Economic importance of transgenic in crop without effecting environemnt

1. Transgenics in crop improvement
Submitted by
Name - Yankey Bhutia
Course – M.sc agriculture ( Genetics and Plant Breeding)
Himgiri Zee University
( 2018 )

2. Key Words
• Transgenic – An organism that developed after a successful gene transfer .
• Transgenes – A foreign gene or genetic material that has been transferred
from one organism to another or from non-cultivated plant species to cultivated
species.
• Transgenic plant / Transgenic crop – A plant that carry the stably
integrated foreign genes in which the genome is altered by adding one or more
transgenes . This plants may also called as transformed plants .
• Vector –A plasmid ,phages, virus or bacterium carrying a foreign gene .
• Genetically modified - Widely used to indicates the insertion of
DNA from one organism to another ,usually by the molecular techniques .

3. Contents
• Introduction
• Background/History
• Application of transgenics plants
• Methods of transgenic plants development
• Vector mediated gene transfer and Vector less mediated gene Transfer
• Cloning Vectors
• Genetically modified crop in India
• GM crop of India and World
• Conclusion
• Future Research
• References
• Acknowledgements
• Questions

4. Introduction
• As we know a plant biotechnology has become a
source of agricultural innovation ,providing a new
solution to the age old problem .
• With changes in a preferences of consumers towards a food ,a
plant biotechnology came with a solution to fulfill the
demands of a quality ( size and colors ;palatability; nutrition)
and quantity of food , fibers , vegetables , fruits, and forest crop
by the application modern advance technologies like rDNA
Technology, Gene Transfer Methods and Plant Tissue
Culture etc.
• Plant biotechnology also aid to improve a plant qualitative
and quantitative traits of a plant crop to overcome biotic and
a biotic constraints .

5. • Plants gene vectors are being used for transformation of target genes
from one organism to another such as Plasmids of Agro bacterium ,
viruses , Transposable elements etc.
•Beneficial gene are extract from an organism based on their uses such
as Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis , ipt gene isopentyl transferase
from Agrobacterium tumefaciens which are resistant to the insect pest.
• Genetic transformation or gene transfer based on the mode of
transformation of target gene i.e., Vector mediated system of gene
transfer and Vectorless system of gene transfer .

6. Background /History
• 1982 1st an antibiotic resistant genetically modified crop plant
Tobacco was produced .
• 1992 - China became the 1st country to commercialize transgenic
plants by introducing virus resistant tobacco .
• 1994 – 1st genetically modified food Flauvr savr tomato containing cal
gene attained approval to commercially release .
• 1994 - 1st genetically engineered crop commercialized in Europe . A
tobacco resistant to herbicide bromoxynil .
• 2000 - Golden rice enriched in beta –carotene was released with high
nutrition value
• 2002 – Bt cotton ( 1st genetically modified crop in India )approved for
commercial cultivation in India resistant to bollworm .

7. • Improved Quality -
Storage quality – Tomato Flavr Savr
Longer life Flower – Transgenic Carnation
flower color and shape - Delphindin; petunia
Nutritional Food - Golden Rice
• Resistance -
Biotic stress - Insect Resistance
- Viral ,Bacterial, Fungal Resistance
- Disease Resistance
Abiotic Resistance - drought, low Temperature , Salinity, Alkalinity
Herbicide Resistance
•Bioreactors -
• Lipids, carbohydrates, protein quality ,Enzymes, Vitamin and minerals
• Edible vaccine antigens , biodegradable plastics .
•
Why Transgenic plants ?

8. Transgenics crop plants
- Tomato Flavr savr also known as CGN-
8956-2
- Increase viability ,ripening process
- Antisense PG gene ( polygalacturonase) is
inserted
Genetically modified Blue rose
Purple lime ,Blood Orange expressing
Vvmyba1anthocyanin and Ruby anthocyanisn

9. How to develop transgenic plants
• Gene Transfer ,is a laboratory techniques of Transferring desirable gene between
plants and animals and microbes or introduced artificial gene into plants .The
techniques of gene transfer depends on the a nature of plants vector system and
vector less system.
•A transfer of gene also depend on potential of recipient cell (which stably
integrated into chromosomes of a cell )to express .
• Vector mediated gene transfer system involves the gene transfer between plants
and the transfer from other organism ( Bacteria ,Fungi, Animals) to plants .
•For instance , Plants gene vectors .plasmid of agrobacterium ,viruses, and
Transposable elements .
•A Vectorless or Direct DNA Transfer methods included
- Physical gene Transfer Method
- Chemical Gene transfer Method
- DNA Imbibitions By cell , Tissue , Organ

10. Vector mediated gene Transfer system
• Vector mediated gene transfer system - involves the gene transfer between
plants and the transfer from other organism ( Bacteria ,Fungi, Animals) to plants .
For examples agrobacterium (Ti Plasmid )-mediated gene transfer plant viral vectors.
Vector mediated gene transfer includes ,Agrobacterium mediated Transformation
,Viruses mediated gene Transfer etc.
Vectors
Host plant

11. Important sources of vector mediated gene
transfer : cloning vector
Cloning Vector : Cloning Vectors means a DNA molecules in which a foreign
DNA is integrated has the capacity to replicate it within itself to give birth to
numerous clones of recombinant DNA .
• Selection of cloning vector is very essential for smooth transformation of target
gene in the host plant cell.
• Cloning vector contains target genes with marker gene which assist in the
locating the target gene inserted in a host cells .
• A Different kind of cloning vectors are
a. Plasmids - PBR322
b. Yeast artificial chromosomes
c. Bacteriophage
fig . a. E.coli
vector

12. Vector Mediated Gene Transfer
• Example- Agrobacterium mediated gene Transfer

13. Crops modification in quality through Vector
mediated gene transfer
sources of
transgene
target
gene/Foreign
gene
Host plant Controlled
against
• B. thuringiensis Bt gene Tobacco Manduca Sexta
Bt cryIII gene Potato Colorade potato
beetle
• Bean Alpha AI gene Pea Bruchus beetles
• Streptomyces CpTI gene Tobacco Heliothis armigera

14. Vectorless mediated gene Transfer
• Vectorless mediated gene transfer is also known as direct gene
transfer.
• It is a simple, clean, save and effective technique for the
introduction of foreign gene into plant genome.
• It enable easy demonstrate of transient genes in various tissues
representing numerous different species..
• They are physical gene transfer , chemical gene transfer and
DNA imbibitions by cell ,tissue and organs.

15. Crop developed through vectorless
mediated gene transfer
Vector less mediated gene
transfer methods
Host cell
 Electroporation Use in both mammals and plants .e.g.,
Sugerbeet, Rice
 Particle bombardment
/Microinjection /Biolistics
Maize , Rice , Wheat , Cotton ,
Soyabean
 Microinjections Tobacco , Rye plants
• Liposome mediated Transformation Use in Mammals tissue cultures

16. India’s genetically modified crop
• India ranked 5th in the world with 11.4 million hectares(mh)in
cultivation of genetically modified crop 2017 ,according to
International services for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications
(ISAAA )
• Entire GM crop cultivated area is of cotton incorporated with Bacillus
thuringiensis or Bt soil bacterium coding for resistance against
Heliothis bollworm insects pests.
• GM cotton crop cultivated in India is (BGII-FFR) Bollgard II-Roundup
Ready Flex develop by Mansonto incorporated Bt gene and
glyphosate -tolerant genes
• 15 % of area is cultivated with cotton in India and the states are
, Andra Pradesh, Telangana , Mahatrshtra and Gujarat (2017 )

17. Indian state wise major Bt cotton cultivating
states (2017-18) according to ISAAA
STATE YEARS (2017-18) AREA in lakh
hectare
ANDRA PRADESH 6.41
TELANGEN 18.84
MADHYA PRADESH 4.84
GUJARAT 22.49
MAHARASHTRA 37.86
KARNATAKA 4.50
TAMIL NADU 1.80
PUNJAB 2.86
HARYANA 6.21
RAJASTHAN 4.96
TOTAL 11O.75

18. Countries with highest area under Transgenic
crops – according to ISAAA , 2017.
Countries area in( mh ) under GM crop
US 75.0
BRAZIL 50.2
ARGENTINA 23.2
CANADA 13.1
INDIA 11.4
PARAGUAY 3.0
PAKISTAN 3.0
CHINA 2.8
SOUTH AFRICA 2.7
BOLVIA 1.3
URUGUAY 1.1
TOTAL 189.8

19. Countries with highest area under Transgenic
crops / GM crop – according to ISAAA , 2017.
Years
areainmh

20. Conclusion
• Transgenic crops bears a potential to reduce an expenditure in
multiple agriculture manufacturing products .such as pesticides ,
herbicides ,insecticides and are ineffective to environment . It provide
a path to a various prospect of preferences and demand of the
consumers like aroma , nutritional value , cooking quality , size ,color
and taste of a food. Transgenics helps in increase the income of a
farmer directly by reducing input cost . Through plant biotechnology
transgenic crops are developed faster at a shorter periods as
compare to the crop development through selection methods.

21. References
 Americian society for Horticultural Science . Genetically modified anthocyanin –
expressing citrus development .
 http://plantsinaction.Science.uq.edu.au/FlavrSavTomato
 http://www.biologydiscussion.com/genetics/engineering/methods-of-gene-
transfer-in-plants-2-methos/1084
http://www.google.com/amp/s/www.toppr.com/bhytes//cloning-vectors/amp/
 http://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/india-genetically-modified-crop-
area-fifth-largest-inworld--5255662/lite/
Pib.nic.in /newsite/printrelease.asp?

22. Future Research
• fluorescent tress may help in saving electricity use in
street path through Plant Biotechnology.

23. Acknowledgement
I Would like to thanks my teachers of agricultural science
genetics and plant Breeding . HOD sir Dr. Sharad Pandey
,Professor Dr . Gideon .J . Synrem for giving me this wonderful
opportunities to share my knowledge regarding transgenics in
Crop Improvement and for helping me to learn more about such
important chapter of a subject of plant biotechnology.
I would also like to thanks my friends Persome , Asola , Gnoii ,
Radheshree for helping me in deciding the topic for this
seminar.

24. Question ??

25. Thank you !