at
home).

7. APPLICATION OF ICT
ICTs are also used in banking sector, which make
the work easier and faster in terms of time duration.
Example like ATM (Automatic Teller Machines) for
withdrawing money from your account at any time
without going into the bank, there is electronic
payroll, mobile banking etc.
 ICT play a great role in communication processes,
which help to curtail the barrier of time and distance
in communication. Nowadays television, telephones,
mobile phones, internet etc. are effective ways of
communication.

8. APPLICATION OF ICT
 ICTs have a prominent role they play in Education, the
use of ICT in the instructional process is the introduction of
innovations in educational objectives, content and
instructional strategies. The emphasis is not only on the
learner’s acquisition of knowledge and skills but also on
ensuring that the learner develops a positive attitude to and
confidence in using ICT in learning, example like accessing
their lecture notes online, using e-library resources,
accessing e-books and e-journals online etc.

9. APPLICATION OF ICT
 ICTs play an important role in Agricultural
sector, it provides stakeholders in the industries
with easy access to necessary information and
knowledge for managing each phase effectively.
For example it makes available to stakeholders
recent finding in pest management and fertilizer
application. Used of ICT in agriculture has given
rise to improved crop variety and production.
Such ICT resources include computers,
production models, internets, e-mail, bulletin
boards, etc.

10. OTHER USES OF ICTS
INCLUDE:
 Computers make it easy for us to process
information and perform different tasks more quick
and easy than we were able of doing it.
 ICTs system can be used to perform several
different tasks because of their flexibility.
 ICT networks allow us to disseminate and transfer
information quickly and over a long distance.
 ICTs tend to make our lives easier through many
innovation in it.

11. COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
Computer is a system that consist of different
components which are essential for it to function
efficiently, without one the computer may not work
as it is desired.
The components are:
 The Hardware.
 The Software.
 People ware.

12. COMPONENTS OF
COMPUTER
Hardware
These are seen as the physical parts of computer
that make-up a computer system. Example like
mouse, processor, motherboard, monitor, etc.
Hardware can be categories into two components:
Internal component and External components
Internal components are the components that are
located inside the computer case, example like
motherboard, RAM, ROM etc.
External components are those components that are
outside the computer case, some are connected
externally using ports. Examples: speakers, mouse,
monitor, printers etc.

13. ANOTHER DIVISION OF
COMPUTER HARDWARE
COMPONENTS ARE :
 Microprocessors: - which perform calculation and
processing of data.
 Storage Device: - they are used to store information
and data, example disk, flash drives, RAM, ROM, etc.
 Input Devices: - these allow the user to enter data
into the computer system, example microphone,
keyboard, joystick, scanner, etc.
 Output Devices: - these allow data or information
to be output from the computer system, example
printer, monitor, speakers, projector, etc.
 Network Devices: - these allow computer to send or
transfer data to and from other computers, example
modem, data cable, USB cable, network cards, etc.

14. COMPUTER COMPONENTS:
MOTHERBOARD
It is sometimes known as main board or
system board or planar board, this is
the main printed circuit board found in
the computer and other expandable
systems, with connections for all the
other components in the computer

15. Figure 1: Diagram of a Motherboard

16. Motherboard is one of the most important components
in the computer system because:
 It is the main power supply of the computer.
 It determines the type of components that can be
installed in a computer example type of CPU, Hard
disk, processor and other peripheral devices.
 It also provides the electrical connections by which
the computer components communicate with each
other.
 It also contained the CPU and host other sub-systems
and devices.

17. Ports
A port is a socket designed to allow the connections of
extra devices, often found outside the system case.
Example of such devices are: flash drive, joysticks,
mouse, etc.
Figure 2: Diagram of different types of port

18. System case
It is sometimes called the chassis or enclosure, it is a
metal and plastic box that houses the main
components of the computer. It plays important roles
in the functioning of properly-designed and well-
built computer.
Figure 3: Diagram of a system case

19. Examples of Input Devices
Keyboard
It is regard as the most common input devices and
are used to input numbers, text, and instructions
into the computer. Keyboard contain the following
keys in it:
 Keys for the letters of the alphabet.
 Keys for punctuation symbols.
Numbered keys or numeric keypad or both
Figure 4: Diagram of two differentkeyboard

20. Uses of Keyboard
 Keyboards are used to input data into application
software, for example numbers into spreadsheet, text
and numbers in database (MS-access), etc.
 Keyboards are also used to type in commands to
the computer (ctrl-A to select all, ctrl-C to copy etc.)

21. Mouse
This is an example of pointing device, it operates
through a graphical user interface (GUI). This means
that the user selects a command from the computer
screen display by moving a pointer and clicking an
icon.
There are usually two buttons, which have different
functions, the left button is used to selects something
by double clicking it and it is often used all the times.
The right button brings up drop-down menus. Many
mouse have a scroll button, which speeds up the
process of moving through a document. Recent
developments have produced the optical mouse,
where movement is detected by reflected light rather
than the position of a moving ball and there is also a
cordless mouse.

