The document provides information on the integumentary system. It discusses the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. It describes the five main functions of the integumentary system as protection, absorption, regulation, secretion, and sensation. Accessory structures like hair, nails, sweat and oil glands are also covered. Common disorders like burns, skin cancer, acne, and conditions like eczema, psoriasis and rosacea are summarized. Common skin treatments including microdermabrasion, chemical peels, Botox, and laser resurfacing are briefly described.

1. *
Charter College T.Miller – 7/2017

2. * The skin is the largest organ of the
human body
* Accessory structures include:
– Hair, nails, sebaceous
glands and sudoriferous
* Is composed of three layers:
1. – Epidermis
(Epi – above or outer)
2. – Dermis
3. – Subcutaneous layer
(Sub – below)
* Impulses from the skin are interpreted
in the parietal lobe of the brain
- Parietal is referring to a layer away
from the organ
Introduction to the
Integumentary System

3. *
*The five main functions of the integumentary system are:
Protection
Absorption
RegulationSecretion
Sensation

4. *Intact skin serves as a protective barrier to our
internal structures.
*Prevents harmful agents like bacteria, viruses
and pollution from entering the body and blood
stream.
*Guards against the sun’s UV rays by producing a
protective pigmentation called melanin.
*Vitamin D is produced by the skin.
Protection

5. *The skin is a route by which substances can
enter the body.
*Medications can be administered by transdermal
absorption such as motion sickness medications
and hormonal therapies.
*Medication lotions are applied to the skin for
quick absorption and surface treatment.
*Transdermal patches and medication pastes
have time-release properties that allow
medications to be absorbed through the skin at
a slower rate of process.
Absorption

6. *Body temperature is regulated with assistance
by the skin.
*Blood vessels dilate when body temperature
rises and requires cooling.
*Sweat glands release sweat to cool the body
and are most numerous in the palms of our
hands and soles of our feet.
*When cold, blood vessels will constrict to keep
muscles warm.
*Integumentary and Nervous system work
together to maintain homeostasis.
Regulation
Regulation

7. *The skin contains millions of sudoriferous glands
that produce sweat and sebaceous glands that
produce oil for skin lubrication.
*Perspiration is a mixture of salt and water with
other chemical compounds.
*Accumulated sweat produces body odor and
bacteria.
*Sebaceous glands produce sebum, which
protects the body from dehydration.
Secretion

8. *The skin has millions of microscopic nerve
endings that act as sensory receptors.
*Sensory reactions include responses to pressure,
traction, heat, cold, pain and other sensations.
*Nerve endings send information to the brain for
the appropriate response to sensations.
*The integumentary and nervous systems work
together for the function of sensation.
Sensation

9. *A membrane is a thin layer of tissue surrounding cells and
organs and provides a lining around body cavities.
*Mucous membranes provide a lining in our body cavities
that are open to the external environment (nose, eyes).
*A serous membrane provides a double lining to cavities
that are closed to the external environment.
*Our cutaneous membrane is hard and dry skin covering
our body and offers protection.
*The visceral layer is the layer of the membrane closest to
the organ.

10. *The outermost layer of skin.
*The epidermis is divided into four layers of strata:
StratumCorneum
• The outermost
layer of skin,
consists of dead
cells filled with
keratin.
Thickness varies.
• Keratinization is
the formation of
keratin in cells
as they move up
towards the
surface of the
skin or nails.
StratumLucidum
• A translucent
layer directly
below the
stratum
corneum. It is
absent in thinner
skin as the cells
are either dying
or dead.
StratumGranulosum
• Several layers of
living cells that
are in the
process of
becoming
Stratum Lucidum
and Stratum
Corneum.
• They actively
become
keratinized after
losing their
nuclei.
StratumGerminativum
• Contains several
layers of living
cells that are
still capable of
cell division.
• This layer is most
responsible for
cell
regeneration.
• This layer
contains
melanocytes,
pigment that
gives skin it’s
color.

11. *The middle layer of skin. Often referred to as “true skin”.
*Composed of connective tissue containing nerves and
nerve endings.
*Contains blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands, hair
follicles and lymph vessels.
The dermis is
the receptive
site for the pigment
of tattoos.

