BSCS (Gender and Society) Group B - Module 2

Anatomy and
Physiology of
Reproduction
Module 2 Lesson 1

INTRODUCTION
Human reproduction is a complex and remarkable
process. Male and female reproductive systems
compliment one another, and each is essential to
produce children and give birth to the new
generation. Let us now look into the human
anatomy and physiology of reproductive system.

01 02
Analyze the basis for
physiological processes
in females and males
OBJECTIVES
Differentiate the female
and male reproductive
systems
OBJECTIVES

OVERVIEW
THE BIOLOGICAL FEMALE
Important Parts
Hormones
Menstrual Cycle
THE BIOLOGICAL MALE
Important Parts
Hormones
OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW

The Biological
Female
01
• Capability to function with other body system for
reproduction purposes
• PUBERTY – signals final development of primary and
accessory organs
• Can be subdivided into INTERNAL and EXTERNAL
genitalia

EXTERNAL GENITALIA
Mons Pubis
Fatty mound that
covers pubic bone
Clitoris
Canal that joins lower part of
uterus to outside of body
Vaginal Opening
Labia minora
Perineum
Anus
Urethral Opening
Sensitive nerve endings for
sexual arousal and pleasure
Labia majora
Or URETHRA is a tube that
carries urine from bladder
“Large lips”; enclose and
protect external organs; the
scrotum in males; contain
sweat and oil-secreting glands
“Small lips”; can be very small
(up to 2 inches wide)
Space between anus and
vaginal opening
Rectal opening
collectively called as VULVA

INTERNAL GENITALIA
Fallopian tubes
Tunnels for ova (egg cells) to travel
to uterus; where fertilization of egg
occurs
Endometrium
Cervix
Vagina
Myometrium
Inner lining in uterus; builds up
and sheds monthly depends on
hormonal situation
Uterus (womb)
Middle layer of uterine wall; main
function is to induce uterine
contraction
Home to developing fetus;
Two parts: cervix and corpus
(corpus: main body of uterus
that holds developing baby)
Small opening called os where
menstrual blood flows, semen
travels, and dilates during
childbirth
Birth canal that joins cervix
to outside of the body
within the true pelvis

HORMONES
● Major female hormone
● Big role in reproductive and sexual
development
● Including puberty, menstruation,
pregnancy, and menopause
Estrogen
● Prepares endometrium for potential
pregnancy after ovulation
● Prohibits muscle contractions in uterus
that would cause body to reject egg
Progesterone
● Gonadotropins
● Starting follicle (egg) development
● Causing the level of estrogen to
rise
Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone (FSH)
● Aids in egg maturation
● Provides the hormonal trigger to
cause ovulation and the release of
eggs from the ovary
Luteinizing
Hormone (LH)

HORMONES
● Major female hormone
● Big role in reproductive and sexual
development
● Including puberty, menstruation,
pregnancy, and menopause
Estrogen
● Prepares endometrium for potential
pregnancy after ovulation
● Prohibits muscle contractions in uterus
that would cause body to reject egg
Progesterone
● Gonadotropins
● Starting follicle (egg) development
● Causing the level of estrogen to
rise
Hormone (FSH)
● Aids in egg maturation
● Provides the hormonal trigger to
cause ovulation and the release of
eggs from the ovary
Luteinizing
Hormone (LH)
Role in several body functions:
● Sexual desire
● Regulation of menstrual cycle
● Bone and muscle strength
Females also produce and
need small amount of
TESTOSTERONE.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• Controlled by different glands and hormones that glands produce
• HYPOTHALAMUS – brain structure that causes nearby pituitary
gland to produce chemicals which prompt ovaries to produce sex
hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
• It is a biofeedback system where each structure and gland is
affected by the activity of others
• Can be described by ovarian or uterine cycle

UTERINE CYCLE
occurs when ovum is not
fertilized and does not
implant itself into the
uterine lining
Menstrual
Phase
Proliferative
Phase
FSH is released to stimulate
the ovaries to produce
estrogen and causes the
ova to mature
Secretory
Phase
LH is released that causes
ovaries to release a mature
ovum and helps in producing
progesterone
changes in endometrial lining of uterus

OVARIAN CYCLE
ovarian follicle mature and
get ready to release the
egg (day 1-13)
Follicular
Phase
Ovulation
Phase
mature egg is released
from one follicle down the
fallopian tube (day 14)
Luteal
Phase
marked after the release
of mature egg (day 15-28)
changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary

The Biological
Male
02
Most parts are located outside the body

EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
Epididymis
Stores sperm for maturation;
tube connecting rear of
testicles to vas deferens
Testes
Scrotum
Contained in the scrotum; male
gonads
Penis
Male genital organ carrying
the duct for the transfer of
sperm during copulation;
consist of erectile tissue and
serves for elimination of urine
Cooling unit to maintain
temperature (lower than
37°C) for sperm development

INTERNAL ORGANS
Seminal Vesicles
Two small glands that store and
produce majority of fluid that makes
up semen
Bulbourethral glands
(“Cowper's glands”)
Vas deferens
Pair of exocrine glands;
contribute to the final volume of
semen by producing lubricating
mucus secretion
Prostate
Secretes fluid that nourishes
and protects sperm
Transports mature sperm to
urethra in preparation for
ejaculation
Called as ”Accessory organs”

Helps control sperm
production
● Major male hormone
● Produced mainly by testes
● Responsible for growth and
development during adolescence
● Development of sperm and
secondary sexual characteristics
Stimulate testosterone
production
Testosterone Luteinizing
Hormone (LH)
Hormone (FSH)
HORMONES

CONCLUSION
The human reproductive system describes the
sexual reproduction of male and female
humans. Important parts of each systems, the
role of hormones, and the cyclical hormonal
changes in women were discussed to fully
understand the physiological processes of
humans in different sex.

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END.
of Lesson 1

The Process of
Reproduction
Defining fertilization, conception and pregnancy; Identifying the complications of early pregnancy

REPRODUCTION
• one of the physiological processes and most important
concepts in biology.
• it means making a copy, a likeness, and thereby
providing for the continued existence of species.

Important terms to ponder:
• OVULATION
• CONCEPTION
• FERTILIZATION
• PREGNANCY
is a part of a female’s menstrual cycle when a mature egg is released
from the ovary and travels to the fallopian tube for possible fertilization.
is the time when sperm travels up through the vagina, into the uterus,
and fertilizes an egg found in the fallopian tube.
the time when a sperm cell successfully meets an egg cell in the fallopian
tube.
is the period in which a fetus develops inside a woman's womb or uterus.

How does Pregnancy
occur?
It starts with the sperm cell and
the egg cell.

How does Pregnancy occur?
A mature egg, that was released
by the female, travels through
the fallopian tube towards the
uterus.

When the male and female
have sexual intercourse, Sperm
cells gets into the vagina
through ejaculation.

The sperms cells travels through
the cervix and uterus into the
fallopian tube looking for an
egg.

As the sperm cell burrows into
the egg and fertilizes it. The
fertilized egg is called a zygote.

The baby's genes and sex are
set, then, the zygote moves
down to the fallopian tube
towards the uterus, forming a
ball of cells called the
blastocyst. The blastocyst floats
in the uterus for 2 to 3 days

The blastocyst attaches to the
lining of the uterus and is called
Implantation. The pregnancy
begins officially. the Human
chorionic Gonadotropin hormone
(HcG), a pregnancy hormone is in
the blood from the time of
implantation.

The blastocyst attaches to the
lining of the uterus and is called
Implantation. The pregnancy
begins officially. the Human
chorionic Gonadotropin hormone
(HcG), a pregnancy hormone is in
the blood from the time of
implantation.
Human chorionic Gonadotropin (HcG)
a hormone that prevents the lining of the uterus from
shedding. If the egg does not meet up with the sperm or does
not implant tin the uterus, the thick lining of the uterus pass
out of the body during menstruation.

Menstruation
• Menstrual period among
females occurs at an average
age of 12.3 years.
• It signals maturation of the
adolescent female body
• and is associated with the
ability to ovulate and
reproduce.

Teenage pregnancy
• a pregnancy in a female under the
age of 20.
• it affects tremendously on the
educational, social, and economic
lives of young people.
• Completing high school and pursuing
necessary post-secondary education
of a young woman would be
improbable due to early parenting.
Adolescent pregnancy

Teenage pregnancy
• a pregnancy in a female under the
age of 20.
• it affects tremendously on the
educational, social, and economic
lives of young people.
• Completing high school and pursuing
necessary post-secondary education
of a young woman would be
improbable due to early parenting.
Adolescent pregnancy
Despite the decline in teenage pregnancy rates, there are
still teens engaging in sexual activity leading teenage girls
getting pregnant. To protect themselves against unwanted
pregnancy, providing them access to healthcare are needed
and equipping with them knowledge, skills and attitudes are
necessary.

Health consequences
the following are the health consequences of early pregnancies for adolescent mothers
and their babies.
For the infant
• Low birth weight
• Preterm birth
• Higher peri- and post-neonatal
mortality
For the mother
• Anemia
• Delayed prenatal care
• Depression
• Inadequate weight gain
• Pregnancy induced hypertension
• Eclampsia
• Second birth as a teen

Social consequences
Ø Unmarried pregnant adolescents may face stigma and rejection by
parents, peers, and threats of violence.
Ø girls who are pregnant before age 18 are more likely to experience
violence within marriage or a partnership.
Ø dropping out of school
Ø perpetuating cycles of poverty due to the lack of opportunities for
employment.

Social consequences
Teenage pregnancy prevention
The use of contraception or birth control is a surest way to prevent pregnancy.
Birth control methods may work in a number of different ways. The following are
the Artificial and Natural Methods of contraception.

Type of
Contraceptive
Method
How it works Effectiveness Benefits Instruction for
use
Benefits other
than
Contraception
Pill (contains
synthetic
estrogen)
Alters natural
ovulation cycle.
99-100%
Low cost;
easily available;
controlled by the
woman
Taken daily after
menstrual cycle
begins
None
Injections
(given in the 1st
days if the
menstruation
and then every
2-3
months)
Not known Given by doctor None
Chart for Contraception

Type of
Contraceptive
Method
use
Benefits other
than
Contraception
Withdrawal
(removal of the
penis from the
vagina before
ejaculation)
Prevents semen
from going into
the vagina
70-85%
No cost under the
control of the
man and
the woman
involved
Dependent on
the man
None
Intrauterine
Device (IUD)
Inserted inside the
uterus by a doctor
95-98% Long-lasting and
relatively
inexpensive
Inserted by a
doctor in the first
few days of
menstruation;
should be
examined every
few months
None

Type of
Contraceptive
Method
use
Benefits other
than
Contraception
Male Condom
(rubber sheath
that fits over
the
penis)
Rolled over the
penis 80-85%
Low cost; easily
accessible and
reduces risk of
STIs
Do not use with
oil-based
lubricants(creams
and lotions)
Can be effective
in preventing of
STI’s/HIV/AIDS
Implantable
hormone Device
Continuous release
of hormones
Not known Continuous birth
control for 5
years
Implant of the
capsule in the
upper arm;
done by the
doctor.
None

Type of
Contraceptive
Method
use
Benefits other
than
Contraception
Calendar
Method cycle. Allows the woman
to keep track of
“safe” days for sex.
60-80%
No cost and
under the control
of the woman
Woman must
keep track with
the help of a
calendar
None
Sterilization
(Vasectomy for
males and tubal
ligation for
females)
Passageway for the
sperm or the egg is
surgically tied.
100%
Highly effective,
permanent and
one- time
expense.
Doctor performs
the operation None

Sexual
Health &
Hygiene
Module 2 Lesson 3

Introduction
Hygiene is part of our health per se, especially
in sexual health, and reproductive health.
Changes in adolescent’s body would require
proper hygiene as hormones at this time are
unstable. How to handle them? Let’s dig in.

OBJECTIVES
01
02
03
OBJECTIVES
Understand how to take care of the
body by having good hygiene
Incorporate a Breast Self-Exam for
females
Regulate a genital care and healthcare
check for male and female

Overview
01
Teen hygiene
• Oily Hair
• Sweat and Odor
• Body Hair
• Dental Hygiene
02
Healthcare Check:
Females
• Breast Self-Exam
• Keeping the external
female genetalia
clean
03
Healthcare Check:
Males

Pay attention to products you
use on your hair
Wash hair regularly; Do not
scrub or rub hair and scalp too
hard
Oily Hair
Use conditioner for oily hair
What
to
do
What
to
do
What
to
do
During puberty, hormones goes up and down causing hair to look shiny, oily, and
grassy.

Wear clean clothing everyday
(shirts, socks, underwear)
Bathe or shower everyday using
soap and warm water.
During puberty, sweat glands become more active and secrete different chemichal
into the sweat that has a stronger odor.
Sweat and Body Odor
Cotton clothing is
recommended as it will help
absorb sweat more effectively
To prevent sweaty and
underarm odor, use deodorant
with antiperspirant.
What
to
do
What
to
do
What
to
do

If you razor does not have shaving gel right in the
blade area, use shaving cream or gel because
they make it easier to pull the razor against your
skin.
Make sure, blade of your razor is new and sharp
to prevent cuts and nicks.
Body Hair
Do it slowly and carefully to
prevent cutting yourself.
What
to
do
What
to
do
What
to
do
Growing body hairs are again due to hormones.
If you decide to shave:

Make the use of the dental
floss a part of your routine
after brushing;
Brush your teeth regularly
especially after eating sweet
foods;
Dental Hygiene
Visit the dentist twice a year;
How to care of your teeth:
Dental problems arise as we get older. Dental care is a must to avoid tooth decay,
gum swelling, and foul breath
Have a dental prophylaxis of the
teeth as advised by the dentist;
Avoid the use of coffee, tea,
colas, and certain drugs that
discolor the teeth;
Avoid cigarette smoking which
discolors the teeth, makes your
breath foul, and puts you at risk
for many diseases;
Increase your intake of water;
Do not share toothbrush with
other members of the family.

Breast Self-Exam
Breast self-exam is an own examination of
one’s breast in order to detect breast
cancer, and can be diagnosed early.
The best time for a self-breast exam is
about a week after the last day of your
menstrual period, when your breasts are
tender and swollen. This should be done at
the same time each month.

Breast Self-Exam: 5 Steps
Begin by looking at your breasts in the mirror with your
shoulders straight and your arms on your hips.
Here's what you should look for:
• Breasts that are their usual size, shape, and color
• Breasts that are evenly shaped without visible
distortion or swelling.
If you see any of the following changes, bring them to your
doctor's attention:
• Dimpling, puckering, or bulging of the skin
• A nipple that has changed position or an inverted nipple
• Redness, soreness, rash, or swelling
Step
1

Raise your arms and look for the same changes.
As indicated in step 1:
Here's what you should look for:
• Breasts that are their usual size, shape, and color
• Breasts that are evenly shaped without visible
distortion or swelling.
If you see any of the following changes, bring them to your
doctor's attention:
• Dimpling, puckering, or bulging of the skin
• A nipple that has changed position or an inverted nipple
• Redness, soreness, rash, or swelling
Step
2

While you're at the mirror, look for any signs of fluid coming
out of one or both nipples.
Step
3

Feel your breasts while lying down, using your right hand to
feel your left breast and then your left hand to feel your
right breast. Use a firm, smooth touch with the first few
finger pads of your hand, keeping the fingers flat and
together. Use a circular motion, about the size of a quarter.
Note: Cover the entire breast from top to bottom, side to
side — from your collarbone to the top of your abdomen,
and from your armpit to your cleavage.
Step
4

Follow a pattern to be sure that you cover the whole breast.
You can:
• begin at the nipple, moving in larger and larger circles
until you reach the outer edge of the breast.
• move your fingers up and down vertically, in rows, as if
you were mowing a lawn.
For the skin and tissue beneath the breast, use:
• light pressure;
• medium pressure for tissue in the middle of your
breasts;
• firm pressure for the deep tissue in the back.
When you've reached the deep tissue, you should be able to
feel down to your ribcage.
Step
4
continuation

Feel your breasts while you are standing or sitting. Many
women find that the easiest way to feel their breasts is
when their skin is wet and slippery, so they like to do this
step in the shower. Cover your entire breast, using the
same hand movements described in step 4.
Step
5

clean
Keeping the
external female
genetalia

• Wash the external genitalia every
day especially during menstruation
● Soap is unnecessary, if you want to
use soap, use plain and mild soap
● Do not clean the internal genitalia
• Avoid “wiping from front to back”
after urination or bowel movement
● Wear clean, soft, and moisture-
wicking underwear
● Avoid wearing anything tight
against the vulva
● Be aware of any changes in your
vaginal fluids – color or odor. If you
see and observe any, please visit a
health professional immediately

.
Poor Hygiene = smegma balanitis
Uncircumcised males need to pull back
the foreskin and gently wash
underneath
Use loose-fitting, cotton underwear to
prevent irritation.
Seek medical attention immediately if
you notice unusual penile discharges,
odors, blisters or sores
Wash the external genitalia using water
and plain soap, and don’t scrub the area
too hard

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Conclusion
Sexual health and hygiene is for owns personal
growth and well-being. Failure to take care of
ones body leads to adverse effects.
A comprehensive talk through of healthcare
and hygiene were done to educate people of
both sexes on how to manage their body
accordingly.

