Concept of educational technology

WEBINAR SERIES – 5
Technology in/for Education
by
Dr S. R. Sundaravalli
Assistant Professor
Department of Education
Manonmanium Sundaranar University
Tirunelveli.
Department of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundarnar University, Tirunelveli, T.N

Patron
Dr. K. Pitchumani, M.sc., Ph.D., D.sc.,
Hon’ableVice – Chancellor
Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University,
Tirunelveli - 627012
Tamilnadu.

Organizing Secretary
Prof. B.William Dharmaraja,
Head, Department of Education
Dean Faculty of Arts
Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University,
Tirunelveli- 627012
Tamilnadu.

Committee Members
Dr. A. Veliappan
Mr. Lenin
Dr. R. Sundaravalli
Committee Co-members
Ms. Rawoofu Nisha
Program Host
Mr. Gnanamuthujebaraj

CONTENT
 Concept of Educational Technology (ET)
 Information Technology
 Communication Technology
 Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
 Instructional Technology

 Applications of Educational Technology in formal, non formal informal
and inclusive education systems
 Behaviorist, Cognitive and Constructivist Theories and their implications
to Instructional Design
 Relationship between Learning Theories and Instructional Strategies
(for Small and Large groups & Formal and Non-formal groups)

Educational Technology
• Educational technology is the development, application and evaluation of systems,
techniques and aids to Improve human learning .(National Council for Educational
Technology for the United Kingdom (NCET, 1967).
• It is the application of modern skills and techniques to the requirement of education
and training. (Derik Unwin , 1969).
• Educational Technology is the form of detailed application of psychology of learning to
practical teaching problems. (John P. Dececco)

Teaching
Technology
Concept of Educational Technology
Approaches Based Applicability Based
Technology
in Education
(Hardware)
Technology
of Education
(Software)
System
Approach
ET
Behavioural
Technology
Instructional
Technology
ET

Teaching Technology
Planning of Teaching
Organization of teaching
Leading of teaching
Controlling of teaching

Instructional Technology
The instructional technology consists of the following content:
 Meaning of I.T
 Definition of Programmed instruction and its Origin
 Structure of Linear programming and its Principles
 Structure of Branching programming and its Principles.
 Development of Programmed instruction material i. Planning, ii.
Writing frames, iii. Evaluation.
 Learner Controlled instruction and CAI.

Behavioral Technology
 A teacher learns the following subject-matter (topics) under this
technology:
 Meaning & definition of teacher behaviour.
 Methods of observing teacher’s behaviour and its rating (speed).
 The interpretation and evaluation of teacher behaviour.
 Assumptions & theory of teacher behaviour.

Topics Under Behavioural Technology
 Models of classroom interaction.
 Various techniques of developing teacher
behaviour such as,
(i) Team teaching
(ii) Interaction analysis techniques
(iii) Programmed instruction
(iv) Interaction Analysis Techniques

Instructional Technology
Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of
design, development, utilization, management, and
evaluation of processes and resources for learning .
Association for Educational Communications
and Technology (AECT) Seels, B. B., & Richey, R.
C. (1994).

Information Technology
• It first appeared in the Harvard Business
Review.-1958
• It is the design and implementation of
computer networks for data processing and
communication.
• IT involves installing, organizing, and
maintaining computer systems. It also
involves designing and operating databases
and networks.

The Uses of Information Technology
 Access to learning material
 Continuous learning
 Sharing of knowledge
 Using audio and visual material as learning aids
 Distance learning
 Proper record keeping

The Tools Used for Information
Technology
 Computers or laptops
1) Inkscape
2) Piktochart
3) Text2speech
4) Wikipedia
5) Prezi
6) Slideshare
7) Learn Fizz
8) Phet
9) Read.any.book.com
 Smart board
 YouTube

Communication Technology
When we use technical equipment in
communicating, it is called communication
technology .

Types of Communication
Types of communication technology include: email, texting,
instant messaging, social networking, tweeting, blogging and
video conferencing.
It is used for four distinct types
 Human- to – human communication
 Human- to- machine communication
 Machine-to-human communication
 Machine-to-machine communication

Communication Technology
Wave
Technology
Electronic
Technology
Graphic
Technology

Wave Technology
Wave technology- Wave power is
the transport of energy by ocean
surface waves, and the capture of
that energy to do useful work
such as power generation, water
desalination, or the pumping of
water.

