The document discusses various atmospheric phenomena such as air temperature, pressure, and heating. It explains how thermometers are used to measure air temperature and how air is heated by the sun, conduction, and convection. It also discusses specific heat and how cement gets hotter than soil. Additionally, it summarizes sea and land breezes caused by uneven heating of land and sea. Other topics covered include monsoons, trade winds, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), ozone formation and depletion, and the greenhouse effect.

2. Air temperature – pertains to the
hotness and coldness of the air.
Thermometer (minimum & maximum
temperature) – instrument used to
measure the minimum and maximum
atmospheric air temperature that easily
fluctuates on a given period of time.

3. How is the air heated?
 Air is heated directly form the sun, by
conduction from the heated objects on
Earth and by convection.

4.  If you walk barefoot on the cement [pavement
and the nearby ground on a hot day, you will feel
cement hotter than the nearby ground.
Why is this so?
- Substances have different specific heats (refers to
the amount of heat absorbed by 1 gram of a
substance to raise the temperature by 1 degree).
Cement has higher specific heat than soil.

5. Air Pressure – force exerted by air per
unit area of surface.
- Higher temperature = low
pressure and vice versa.

6.  local winds formed by unequal heating of land and
sea.
 Water has high specific heat so it takes longer to heat
it.
 Two types:
 Sea breeze
 Land breeze

7.  Movement of air from sea o land
during the day where the cooler air
over the sea rushes toward the
land to occupy a part of the space
emptied by the rising of warm air.
 At daytime, air above the ground
gets warmer and rises, leaving the
space below it less dense forming
low pressure over the land.

8.  Movement of air from land to
sea during the night where the
warmer air over the sea creates a
low pressure and the cooler air
from the land rushes to the sea.
 During nighttime, the land easily
loses heat and the air above
becomes cooler that that over
the sea.

11.  wind systems produced when there is temperature
and pressure difference between continents and
oceans.
 Heavy rains that occur when there is no typhoon may
be due to monsoons.
 Northeast monsoon
 Southwest monsoon

12.  experienced during November
to February when it’s winter in
mainland Asia.
 Cold wind from China blows
toward the Pacific and passes
over the Philippines.
 It brings heavy rains on the
eastern part of the country.

13.  experienced during June to
October when it’s summer in the
North.
 Wind from the south passes
over the oceans picking up
moisture and brings continuous
rain as they passes over the
Philippines.

16.  cool air that moves
horizontally toward the
equator.

17.  Region where the northern hemisphere trade winds meet the southern
hemisphere trade winds.
 Above this region, very high cumulonimbus clouds with showers and
thunderstorms are observable.
 It is not stationary. It moves southward and northward over the
Philippines during May and October.
 It is found north of the Philippines when it’s summer in the northern
hemisphere and south od the equator during winter.

20.  Produced naturally when the Sun’s radiation or
lightning strikes the oxygen molecule and
separates it into oxygen radical. The radical
attaches itself to molecular oxygen to form
ozone.
 It rises up to the stratosphere’s ozone layer.
This is known as photochemical reaction.
 If ozone is produced near the surface of the
Earth, then it is considered a pollutant.

22.  One serious atmospheric problems
 It is caused by nitrogen oxides from jet engines, CFCs or
chlorofluorocarbons from refrigerants and aerosols.
 These substances produce free radicals which react with ozone by clearing
away one oxygen atom [O] producing oxygen molecule [O2] thereby
destroying ozone[O3]. The ozone filters the UV rays from the sun’s
radiation.
 UV rays cause major problems to the health such as sunburn, suppression
of immune system, skin cancer, cataract, and physiological change due to
DNA changes.

24. - An important phenomenon which results in the
heating of the atmosphere.

25.  Structure made only of glass
where the temperature and
humidity inside is regulated
for delicate our-of-season
plants grow well especially
during winter.

26.  the same principle may be applied
to an atmospheric environment with
high concentration of greenhouse
gases.
 The presence of more water vapor
and carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere prevents the escape of
the long wave infrared, but allows
the passage of the short wave.
 This traps the heat wave thereby
increasing the temperature in the
environment.

27. Effects of the increase in atmospheric
temperature:
may melt polar ice caps
result in flooding and increased water
level in bodies of water
Effects a climate change wherein natural
calamities worsen and occur more often

28.  caused by the presence of greenhouse gases like carbon
dioxide [CO2], methane [CH4], nitrous oxide [NO],
chlorofluorocarbon [CFC], and water [H2O] vapor.
 These gases are infrared-absorbing gases that traps infrared
rays instead being back to space.
 This may cause melting of polar ice cap which may result rise
of ocean levels, increased climatic temperature that may affect
ocean currents, weather patterns, and agriculture.