Risky Behaviors
&
Adolescents
Module 2 Lesson 4

Adolescence is one of the most important
developmental period in which person grows and matures
physically, mentally, cognitively, socially and emotionally.
It is important to examine the developmental
characteristics, risky behaviors and counseling during
adolescence period. Risky behaviors restrain adolescents
to become responsible adults by threatening their well-
being. Preventive interventions should reduce risk factors
and enhance protective factors.
2

OBJECTIVES
3
OBJECTIVES
01
02
Identify trouble signs that
can lead to risky behaviors
and its complications;
Discuss how to avoid risky
behaviors.

4
01
02
03
04
§Understanding
Developmental
Characteristics
of Adolescents
§Risk Behaviors
of Adolescents in
the Philippines
§Adolescents
Health Risks
§Identified Sexual
Risks that were
found among the
growing Filipino
adolescents
§Preventing
Multiple
Behaviors
among Adolescents

Understanding Developmental
Characteristics of Adolescents
✗ Physical Development
✗ Cognitive Development
✗ Emotional Development
5

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
7
There are three main physical changes that
come with adolescence:
ü The growth spurt (an early sign of maturation);
ü Primary sex characteristics (changes in the organs
directly related to reproduction);
ü Secondary sex characteristics (bodily signs of
sexual maturity that do not directly involve
reproductive organs).

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
8
ADOLESCENT vs. CHILDREN
Adolescent thinking is on a higher level than that
of children. Children are only able to think logically
about the concrete, the here and now.
Adolescents move beyond these limits and can
think in terms of what might be true, rather than
just what they see is true. They are able to deal
with abstractions, test hypotheses and see infinite
possibilities. Yet adolescents still often display
egocentric behaviors and attitudes.

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
9
Adolescents are also developing socially and
emotionally during this time. The most important
task of adolescence is the search for identity.
This is often a lifelong voyage, launched in
adolescence. Along with the search for identity
comes the struggle for independence.

Risk Behaviors of
Adolescents in the
Philippines
Adolescents experiment with new
behaviors as they explore their emerging
identity and independence. The concept of risk
has been established as a characteristic that
exposes adolescents to threats to their health
and well-being. Young people may be exposed
to similar risks but respond differently. Some
may not sustain any physical or emotional
damage while others may be affected for the
rest of their lives.
10

According to DOH Adolescent Job Aid Manual 2009
11
Trouble Signs among Teens:
×Sexual promiscuity
×Regular use of drugs and alcohol
×Repeated violation of the law or school
regulation
×Running away more than once in 3 months
×Skipping school more than once in 3
months
×Aggressive outbursts/ Impulsiveness
×Dark drawings or writings
×Deterioration in hygiene
×Oppositional behavior
×Refusal to work/ non-compliance
×Chronic lateness
×Falling asleep in class
×Changes in physical appearance
×Excessive daydreaming

According to DOH Adolescent Job Aid Manual 2009
12

Adolescents Health Risks
The Department of Health, in its Adolescent and Youth Health Policy
(2000), has identified the following health risks: substance use, premarital sex,
early childbearing, abortion, HIV/AIDS, violence, accidents, malnutrition and
mental health.
13

ALCOHOL USE
14
Alcohol is the most frequently used drug by teenagers. Young people who drink are
more likely to use tobacco and other drugs and engage in risky sexual behavior than
those who do not drink.
Drinking alcohol may lead to the following effects:
×decreases ability to pay attention
×the younger a person is when they begin drinking,
the more likely they are to develop a problem with alcohol
×deaths due to car crashes in which underage drinking is involved
×alcohol is involved in nearly half of all violent deaths involving teens
×suicide
×likely to engage in sexual activity, unprotected sex, or have sex with a stranger
×excess alcohol use can mask other emotional problems, like anxiety or depression
×use of other drugs, like marijuana.

SUBSTANCE ABUSE
15
Substance abuse is the overuse of a drug, with no due regard to accepted medical
practices resulting in the individual’s physical, mental, emotional,
or behavioral impairment.
CIGARETTE SMOKING
Adolescents smoke for the following reasons:
×social norm (“to be cool”)
×curiosity
×advertising
×social pressure
×pleasure
×addiction ; additionally there are also bad health effects in smoking.

Sexual Risks that were found among the growing
Filipino adolescents
16
1 out of 3 has sexual experience. They also engage in sex at a younger age:
first sex for boys: 17.6 years old while first sex for girls: 18.1 years old.
One in 50 had sex before age 15 while one in 4 had sex before 18 years old.
7 in 10 of first premarital sex cases a re unprotected against unintended pregnancy
and sexually transmitted infections including HIV-AIDS.
And SEX AND MEDIA have been identified as key influencers among adolescents
engaging in high risk behaviors, as shown in studies in NCR and CALABARZON.

Guidance of family is very important as the adolescent
develops into a mature adult. Family arrangement, based on
the 2006 McCann Erickson Study, has noted the:
53% 20%
17
of adolescents live
with both parents
5%
Because of the
Overseas
Filipino Worker
(OFW)
phenomenon,
5% live without
the mother
23%
live without
the father
live
without
parents.

Preventing Multiple
Risky Behaviors among Adolescents
18
1 3 5
6
4
2
Support and
Strengthen Family
Functioning
Make Communities
Safe and Supportive
for Children and Youth
Promote the Development of
Sustained Relationships
with Caring Adults
Increase
Connections
between Students
and Their Schools
Promote Involvement
in High Quality Out-of-
School-Time Programs
Provide Children and
Youth Opportunities to
Build Social and
Emotional Competence
7
Provide Children and
Youth with High
Quality Education
during Early and
Middle Childhood

1. Support and Strengthen
Family Functioning-Teaching
parents how to cope with stress,
communicate clear expectations,
eliminate coercive parenting, and
reward positive behaviors appears to
prevent and deter children and youth
from engaging in risky behavior.
3. Make Communities Safe
and Supportive for Children
and Youth-Children and youth who
live in safe, supportive communities
are less likely to use drugs, exhibit
aggressive behavior, commit crimes,
and drop out of school.
5. Promote the Development
of Sustained Relationships
with Caring Adults
Children and youth who report that they
have positive relationships with adults
and those who receive mentoring in the
context of a long-term supportive
relationship are more likely to succeed
on multiple fronts.
19
2. Increase Connections
between Students and
Their Schools-Children and
youth who feel connected to their
schools are less likely to bully or be
bullied, to engage in delinquent
behavior, and to use drugs and
alcohol.
6. Provide Children and Youth
Opportunities to Build Social
and Emotional Competence
Children and youth with strong social and
emotional competence are less likely to
engage in risky behaviors related to
aggression, substance use, and sexual
risk taking.
4. Promote Involvement in
High Quality Out-of-School-
Time Programs
Involvement in high quality out-of-
school-time programs has been
linked with decreased drug abuse,
delinquency, and sexual risk-taking
behaviors.

1. Support and Strengthen
Family Functioning-Teaching
parents how to cope with stress,
communicate clear expectations,
eliminate coercive parenting, and
reward positive behaviors appears to
prevent and deter children and youth
from engaging in risky behavior.
3. Make Communities Safe
and Supportive for Children
and Youth-Children and youth who
live in safe, supportive communities
are less likely to use drugs, exhibit
aggressive behavior, commit crimes,
and drop out of school.
5. Promote the Development
of Sustained Relationships
with Caring Adults
Children and youth who report that they
have positive relationships with adults
and those who receive mentoring in the
context of a long-term supportive
relationship are more likely to succeed
on multiple fronts.
20
2. Increase Connections
between Students and
Their Schools-Children and
youth who feel connected to their
schools are less likely to bully or be
bullied, to engage in delinquent
behavior, and to use drugs and
alcohol.
6. Provide Children and Youth
Opportunities to Build Social
and Emotional Competence
Children and youth with strong social and
emotional competence are less likely to
engage in risky behaviors related to
aggression, substance use, and sexual
risk taking.
4. Promote Involvement in
High Quality Out-of-School-
Time Programs
Involvement in high quality out-of-
school-time programs has been
linked with decreased drug abuse,
delinquency, and sexual risk-taking
behaviors.
7. Provide Children and Youth with High Quality
Education during Early and Middle Childhood –
Children who receive high-quality early care and/or high-quality
education in elementary school are less likely to engage in
substance use and risky sexual behavior when they get older.

21
Their risky behaviors restrain adolescents to become responsible
adults by threatening their well-being and there are trouble signs that can lead
to this and cause a complications hence to avoid risky behaviors among
adolescents there are strategies to prevent it among adolescents it include
school and extra-curricular activity involvement, safe environments, and
positive relationships with caring adults.

22
Thanks!
END OF
MODULE 2
LESSON 4

BSCS (Gender and Society) Group B - Module 2

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