22. Figure 5: Diagram of Mouse

23. Uses of Mouse
 Mouse can be used for opening, closing and
minimizing software.
 It can also be used for grouping, moving and
deleting files.
 It can be used to control the pointer on the screen
to allow selection of item or icon from the screen.
 It is used for editing images, for example
controlling the size and position of a drawing pasted
into a document.

24. Microphone
Microphone can be connected directly to a computer,
sound can be inputted and then manipulated. The
input sound is converted to an analogue signal and
then converted into a digital signal.
Figure 6: Diagram of Microphones

25. Uses of Microphone
Microphone can used to input voice/sound to be used
in various applications, example presentation,
sampling etc.
It can also be used in voice recognition software,
which can have a number of purpose.

26. Webcams
Webcams are similar to digital video cameras,
however they are connected directly to the
computer through USB port and they do not have a
memory. The information that the webcam picks
up is transmitted directly to the computer. Many
computer systems now have webcams built into the
top of their monitors as standard equipment.
Figure 7: Diagram of Webcams

27. Uses of Webcam
 While chatting online or video chatting webcam is
used for that matter, people take it as a more personal
way of having a conversation.
 They are also used for snapping pictures.
Figure 8: Diagram of Scanners

28. Uses of Scanner
 Non-digital photographs can be scanned with
scanner and be stored into the computer.
 Scanners are used to scan in documents and
convert them into a format for use in various
software packages.
 Old and valuable documents and books can be
scanned, thus protecting the originals from damage,
through handling and also producing records in case
the paper copies are lost or destroyed.

29. Joysticks
Joystick have similar functions to mouse and
tracker balls. By gripping the stick, a pointer on the
screen can be controlled and buttons are used to
make selections. Often they have another button on
the top of the stick that is used for gaming purpose,
example to fire weapon.
Figure 9: Diagram of different types of Joysticks.

30. Uses of Joystick
 Video/computer games are often controlled by
joysticks.
 They are used in simulators to mimic actual
controls.

31. Examples of Output Devices
Monitor
Monitor or Visual display unit (VDU) is an electronic
visual display for computers, the monitor comprises the
display device circuitry and an enclosure. The display
devices in modern monitors is typically a thin film
transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) then panel
while older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT)
about as deep as the screen size.
Figure 10: Diagram of two different types of Monitor

32. Uses of Monitor
 They are used to allow designs to be created on
screen through using light pens.
 They are the primary output devices of computer
components that enable the user to see the task they
are doing in the computer, example typing, drawing,
calculation etc.
TFT screens form the integral part of laptop
computers.

33. Printers
Printer is an output device of hardware for a
computer, it is a device which make it possible to the
user to make hard copy of text, pictures, letters, etc.
it allows the user to print items on paper. It can also
work with digital cameras to print directly without
the use of computer to do its function properly.
We have different type of printers which include the
following: Inkjet printer, Plotter laser printer, Dot-
matrix printer, Dye sublimation printer, Daisy
wheel printer, etc.
Figure 11: Diagram of some types of Printers

34. Speakers
Speakers can be connected directly to a computer or
are built into the monitor or casing. Digital data
from the computer is converted into analogue form,
using a digital to analogue converter (DAC) the
signal is then amplified through the speakers.
Figure 12: Diagram of Speakers

35. Uses of Speakers
 Speaker as essential for producing sound from
multimedia presentation.
 They are used to play download music and video
files.
 Through its audio output of text on the screen it
help blind people to use computer.
 They are also used in home entertainment centers.

36. Projectors
Projector receive signals that can be either analogue
or digital, although most modern projectors only
work with digital input. The signal source is usually
for a computer, television or DVD player. The image
from the source is magnified and projected onto a
large screen.
Figure 13: Diagram of Projectors

37. Uses of Projectors
Projector is generally used for presentation purpose
which allows the audience to have good view of the
picture or item being presented.

38. Storage components
There are basically three (3) types of storage
components used by the computer for storage of
data:
 Read-Only Memory (ROM)
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Storage Disk

39. Read-Only Memory (ROM)
This is a class of storage medium used in computers and
other electronic devices. ROM is a non-volatile or
persistent memory that hold permanent information
such as the BIOS, that software that ensure
communication between computer components and are
necessary to start computer. Data stored in ROM can
only be modified slowly with difficulty or not at all, so it
is mainly used to distribute firm ware (firmware is a
software that is very closely tied to specific hardware
and unlikely to need frequent updates)
Figure 14: Diagram of a ROM

40. Random Access Memory (RAM)
This is a form of computer data storage. RAM is a
volatile or non-persistent memory that store data
while it is being processed. Example RAM is required
to run software while the computer is powered. It also
allows data item to be read and written in roughly the
same amount of time regardless of the order in which
data items are accessed.
Figure 15: Diagram of a RAM.