12. Consists of Two Layers
Papillary layer –
connects the
dermis and the
epidermis
Reticular layer –
a thicker layer
that supports
blood vessels and
nerves

13. *The innermost layer of skin.
*Composed of loose connective tissue with small lobes
of fat.
*Helps support, nourish, insulate and cushion skin.
*Contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those
found in the dermis.
*MA’s often inject medications into the subcutaneous
layer.

14. Accessory Structures of the Skin
Includes:
Hair and Hair
Follicles
Nails
Sudoriferous
(Sweat)
Glands
Sebaceous
(Oil)
Glands

15. *
*Functions of hair:
• Warmth – less on humans than other mammals
• Sense light touch of the skin (Goosebumps)
• Protective barrier around eyes, ears and nose keeps
particles out
*Loop of capillaries enclosed in connective tissue is the
hair papilla
*The papilla is found at the base of each hair follicle

16. •Three Concentric
Layers:
1. Medulla (core)
2. Cortex (surrounds
medulla)
3. Cuticle (single layers,
overlapping)

17. Nails
 Composed of hard keratin, nails are horny cell structures of the epidermis
 Consists of the body, the root and the matrix (nail bed)
 The lunula is the crescent -shaped white area at the base
 Average nail growth is about 1mm per week
 Nail growth can be affected by disease and hormonal deficiencies

18. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
 Covers the entire body except palms and soles of feet
 Produces sebum (fat and debris of dead cells)
 Sebum protects and waterproofs hair and skin
 Glands typically found in hair-covered areas where
contained in hair follicles

19. Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
 Found over the entire skin surface
except nipples and part of external
genitalia
 Prevents overheating
 On average we sweat between 0.8 to
1.4 liters per day (approx. 27-47 oz.)
 Produced in response to stress
as well as heat
 Coiled, ball-shaped structures
that are located in the dermis
or subcutaneous layers

20. Can be life threatening
• Catastrophic loss of body
fluids
• Dehydration and fatal
circulatory shock
• Infection
Classes:
• First degree – epidermis:
redness (sunburn)
• Second degree – epidermis
and upper dermis: blister
• Third degree - full
thickness
Treatment:
• Cool water for small
surface areas
• Skin graphs on large
surface areas
depending on the
degree
• Analgesic creams and
lotions to relieve pain
• Sterile dressings or
sheets
Disorders of the Integumentary System
BURNS:

21. 1st Degree Burn
(epidermis – redness only)
2nd Degree Burn
(epidermis and dermis
with blistering)
3rd Degree Burn
(full thickness, destroys
Epidermis, dermis
and Hypodermis)
Types of Burns

22.  Most common of all cancers – affecting
more than one million people each year
 Three major types of skin cancer:
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Malignant melanoma
 Abnormal cells multiply and form
masses
called tumors
 Malignant (cancerous) tumors
encroach on
neighboring tissues like lymph and
cancer begins
 Most common change is a dysplastic
nevus, or an
abnormal mole.
Skin Cancer:
Basal Cell
Carcinoma
Squamous Cell
Carcinoma
Malignant
Melanoma

23.  Common skin condition
occurs when oil and dead
cells clog pores
 Most commonly affects teens
 Caused by hormonal changes
 Skin becomes oilier during
teen years
Acne Vulgaris: Alopecia:
 Baldness or hair loss
 Affects 1 in 100 people
 Can be an inherited disorder or
side effect of chemotherapy
 An acute, spreading bacterial
infection below the surface of the
skin
 Common in diabetic patients
 Is not contagious
Cellulitis:
 Allergic reaction caused by
irritating substances
 Poison ivy, poison oak,
allergies to metals lotions or
detergents
Contact Dermatitis
A disease that causes thickened rigid skin
Treatment can help, but there isn’t a cure
Scleroderma:

24. Calluses and Corns:
 Excessive growth of the stratum
corneum layer of the epidermis
 Often occurs on the hands and
feet
 Can be caused by physical bone
deformities or unprotected hands
during manual labor
Decubitus Ulcers:
 Pressure sore or bedsore
 Occurs when constant pressure is
maintained in a specific area
 Constant pressure decreases the
blood supply to the area, causing
death of the tissue
 Common locations are the coccyx,
hips, sacrum, heels, ankles,
shoulders, back and back of the head

