Science 6

2. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Organ system that protects the body.
• Protects the body from microbes from the environment that can be harmful to the
inner organs.
• It is made up of skin, hair, toenails and fingernails. They serve as the barrier that
blocks germ from entering the body.
• Skin as the main part of the system, and covers the whole body. It is the largest organ
of the body.
• Skin also protects from UV rays, increasing the melanin (pigment that gives the skin
its color) will help to prevent skin damages. It also alleviates cuts and burns.
• Melanin absorbs UV rays.
• Nails protect the sensitive tips of the fingers and toes.

3. SKIN
• Largest organ of the body and covers the whole body.
• It regulates body temperature through perspiration, liquid waste or sweat. As
sweats released the body cooled down.
• It has three parts:
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis

4. • Outermost layer of the skin
• No blood vessels, they get their nutrients to the dermis.
• It constantly drying out, flaking off, and renewing.
• Skin cell in this part is completely replaced every 28 days.
• It has three special types of cell:
1. Keratinocytes – produce keratin (a protein that forms the hair and nails).
2. Melanocyte – produce melanin (absorbs UV rays giving skin brown color).
3. Langerhans cells – immune cells in the skin. They guards against germs, if they
detect germs or infection, they alert the immune system

5. • Characterized into two types:
1. Thick skin – approximately 1.5 mm, found in the sole of your feet and in the palm
of your hand.
2. Thin skin – covers the eyelids

6. 1. HAIR – can be found in any body parts but noticeable in the head, and eyes. It
consist of:
Hair shaft – projects the skin surface
Root – soft and thickened bulb at the base of he hair.
Hair bulb sits in a sac-like pit in the skin called follicle (where the hair grows)
Has functions:
Keep dust, insects, and other unwanted things out of the body. Ex: eyebrows
and eyelashes
Decrease the amount of light that can enter the eyes. Ex:

7. Has functions:
Hairs (ears and nose) protect the sensitive areas from dust and other particles.
Fine hairs provide warmth and facilitate your sweat cooling response. Ex: if the
weather is hot, you perspire a lot.

9. 2. NAILS – hard, thin covering the upper surface of the ends of the fingers and toes.
It grows at an average rate of 3 mm in a month.
They are made up of the tough protective keratin, packed into tough sheets of
hardened cells, forms the hard nail root and slowly grows out the skin.
It has parts:
Nail matrix – surrounding the soft tissue at the base of the nail.
Nail plate – hard part or actual fingernail
Nail bed – skin beneath the nail plate. It has capillaries (small blood vessels)
that makes the nail pinkish and supports also the nail.

11. Healthy nails help protect the fingertips and toes and the surrounding tissues from
injuries. Ex: nails serve ass a hard covering and protection against accidental
pricking.
Also enhance precise delicate movements. Ex: use nails to pick up very small objects
or peel off sticky labels of containers. Also can peel fruits.
Also help perform certain actions. Ex: open things and undo knots with the help of
you nails.
Help to hand grip things and start rips and tears.

12. • Middle layer of the skin that includes blood vessels, lymph vessels,
sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and sensory receptors.
• It has collagen. A protein that holds the muscle and organ in place
and gives strength and form to the skin.
• It also has elastin which makes muscle stretchable, enabling you to
bend or straighten up.

13. 1. Blood vessels
- serves as passageway for the blood that carries oxygen andnutrients to nourish
the smallest cells in the body.
- Also carries waste products like carbon dioxide
- Also transports vitamin D from the skin to the body.
2. Lymph vessels
- Supplies lymph to the skin tissues to fight disease causing germs.
- Lymph is a milky fluid that contains white blood cells that protect the body from
diseases.

14. 3. Sweat glands
- Tubular part of the skin that produce sweat (a fluid that consists of water, salt, oil,
and other waste materials such as urea. Urea – chemical compound composed of
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.
- regulates the body’s temperature by transporting water to the skin surface where it
can evaporate.
4. Sebaceous glands
- Or oil glands that secretes oil which makes the skin water-resistant and prevents
germs and viruses from building up on it.

15. 5. Sensory receptors
- Detect sensations of touch, pain, pressure, and temperature.
- The help of the receptor, people can identify texture, and temperature.
- It also responds to stimuli and send the data about the sensation to the brain. Ex:
when you touched a very hot objects, you suddenly move your hands away from
that object.
- However, not all parts of the skin have the same sensitivity. Some parts are more
sensitive than others, and it only means that those parts have more nerves that
sensitive to touch.

16. • Innermost layer of the skin that contains large nerves, as well as blood and lymph
vessels.
• It contains fibroblasts, cells in connective tissue that are responsible for producing
collagen, which keeps the skin intact.
• Large nerves in the hypodermis contain fat cells that serves as the base of the skin.
These cells serve as energy reservoir, meaning that the skin can use the energy
stored in fat cells.
• Also serve as shock absorber which protect the organs from injury.
• Nerves here transmit messages from the sensory receptors to the brain.
• Nerve ending in the skin have sensory receptors that reacts swiftly to pressure,
temperature, touch and pain.

18. Inflammation of the skin where areas becomes red and itchy as scales and blisters
appears.
It is classified into two types:
1. contact dermatitis – caused by chemical irritants llike detergents, soaps, and
acetone. It may develop if he/she is allergic to perfumes, hair dyes, and other
skin care products.
2. Atopic dermatitis – (eczema) associated with asthma and can be triggered by
allergic reactions. It is usually inherited from parents and is more common
among children of any age.
Both can cause severe itching, reddening, and scaling of the skin

19. • To reduce inflammation and
irritation, they are prescribed with
antihistamine medication or cream.
• To prevent dermatitis, use lukewarm
water and mild soap in bathing.
Moisturize the skin after bathing
using unscented lotion or cream.
Make you use products without
ingredients that you are allergic
with,

20. • IMPETIGO AND CELLULITIS are examples of skin infections that are caused by
certain types of bacteria.
• Impetigo – contagious or transmittable skin infection characterized by honey-
colored rashes appearing on the face, near the mouth, and on the nose.
- red and pimple-like sores surrounded by reddened skin usually
develop on the face, arms, and legs.
- itchiness of the affected areas is also a common symptom of impetigo.
- antibiotics are prescribed to treat it.

21. • Cellulitis – inflammation of the skin and deep underlying tissues.
• SYMPTOMS: fever, chills, and swelling of glands or lymph nodes. The skin is usually
warm, tender, reddish and sometimes painful when touched.
• TREATMENT: oral or intravenous (through the veins) antibiotics
Oral antibiotics or antibiotic ointment

22. • Caused by parasites
• A contagious disease
• Scabies as an example of this that is
caused by mites.
- characterized by skin inflammation,
rashes, and blisters.
- creams and ointments is used
- eradicating mites in clothes and
household articles

23. • Chicken pox – caused by virus
characterized by itchy rashes and
fluid-filled blisters.
• Contagious
• Do not require treatment

24. • Cold sore – called fever blister
caused by herpes
• Develop on the lip and around the
mouth
• Heal in few days, but if painful
needs doctor’s prescription of
cream or ointment.

25. • Ring worm – formation of a red, ring-
like rash on the skin (arms & legs)
• Can be itchy and scaly
• Treated with antifungal cream

26. • Athlete’s foot – fungus grows on
person’s feet
• Develop rashes that itch and burn
• Toes cracks and become scaly, produce
unpleasant odor
• Severe case, painful and bleeds
• Treated with antifungal medications
• Keep the foot dry using cotton socks
and breathable shoes

27. • a skin condition that occurs when your
hair follicles become plugged with oil
and dead skin cells. It causes
whiteheads, blackheads or pimples.
• most common among teenagers,
though it affects people of all ages.
• Avoid touching with fingers, wash your
face
• Consult dermatologist

28. • the abnormal growth of skin cells
• most often develops on skin exposed
to the sun
• Wear sunscreen or limit the time under
the sun
• Dermatologist (preliminary
examination, then oncologist (cancer
specialist)
• Treatment is chemotherapy –
chemicals are injected to the affected
person

29. 1. Take a bath everyday, scrub the skin with soap and rinse well.
2. Regular haircut to avoid from splitting and damage of hair.
3. Wash your hair regularly
4. Hair should be neatly combed, girls with long hair should be tied up.
5. Wear clean, neat and appropriate clothes.
6. Regularly cut or trim your fingernails and toenails
7. Have enough sleep everyday
8. Eat a well-balanced diet, and regular exercise.
9. Always have positive attitude everyday.
10. Consult a dermatologist when skin problems occur.