41. Table 1: Showing the differences between ROM and RAM
ROM RAM
Read-Only Memory Random Access Memory
The information in ROM is not easily accessed, it
has to be transferred to RAM for processing before
accessing.
The information stored in RAM is easily accessed.
It is non-volatile i.e. it contents are retained even
when the device is powered off.
It is volatile that is its contents are lost when the
device is powered off.
It stores that program required to initially boot
computer.
It allows the computer to read data quickly to run
applications.
It allows reading data only. It allows both reading and writing of data.
ROM is used to store permanent information and
cannot be delete.
RAM is only used to store temporary information.
Accessing speed is slower in comparison with
RAM, it cannot boost up processor’s speed.
Accessing speed of RAM is faster, it assist the
processor to boost up the speed.

42. Storage Disk
Disk drive was invented in the year 1950s, and the
main use of it is to store and transfer data files.
Storage disk is a general category of storage
mechanism where data are recorded by various
electronic, magnetic, optical or mechanical changes
to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks.
Notable types are Hard disk drive (HDD), it have a
hard plotter that holds the magnetic medium, as
opposed to the flexible plastic film found in tapes
and floppies. The floppy disk drive (FDD) all are
types of storage disk.
Figure 16: Diagram of a Storage Disk.

43. Uses of a Storage Disk
Storage disk is used to preserve data when the
computer is turn off and to move and back up data.
Also software applications need to be installed files
on the storage disk drive in the computer in order to
run.

44. Other Magnetic Media
Other magnetic disk devices are Lomega zip and Jaz
clicks. They tend to offer much less capacity than
hard disk. Their main advantage is that the disks
can be removed and transferred elsewhere. One of
the most popular external magnetic disk available
today is the Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash device.
USB flash drive can store bulk information that a
standard floppy disk cannot.
Figure 17: Diagram of Some Magnetic Media (Lomega Zip and USB Flash Drive).

45. Unit of measuring storage capacity
The units are bits, bytes, megabytes, gigabytes etc.
 Bits: - It is the lowest unit of measure of information,
it contain binary or logical 1 or 0, b is used to represent
bits.
 Byte: - It is made up of many bits used to represent an
information, there are 8 bits in a byte. B is used to
represent bytes.
 Hardware and Software are described as being a
certain number of bits, which shows how much
information the hardware or software can process at a
time. Example if CPU is 64-bit processor, this indicates
that the CPU can process 64- bits of data in each clock
cycle (1 minute).
 Kilobyte: - represented with KB, Kilobyte is 1024 bytes,
size of data file is measured in kilobytes.

46. Unit of measuring storage capacity
 Megabyte: - it is being represented with MB, 1MB is
equals to 1048576 bytes (1024 kilobytes). Megabyte is
often used to measure the amount of main memory or
the size of a collection of files within a folder.
 Gigabyte: - it is represented by GB, a gigabyte is
equivalent to 1024MB, it is often used to measure the
memory capacity of most storage devices such as
hard drives.
 Terabyte: - which is represented by TB, terabyte is
equal to 1024GB. Hard drive arrays on corporate file
servers are quickly approaching terabyte capacity.

47. The CPU
As the acronym implies Central Processing Unit (CPU)
is the electronic circuitry within a computer that
carrier out the instructions of a computer program by
performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and
input/output operations specified by instructions.
The CPU consist of the following components:
Processor: - It controls all the other parts of computer,
it also accepts input and stores it in the memory and it
also interprets the instructions in the computer
program.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): - It performs arithmetic
and logical operations. Example of operations are
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division as well
as others.
Internal and External Memory: - It stores the data and
information used or processed by the computer.

48. Figure 18: Diagram of a CPU showing the internal contents

49. Software
Is a general term for the programs that control the
computer system, It is also refer to as any set of
machine-readable instructions that directs a computer’s
processor to perform specific operations.
There are two categories of software:
 System software
 Application software
System software: - These are the programs that allow
the hardware to run properly, example operating
system. It controls the basic internal operations of the
computer system.
Operation system software (OS): - Is a software that
manages computer hardware and software resources
and provides common services for computer programs.
The operating system is an essential component of the
system software in a computer system. Example of
operating system include Android, BSD, IOS, linux, OS
X, QNX, Microsoft windows, IBM z/os etc.

50. The general tasks for a typical operating system
includes:
 It controls the operation of the input, output and
backing storage devices.
 It is also supervises the loading, running and storage of
application programs.
 It ensure the security of the whole computer system.
 It maintain the details of computer usage that is the
computer log.
 It helps to regulate errors that occur in application
programs.
 It ensure communication between computer user and
computer system.

51. Computer users were able to communicate with the
operating system through the “User Interface”.
There are two forms of user interface:
 Command line interfaces (CLIs)
 Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
Command line interfaces (CLIs): - These require a user to
type in instructions in order to choose options from
menus, open software etc. there are often a number of
commands that need to be type in, for example to save or
to load a file.
Graphical user interfaces (GUIs): - These allow the user
to interact with computer using pictures or symbols
rather than having to type in a number of commands, for
example a whole of CLI code could be replaced by a
single icon, simply selecting this icon would
automatically execute all the steps without the need to
type them in each time.

52. Application Software
This is a set of one or more programs designed to permit the user to
perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks or activities. Application
software cannot run on itself but dependent on system software to
execute. Example of an application software include word processor,
spreadsheet design and management system, painting, drawing etc.
People ware
This as a computer components refers to the person/computer user which
are professionals in information communication technology and the end
users. They consist of Computer professionals and Computer users.
Computer professionals: - These include software engineers, system
analyst and programmers.
Software engineers develop the software that make up the computer.
System analysts design and specify logical structures to solve problems by
computers.
Programmers write, test, maintain and correct errors in computer
programs.
Computer users
They are the ones who make use of the computer in their daily activities,
they include professionals like Doctors, Lawyers, Teachers etc. and any
other users like students, artisans, house wives etc.

53. Microsoft word (MS-word)
This is a word processor developed by Microsoft, it
was first released in 1983 under the name multi-tool
word for Xenix system.
A word processor is a software program, which
provides a graphical user interface (GUI) better
capabilities than a text editor does. It is also a
program that allows/enables user to create, edit,
format and print document. Example of word
processors are MS-word, King Word, and Word
Perfect etc.

54. Applications of word processor
 It gives room for collaborative work to take place.
 A whole document can be saved as a web page which
can be posted or published on a website.
 It helps in production of legible, accurate and
professional documents to make on time.
 It also gives room to editing and formatting of
document before the final print out.
 It also assist the user in correcting spellings and
grammatical errors in documents.
 Document can be saved and retrieved for future use
anywhere and anytime.
 It can also be used to perform simple calculations but
not as complex as MS-excel.
 Document can include tables, pictures, charts etc.

55. Essentials required for using MS-word
 A functional computer system.
 An application software for word processing,
example MS-word.
 Then if hard copy is required, there is a need for
printer

56. Starting Microsoft word
Steps to load MS-word
 Start your computer system,
There are two ways here shortcut way and the normal way:
 The shortcut way is just double click on the Microsoft word
icon on the desktop if available.
The normal way is to
 Click on the “start” button on the task bar,
 Scroll to all “programs”,
 Select and click Microsoft word icon,
Then the program will load and display on the screen with
blinking cursor which indicates that you can start typing your
document.

57. Figure 19: Diagram of a well label Microsoft word page

58. Saving Document
Saving document is the act of storing document for later
use.
 How to save a document.
 Click on the file menu and select the option “save” or
“save as”,
 Type a name to save your file in the space provided in
front of “file name”
 Now click on the “save” button.
 Or the quickest way to save your document is by
clicking on the save icon on the standard toolbar or
press and hold down the ctrl key and press on the
keyboard “S” button.

59. How to print a document
Click on the file menu and select the option “print”.
 A page will open asking you to choose the prepared or
connect printer and other options
 Then click on the “print” button
 Or alternatively press hold down the ctrl key and then
press “P” key to print.
Exiting/closing Microsoft word.
 Click on the file menu and select “Exit” or click on the
“Close” button by the upper most right hand corner of
the screen.
 Microsoft word will be closed.

60. Opening an existing document
 Click on the file menu and click open
 If you have recently used the document you can click
the file menu and click the name of the document in the
recent document section of the window.
Microsoft word selection techniques.
It is important before you apply any format to a text,
you need to select (highlight) the text it can be a word, a
line, paragraph or entire word document.
To select a word
 Double click on the word.

61. To select a line
Move the mouse pointer to the left of the line you wish to
select, until the mouse pointer changes from an I-bean to
an arrow pointing upwards and to the right,
 Double click with the left mouse button.
To select a paragraph
Move the mouse pointer to the left of the paragraph you
wish to select, until the mouse pointer changes from an I-
bean to arrow pointing upward and to the right,
 Double click with the left mouse button.
To select the entire document
from edit menu
Choose select all.

62. Deleting text in Microsoft word
If you wish to delete a particular text from your MS-
word document then you can use delete function.
To delete a character
Place the insertion point to the left of the character
to be deleted and press delete key on your
keyboard.
To delete a word
Select the word to be delete by double clicking on it
and press the keyboard delete key.
To delete line or lines
Select the line or lines to be deleted,
Press the delete key.

63. To delete a block of text
Select the block of the text that you want to delete
by dragging the mouse pointer over the text with the
left mouse button depression,
Once the text is selected press the delete key.
To delete the entire document
Select the entire document,
Press the delete key.