25. Atopic dermatitis is a
chronic skin condition
caused by an allergic-
type reaction on the
skin
Typically hereditary
The most common
foods causing eczema
include:
eggs
Milk
peanuts
seafood
wheat
Eczema:

26. *
* Primarily affects the mouth or genital area.
* Two strains:
1. Herpes Simplex Virus Type I
– affects the face, including lips and mouth
and is the most common type of herpes
2. Herpes Simplex Virus Type II
- sexually transmitted
- some have no symptoms
Herpes Simplex Type I Herpes Simplex Type II

27. *Commonly known as
shingles
*Caused by the varicella
zoster virus (chickenpox)
*If you have not had
chickenpox, and you are
exposed to the sores from
shingles, you could get
chicken pox
*Virus lays dormant for
many years and can
reappear as blisters
Herpes Zoster

28. HHV1: Also known as Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV -1) and it causes oral herpes
also known as cold sores.
HHV2: Also known as Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV – 2) and it causes genital
herpes.
HHV3: Also known as Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) and it causes chickenpox when
people are infected with it for the first time. The symptoms can recur as shingles
later on in life.
HHV4: Also known as Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and it causes mononucleosis in
humans. In popular jargon this disease is also known as mono.
HHV5: Also known as Cytomegolo Virus (CMV) and it effect 5 out of every 1000
live births. Children infected with this virus initially show symptoms that are very
similar to rubella.
HHV6: Also known as Roseola virus because it causes Roseola Infantum, which is
essentially a high fever accompanied by a rash.
HHV7: This is very similar to HHV6, however the infections caused by this virus is
usually not as severe as that caused by HHV6.
HHV8: Also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), which is a
form of cancer that people suffering from HIV/AIDS are especially susceptible to.
The Truth About Herpes – Did you Know
There are 8 Different Types?

29. *Common in children, it
is a bacterial infection.
*It can begin in intact
skin or from pre-
existing condition or
trauma.
*Round, crusted, oozing
spots grow larger each
day
*Treatment includes
topical antibiotics and
mild cleansing
Impetigo:

30. *Can develop at any age, most
commonly between 30 and 50
years old. Not contagious.
*Scaly, red patches on the skin
are indicators
*Joint pain can accompany the
dry skin as well
*Extreme cases can lead to
severe dehydration
*Treatment can be as easy as
topical medications or as
severe as intravenous fluids.
Psoriasis:

31. *Typically flaring up on
facial skin.
*It can come and go in
stages with period of
remission.
*Most people don’t even
know they have it.
*Signs include redness on
the cheeks, nose, chin
and forehead.
*Cortisone is a commonly
used topical treatment
for rosacea.
Rosacea:

32. *Caused by viruses in the HPV
family (human papillomavirus).
*Can grow anywhere on the
body, even inside body
cavities.
*Signs raised grainy, fleshy
lesions on the skin
*Salicylic acid or tricloracedic
acid is the most common
topical treatment
*Cryotherapy – freezing the wart
off is common also
Warts:
Plantar’s Wart
Raised Warts

33. *
*The top layer of dead skin
cells is removed to provide
skin with a rejuvenated look
*Tiny crystals and suctions
devices work together to
produce healthier looking
skin
*Non-invasive and non-
chemical treatment is
appealing to many who do
not wish more aggressive
treatments.
*Acid concentrations used to
remove old damaged layers
of skin
*Light – Reduces size of
pores, making skin appear
softer and more colorful
*Medium – To reduce
wrinkles. Top layer and some
underlying cells will be
stripped.
*Deep – More aggressive.
Aimed at reducing all signs
aging. Pre-cancerous lesions
can be removed by this level
of peel
Microdermabrasion: Chemical Peel:

34. *Diluted toxin
*Clostridium botulinum
is injected into wrinkle
lines
*Causes wrinkles to
relax and soften
*Must be repeated to
keep looking younger
*Short, pulsated laser
beams vaporize
damaged areas of skin
*Results in the
stimulation and
production of new
collagen and skin cells,
skin looks younger and
tighter
Botox:
Laser Resurfacing: