This presentation will cover human reproduction system in detail. It covers the male as well as the female reproductive system. Later the slides includes information on menstrual cycle and their phases . The slides also cover the vital hormones of the reproductive system along with their functions. # I hope this slide is helpful to you all readers

1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

2. OVERVIEW:
•Introduction
•Male Reproductive System
•Female Reproductive System
•Menstrual Cycle
•Hormones of the reproductive system and
their function
•Summary

3. Reproduction in Human
 Reproduction involves the following sequence:
Formation of gametes
Changes in female body for entry of sperm
Fertilization of the ovum
Development of zygote
Production of milk for nourishing young one
Hormonal co-ordination by pituitary gland and
gonads

4. Male reproductive System
 Located in the pelvis region as shown in figure

5. Testes
 Produces sperm cells and secretes testosterone
 Located outside the body in scrotum
 Requires 2-3 degree celsius less temperature than
our body

6. Scrotum
 Pouch enclosing the testes and epididymis
 Consists of contractile tissues called Dartos Muscle
 Communicates with the abdominal cavity through
inguinal canal
 Protects testes and maintain the temperature of the
testes 2 degrees lower than body temperature
Urethra
 Urinogenital organ as common part of both excretory
system and male reproductive system
 Carries semen outside the body

7. EPIDIDYMIS
 Coiled muscular tubes lying along the posterior border
of testis in scrotum
 Divided into three parts;Cauda or tail,Caput or head,
body or Corpus epididymis
 Internally lined by pseudo stratified columnar
epithelium
 Stores sperm before ejaculation for 40-50 days

8. Vas Deferens
 Tube from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts
 Internally lined by pseudostratified epithelium
 Carry mature sperms from epididymis into ejaculatory
ducts at the time of ejaculation
Ejaculatory duct
• Posterior to the urinary bladder
• Ejects spermatozoa and semen into prostatic urethra
during ejaculation

9. Penis
 Male copulatory organ lying outside the body in front
of scrotum
 Divided as;root,body and glans penis
 Dorsolaterally covered by corpora cavernosa and
midventrally by corpora spongiosum

10. ACCESSORY GLANDS
 Seminal vesicles:
Paired leaf shaped accessory gland
Secretes 66 % of total semen
• Prostate gland:
Spherical unpaired gland
Secretes 33 % of total semen
• Cowper’s gland:
Paired pea sized accessory gland
Protects sperm from acidity in male urethra

11. Female Reproductive System
Divided into external and internal genitalia:
• Labia Majora
Forms the boundary of the vulva
• Labia Minora
Small and thin lip like fold
• Mons pubis
Elevation above Labia majora
• Clitoris
Presence of erectile tissues

12. • Hymen
Layer of mucous membrane
• Vestibular glands
Occur on each side of vaginal opening and secretes a
lubricating fluid
• Breasts
Pair of modified sweat
gland contains connective
tissue
It has 15-20 lobules
Base has the areolar
region

13. Internal structure

14. Internal genitalia
 Ovaries
Primary sex organs lying
in the lower abdomen
Produces ova and female
hormones-oestrogen and
progestrone
Positioned in the upper
pelvic cavity on either side
in uterus behind fallopian
tube

15. Fallopian tube
 Internally lined by ciliated epithelium to push ovum
in forward direction
 Divided as; Infundibulum,ampulla and isthmus
 Infundibulum is surrounded by finger like projections
called the fimbriae
 Opening of infundibulum is in abdomen called
ostium
 Ampulla consists 2/3 of the total length
 Fertilization,cleavage,blastulation of zygote are
done in fallopian tube

16. Uterus
 Divided into fundic uterus,body of uterus and cervix
 Uterine wall is made up of 3 layers ;epimetrium ,
myometrium and endometrium
 Also called as the womb
Vagina
• Fibromuscular tube from cervix of uterus to outside
opening
• Serves as passage way for menstrual flow,explusion of
baby
• Contains Lactobacillus acidophilus keeps pH
between 4.9 and 3.5

17. Menstrual cycle
 Series of changes in the endometrium of uterus and
ovary of a non-pregnant woman
 Generally starts at the age group between 12 to 14
called as maturity or puberty or menarche
 Continuos upto the age group between 50 to 55 years
called as menopause
 Adult healthy female shows 28 days menstrual cycle
 The series of changes taking place are stimulated by
different concentrations of gonadotropins like FSH
and LH

18. Phases of menstrual cycle

19. The 4 phases of menstrual cycle
 Menstrual phase (1-5 days )
 Also called the “weeping of the uterus” or “funeral of
unfertilised egg” or “Bleeding phase”
Level of estrogen and progestrone goes on decreasing
The ENDOMETRIUM wall gets ruptured due to low
hormones
• Proliferative phase ( 6-13 days )
Repairment of endometrium of uterus is proliferation
The FSH and LH level becomes more in blood
The thickness of endometrium doubles and is about 4
to 6 mm

20. • Ovulatory phase ( 14th day )
Shortest phase in menstrual cycle
Grafiaan follicle ruptures , wall of ovary ruptures and
ovum in the form of secondary oocyte is released
There is increase in level of LH in blood
• Lutueal phase ( 15- 28 days )
FSH increases and LH decreases
If FERTILIZATION occurs ovum gets implanted
In absence of fertilization ovum dies and corpus
luteum degenarates into corpus albicans
End of this phase and second menstrual cycle starts

21. Hormonal Control

22. Male Hormones
 At the onset of puberty, the hypothalamus causes the
release of FSH and LH into the male. FSH enters the
testes and stimulates the Sertoli cells to begin
facilitating spermatogenesis
 Testosterone, the hormone responsible for the
secondary sexual characteristics
 The Sertoli cells produce the hormone inhibin, which
is released into the blood when the sperm count is too
high.

23. Female hormones
 Estrogen is the reproductive hormone in females that
assists in endometrial regrowth, ovulation, and
calcium absorption; it is also responsible for the
secondary sexual characteristics of females.
 Progesterone assists in endometrial re-growth and
inhibition of FSH and LH release.
 In females, FSH stimulates development of egg cells
 LH also plays a role in the development of ova,
induction of ovulation, and stimulation of estradiol
and progesterone production by the ovaries