64. S/N Actions Keyboard shortcut
1 Increase your font size by 1 point. Ctrl + [
2 Decrease your font size by 1 point. Ctrl + ]
3 Remove paragraph/character formatting. Ctrl + Spacebar
4 Copy the selected text/object. Ctrl + C
5 Cut the selected text/object. Ctrl + X
6 Paste text/object. Ctrl + V
7 Make letters Bold. Ctrl + B
8 Make letters italic. Ctrl + I
9 Make letters underline. Ctrl + U
10 Undo the last action. Ctrl + Z
11 Redo the last action. Ctrl + Y
12 Decrease the font size by 1 value. Ctrl + Shift + <
13 Increase the font size by 1 value. Ctrl + Shift + >
14 Create a non-brake space. Ctrl + Shift + Spacebar
15 Open a document. Ctrl + O
16 Create a new document. Ctrl + N
17 Split the document window. Alt + Ctrl + S
18 Remove the document which is split. Alt + Shift + C
19 Save a document. Ctrl + S
20 Close a document. Ctrl + W
21 Print a document. Ctrl + P
22 To move around the preview page when zoomed in. Arrow keys
23 To move by preview page when zoomed out. Page up/down
24 Move to first preview page when zoomed out. Ctrl + home
25 Switch in/out of print preview. Alt + Ctrl + I
26 Insert a comment. Alt + Ctrl + M
Table 2: List of Microsoft word shortcut keys

65. 27 Close the reviewing if it open. Alt + Shift + C
28 To view nth page. n,Enter
29 To view first page. Home
30 To view last page. End
31 Exit reading layout view. Esc
32 Refresh. F9
33 Insert a hyper link. Ctrl + K
34 Move 1 page forward. Alt + right arrow
35 Move 1 page backward. Alt + left arrow
36 Delete 1 character to right. Del
37 Delete 1 word to left. Ctrl + backspace
38 Delete 1 word to right. Ctrl + Del
39 Cut to the spike. Ctrl + F3
40 Paste the spike. Ctrl + Shift + F3
41 Find text. Ctrl + F
42 Go to page, bookmark or other. Ctrl + G
43 Replace text/special items. Ctrl + H
44 Switch to print layout view. Alt + Ctrl + P
45 Switch to draft view. Alt + Ctrl + N
46 Switch to outline view. Alt + Ctrl + O
47 Move to previous edit location. Ctrl + pageup
48 Move to next edit location. Ctrl + pagedown
49 Expand text under a heading. Alt + Shift + +
50 Collapse text under a heading. Alt + Shift + -
51 Expand/collapse all text under a heading. Alt + Shift + A
52 Insert a tab character. Ctrl + tab
53 Justify-Center Ctrl-E
54 Justify-Full Ctrl-J
55 Justify-Left Ctrl-L
56 Justify-Right Ctrl-R
57 Line-spacing Ctrl-1

66. Microsoft Excel
Microsoft excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft
for Microsoft windows, Mac OS, etc. it features calculations, graphing
tools, pivot tables and macro programming language called visual
basic applications.
Microsoft excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using grid
of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter named columns to
organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations.
Rows are referenced by the row number, 1:1 is the reference to the
first row.
Columns are referenced by the column name such as “A”, “B”, or “C”.
Cell is an intersection of a row and a column, it can contain different
types of data text or numbers. Cell is referenced by combination of
column and row name, for example cell “A1” means it is combination
of column A and row 1.
Spreadsheet can be used to manipulate numbers and string of data in
rows and columns.

67. Applications of MS-Excel
The basic benefit of using MS-excel spreadsheet
program is that it allows the user to carryout simple
row and column arithmetic.
 It can also help the user to prepare daily sales,
examination results etc. in short it is essential for
computing and storing of records.
 It also help the user to plan budget either personal,
company or government budget.
 It is also essential in preparing reports, (weekly,
quarterly, monthly and annual).
 It allows the user to draw charts, graphs, and tables.
 It is also essential for research purposes both
scientific and educational research.

68. Loading Microsoft Excel
Loading is the act of opening or lunching the
program in order to explore it.
 Steps for loading Microsoft excel.
 Switch on your computer system,
 If you have a shortcut icon of MS-excel on your
desktop, double click on it to open the program,
 Or alternatively click on the “start” button on the
taskbar, then “All programs” and move your mouse
to select the Microsoft excel icon,
 Click the icon to lunch excel.

69. Figure 20: Diagram of a well label Microsoft Excel page

70. Entering data into the MS-excel
Steps
 Place the cursor on cell A1 (first cell) and double click on it,
 Type “Name” and press the tab key,
 The cursor would now be in cell B1, type the “Frequency”,
 Move your cursor to cell A2 and double click,
 Now type a name, example name of your employee or name of
student and press enter key,
 Type another name and press enter key, repeat the process till
you reach the desired names you will work with,
Place your cursor in cell B2 and double click,
Type the frequency of the first name and repeat the process to
type for other names.

71. Plotting graph using MS-Excel
Steps
 Highlight the first name and scores then drag your
mouse down to select others,
 Click on the chart wizard on the standard toolbar
and select the type of chart you want to plot,
 Click on the next button and the source data range
is selected for you,
 Click on the next button then next again,
 When you are done click on the finish button,
 The graph will be plotted on your screen.

72. Saving the document
Steps
 lick on the file menu,
 Select “Save” or “Save as”
 Type the name your want to save the document with
in the space of file name provided,
 Then click on the save button.

73. Exiting Microsoft Excel
The quickest way to exit MS-excel is by clicking once on
the left upper most “close” button at the corner of the
screen,
The program will prompt you “Do you want to save
changes to file name”,
 Click on the yes button, the file will be saved and the
program end.
 Or alternatively click on the file menu option and
choose close to save your file, then open file menu again
and choose exit to end the program.

74. Performing calculation on MS-excel
Formula is a set of mathematical instructions that
can be used in excel to perform calculations. Equal
(=) sign is used in the formula box to start using
formula.
Elements and formulas in excel
References: are the cell or range of cells that the user
want to use in his/her calculations.
Operators: are symbols (+, -, *, / etc.) that specify the
calculation to be performed.
Constants: are number or text values that do not
change.
Functions: are pre-defined formulas in excel.

75. Creating a basic formula in MS excel
=sum(B1:B2)
Select a cell for the formula: Type equal (=) sign, then
type the formula in the cell for example, Click enter,
then the sum of cell B1 to B2 will be sum up in the
selected cell.
Sum: add all cells in the argument.
Average: calculates the average or mean of the cells
in the argument.
Min finds the minimum value.
Max finds the maximum value.

76. Microsoft Power Point (MS-power point or PPT).
This is a slide show presentation program developed
by Microsoft, it was officially lunched on May, 22nd
1990, as a part of Microsoft office suite.
Power point is a presentation software that enables
a user to create powerful presentation. Presentation
created with PPT can have audio and visual effects
making them look professional as per the
requirement. Power point can also be used to create
educational presentations for schools to professional
presentations for big companies or institutions.

77. Applications of Microsoft power point
MS-power point allows the user to include formatted
text, graphics, pictures, sound and animations in the
presentation.
 It also help the user to capture the attention of the
audience with full color images, sounds, animations,
charts, and graphs.
 It can also be used to structure and create dynamic
visual presentation

78. Starting MS-power point
Steps
 Click on the “start” button at the left side of the
taskbar,
 Select all program,
 Click on Microsoft power point command.
 Or alternatively double click on the icon of MS-
power point on the desktop if available.

79. File Tab (Backstage view)
Menu Bar
Slide Tab
Status Bar
Note Pane
Slide Pane Ribbon

80. Concepts in Microsoft power point
Presentation: this is a collection of slides.
Slides: this is a like a frame in a presentation that
represents data. During presentation, slides are being
displayed one after the other and the contents of the
presentation are displayed through these slides on
screen. Presentations are designed for delivering
information to the audience, it can also contain text
to display information or have multi-media effects to
make them impressive and interactive.

81. Slide pane/Editing pane: it is the workspace that is
used to create and edit slides.
Notes pane: it is used to enter notes or detail
explanation to slides.
Navigation pane: it allows the user to scroll through
the slides with ease, it consist of two navigation
tabs.
Slides tab: it displays slides thumbnails, click on it
to view the corresponding slide in the slide pane.
Outline tab: it enables you to display an outline of
the slide content.
View button: it is used to switch between views
(normal, slide sorter and slide show views).

82. Starting a new presentation
 Creating a new presentation from a blank slide.
 Click on the Microsoft office button or file menu,
 Select new,
 Select blank presentation.
 Creating a new presentation from a template.
 Click on the Microsoft office button or file menu,
 Select new from the menu,
 Select installed templates or browse through MS-
office online templates.

83. Creating new presentation from an existing presentation
Click on the Microsoft office button or file menu,
 Select new from the menu,
 Select new from existing,
 Browse through and select the presentation.
Creating a new presentation from a word outline
 Click on the slide where you would like the outline to
begin,
 Click on new slide on the home tab,
 Select slides from outline,
 Browse and select the word document that contains
the outline.

84. How to save a presentation
To save presentation you have two choices either save or
save as.
To save a presentation with “Save”
 Click on the Microsoft office button or file menu,
 Select save.
 Or alternatively press hold down ctrl and press S key
on the keyboard.
To save a presentation with save as
 Click on the Microsoft office button or file menu,
 Select save as,
 Type in the name for the presentation,
 In the save as type box, choose power point 97-2003
presentation,
 Then click on save.

85. Deleting slides
In power point you can delete a slide or some slides in
presentation and you can delete all the slides in the
presentation.
To delete a slide
 Click on the slide that needs to be deleted in the slide
navigation pane,
 On the slides group on the home tab, click delete or
simply press delete button on the keyboard.
To delete all slides
 Select view Tab slide sorter,
 Click on any thumbnail image of the slide,
 On the editing group on the home tab, click select all,
 Then press delete or click delete button on the slides
group.

86. How to enter text
 Select the slide where you want the text,
 Click on a textbox to add text.
To add a text box
 Select the slide where you want to place the
textbox,
 On the insert tab click textbox,
 Click on the slide and drag the cursor to expand
the textbox,
 Type in the text.

87. Internet
Internet is a global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the standard internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices
worldwide. It is the network of networks, that
consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business and government networks of local to global
scope, linked by a brand array of electronic, wireless
and optical networking technologies. The internet
enables users to obtain information about any
subject or topic by connecting to the internet.

88. The internet carries an extensive range of
information resources and services such as the inter-
linked hypertext documents and applications of the
World Wide Web (www). The infrastructure to
support email and peer-to-peer networks for file
sharing and telephony. The World Wide Web (www)
also called web is a sub set of internet, it is a series of
interconnected servers that support specially
formatted documents.

89. Many concepts and debates on technology, which
shaped the internet, date back to research
commissioned by the United States government in the
1960s to build robust, fault tolerant communication via
computer networks. This work evolved into efforts in
the United Kingdom and France that led to the primary
precursor network the ARPANET (Advance Research
Project Agency Network) in United States in the 1980s
of the work of Tim Berners-Lee in the United Kingdom
on the World Wide Web, theorized the fact that protocols
link hypertext document into a working system, hence
marking the beginning of modern internet.

90. Advantages of Internet usage in our daily life:
 Information on almost every subject imaginable.
 Powerful search engines available for use anytime.
 Ability to do research from your home versus research
libraries.
 Information at various levels of study. Everything from
scholarly articles to ones directed at children.
 Message boards where people can discuss ideas on any
topic. Ability to get wide range of opinions. People can
find others that have a similar interest in whatever they
are interested in.

91.  The internet provides the ability of emails. Free mail service to
anyone in the country.
 Platform for products like SKYPE, which allow for holding a
video conference with anyone in the world who also has access.
 Friendships and love connections have been made over the
internet by people involved in love/passion over similar
interests.
 Things such as Yahoo Answers and other sites where kids can
have readily available help for homework.
 News, of all kinds is available almost instantaneously.
Commentary, on that news, from every conceivable viewpoint is
also available.

92. Disadvantages associated with using the internet in our daily
life:
There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can
post anything, and much of it is garbage.
 There are predators that hang out on the internet waiting to
get unsuspecting people in dangerous situations.
 Some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus
causing problems with their interactions of friends and loved
ones.
 Pornography that can get in the hands of young children too
easily.
 Easy to waste a lot of time on the internet. You can start
surfing, and then realize far more time has passed than you
realized. Internet and television together of added to the more
sedentary lifestyles of people which further exacerbates the
obesity problem.

93.  Internet has a lot of "cheater" sites. People can buy
essays and pass them off as their own far more easily
than they used to be able to do.
 There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have
sprung up on the internet to take advantage of people.
 Hackers can create viruses that can get into your
personal computer and ruin valuable data.
 Hackers can use the internet for identity theft.
 It can be quite depressing to be on the internet and
realize just how uneducated so many people have
become in today's society.

94. Applications on the Internet
Internet provides different types of services, which include:
Electronic mail (Email), File transfer service (FTS) and Search
Engine.
Electronic mail (Email): - This is the application that allows
exchange of messages between two or more computers by
telecommunication. It was one of the first services that were
used for communicating over the internet. Email message can
contain diverse characters either text, graphics, numbers, files
or a combination of all.
Several websites on the internet provide free Email services
example like Yahoo mail, Take mail, Hotmail, Google mail etc.
The user is first asked to register at the site and an Email
account is created for the user.

95. How to register to an Email account
Steps
 Double click on the windows explorer on the taskbar
or double click on any available browser icon on your
desktop,
 When it opens up, type the web address of the Email
you want to register to, for example (www.gmail.com),
 When it opens up, click on “sign up” button,
 A web page will open with some items of personal
information the user is required to fill,
 After filling all the appropriate information, then
click on sign up or create button,
 Then an Email account will be assign to you.

96. How to access an existing Email account
 Lunch your browser,
 Type the web address of the Email providers in the
space provided, for example (www.yahoomail.com),
 When it opens up, you will see the space that you will be
required to type your Email address, for example (
imhharis@yahoo.com) and then type the password in the
space provided,
 Then click on sign in button or alternatively press the
“enter” key on your keyboard,
 Then will have access to your Email account.

97. How to send a message using your Email account
 After you access or open your Email account,
 Click on the “compose” button,
 A menu or web page will open or appear with various spaces,
first space is where you will type the receiver’s Email address,
for example (rolatoye@fudutsinma.edu.ng),
 Then the second space is where you will type the subject of
your message, example (EDU 322 Assignment),
 Then the third space is the word pad, where you will type your
message,
 If you want to attach a file to the message,
 Then click on attachment or a button with a sign of an office
pins,
 A menu will pop up, then select the file you are going to attach,
 Then click on the “send” button.

98. File Transfer Services (FTS): - This is the service that
enables the user to transfer files from one computer
to another using internet. File transfer means
uploading a file to a server (sending file) or
downloading a file from a server (receiving file).
File transfer service uses the file transfer protocol
(FTP) which is an internet protocol that enables user
to upload and download files.

99. Search engines: - This is a program that enables the
user to search for a particular set of words or
information specified by the user on the internet. A
user interface is provided where the user can enter
the word or phrase that he/she want to search for.
The search engine work is to locate the keyword in a
large data source and returns the result of the search.
Examples of search engines are yahoo, MSN, google,
Wikipedia etc.

100. How to search a word or phrase using search engine.
Steps
 Load or lunch your browser,
 In the space provided type the web address of the
search engine you are going to use example (
www.google.com),
 Web page of the search engine will open, providing you
with space that you will type the word or phrase you
wish to search for, example (types of family, vegetation,
social status etc.),
 Then click on the “search” button on the screen or
alternatively press “enter” key from the keyboard,
Then a web page will open up with several alternatives
of the keyword you entered, then select the one you feel
it suit your search.

101. Concepts used in web
The most commonly used concepts in web are:
Protocol: - This is a set of rules used for
communication between computers.
Browser: - It is a client software application that
enables the user to display and interact with a
hypertext document. Example (Google chrome,
Mozilla fire fox, UC browser, Opera etc.).
Web server: - It is a program or application that
responds to requests from web browsers to retrieve
resources or it is a computer application that
responds to requests from other programs and
delivers the requested documents.

102. Web Site: - It is a collection of related files, each
contains a homepage which is the first document that is
displayed on the browser.
A site is owned and managed by an individual, company
or organization and might contain additional
documents and files.
Home page: - It is the first hypertext document that is
displayed when the user opens a website, it contains
links to other pages or other site.
HTML (Hypertext Makeup Language): - It is a
formatting language used to present a web documents.

103. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): - It is a protocol
used on the web to transfer hypertext document.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): - It is an internet protocol
that helps to upload and download files, it is commonly
used to download files to a personal computer from
other servers on the internets.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): - It is a web
addressing scheme that spells out the exact location of a
net resource on the internet. Most URLs take the form:
Protocol://host.domain/directory/file name.
ISP (Internet Service Provider): - It is an organization
that provides users access to the internet and other
related services. They provides users with user name
and password which are required to connect to the
internet.

104. Domain name: - This is an identification string that defines a
realm of administrative autonomy authority or control within
the internet. Domain name are formed by the rules and
procedures of the Domain Name System (DNS). Any name
registered in the DNS is the domain name.
Types of Domain Name
There are two main types of domain names: Country code and
Generic.
 Country code names are two-character domain names for
countries, sovereign state and territories. Many country code
names have second-level sub-domains like (.co.in., .co.uk.)
www.google.com
Third level domain Second level domain Domain name
(Top-level domain TCD)

105. Generic domain name include all of the other domain
names like .com, .edu and .biz. Sponsored names
like .aero, .coop and museum are managed by an
organization that is in charge of the policies
regarding their registration. Unsponsored names are
simple managed by ICANN (Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers).

106. TABLE 3: EXAMPLES OF DOMAIN
NAMES.
Country Code Generic Domain Names
Domain Name Sponsored Unsponsored
.au (Australia) .aero
.mesuem
.com
.br (Brazil) .asia .mobi .net
.cn (China) .cat .tel .org
.de (Germany) .coop .travel .biz
.fr (France) .edu .info
.jp (Japan) .gov .name
.ng (Nigeria) .int .pro
.uk (United Kingdom) .jobs
.us (United States) .mil

107. Here are some generic domain names and their
specific uses
.aero” used in the aviation industry.
.asia” used in Asia.
.biz” used by business.
.cat” used by catalan-language website.
.com” intended for use by commercial entities, but it is
unrestricted.
.coop” used by cooperatives.
.edu” used by post-secondary educational institution.
.gov” used by government entities.

108. .info” intended for used by “Informative” websites, but it
is unrestricted.
.int” used by international treaty-based organizations.
.jobs” used by websites dealing with employment.
.mil” used by the United States military.
.mobi” used by websites optimized for access on mobile
devices.
.museum” used by museums.
.name” used by individuals.
.net” intended for network infrastructure use, but it is
unrestricted.
.pro” used by licensed professionals, including those in
the legal, accounting and medical professions.
.tel” used for store and publish contact information.
.travel” used by entities in the travel industry.

109. Saving a web page as file
A user can save web page for viewing it later without
connecting to the internet.
Steps
 Click on the “file” button from the top left corner of
the browser,
 Select “save as” a command will display the save
web page dialog box,
 A space will be provided for file name, type the
desired file name you wish or use the default file
name,
 Click on save.

110. Printing from a web page
Steps
 Click on the “file” button,
 Select print,
 A print dialogue box will display,
 Click on “Print” button and the page will print.

111. Thanks