Electronic Technology
Electronic Technology- Electronics technology is the
application of scientific theories and principles
in the design, production, installation, testing,
service, use, and control of electrical and
electronic parts, equipment and systems.
Electronics technology is used across all
industries, including commercial, residential,
and industrial. Technologists normally work as
members of "engineering teams" in applied
design, product development, installation,
maintenance, manufacturing, production, or
operations. Graduates may also work in
technical services including field engineering,
customer support, marketing, and sales.
Graduates work in a wide variety of industries
including manufacturing, utilities, and
telecommunications. Department of Education, Manonmaniam

Graphic Technology
Graphic technologies encompasses the world of
print, everything from creating the design to
producing it in various forms on numerous
types of materials. The industry includes
electronic and traditional printing, publishing,
packaging, digital imaging, computer
graphics, website development, digital
photography, printable electronics and other
related areas.

ICT
According to UNESCO “ICT is a
scientific, technological and
engineering discipline and
management technique used in
handling information, its
application and association with
social, economic and cultural
matters”

ICT in Education
• WWW
• Blended Learning
• E- Learning
• Group Discussion
• E- Module

Formal Educational System
• Formal education: the hierarchically structured,
chronologically graded ‘education system’, running
from primary school through the university and
including, in addition to general academic studies, a
variety of specialised programmes and institutions
for full-time technical and professional training.

Application of ET in Formal Education
 Function
 Visual Technology Aid
 Computer Technology Aid
 Internet Technology Aid
 Consideration

Non-Formal Educational System
• Non-formal education: any organized educational activity outside
the established formal system whether operating separately or as
an important feature of some broader activity, that is intended to
serve identifiable learning clienteles and learning objectives.
• Trends of ET/ICT in Non-formal Education: Mobile based learning,
Game based learning and WiMax Technology

Applications of Educational Technology in
Non-Formal Educational System
 Computer Assisted Learning (CAL)
 Internet / Web Technologies
1.Digital Learning resources
2. Computer Mediated Communication (CMC)
3. Computer Aided Assessment (CAA)

EMERGING TRENDS OF ICT IN
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
• Mobile phones: Mobile learning means any sort of learning that happens when the learner is not at
a fixed, predetermined location, or learning that happens when the learner takes advantage of the
learning opportunities offered by mobile technologies.
• Game-based learning: It is a game that deals with applications that have defined learning
outcomes. Generally they are designed in order to balance the subject matter with the game play
• WiMax: It is a telecommunications technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a
variety of transmission modes, from point-to-multipoint links to portable(able to be carried or
moved easily) and fully mobile Internet access. WiMax provides high- capacity broadband wireless
access (BWA) across a larger geographical area than other available wireless technologies like
WiFi,

Informal Educational System
Informal education: the truly lifelong process whereby every individual acquires
attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience and the educative
influences and resources in his or her environment – from family and neighbours,
from work and play, from the market place, the library and the mass media.

Informal Educational System
• Download e-books.
• Visit educational You tube channels.
• Enroll in online courses.
• Communicate with other learners.

Inclusive Education Systems
Inclusive education is about ensuring access to quality
education for all students by effectively meeting their
diverse needs in a way that is responsive, accepting,
respectful and supportive. Students participate in the
education program in a common learning environment
with support to diminish and remove barriers and
obstacles that may lead to exclusion.

Inclusive Educational System
Accessible Technology : Accessible electronic and information
technology is technology that can be used by people with a wide
range of abilities and disabilities. It includes “computer hardware and
software, operating systems, web-based information and applications,
telephones and other telecommunications products, video equipment
and multimedia products, information kiosks, and office products
such as photocopiers and fax machines.

Inclusive Educational System
Accessible Technology : Accessible electronic and
information technology is technology that can be used by
people with a wide range of abilities and disabilities. It
includes “computer hardware and software, operating
systems, web-based information and applications,
telephones and other telecommunications products,
video equipment and multimedia products, and office
products such as photocopiers and fax machines.

 Assistive technology: Assistive
technology is any device, software, or
equipment that helps people work around
their challenges.
 Some examples of assistive technology
are text-to-speech and word prediction.
Assistive technology includes low-tech
tools like pencil grips.

Learning Theories
Learning theories are abstract
frameworks that describe how
knowledge is received and
processed during the learning
experience. Learning theory informs
the application of instructional
design through models.
Learning theories
Behaviourism Cognitivism Constructivism

Behavioral Learning Theory
Behavioral learning theory can be learning that occurs through the behavioral
response to environmentally sourced stimuli. The foundation of this theory is
built upon assumptions that "have little regard for the cognitive processing of
the learner involved in the task" . The assumptions take into account 3 criteria:
 Instructional task
 Environmental stimuli and
 Repetition or rehearsal of the behavior.

Classical Conditioning
(Ivan Pavlov)
Food Unconditioned Stimulus
Salivation Unconditioned Response (natural,
not learned)
Bell Conditioned Stimulus
Salivation Unconditioned Response

Operant Conditioning
( B. F. Skinner)

Implications to Instructional Design
Influential behaviorists, like Skinner and Pavlov, have jumpstarted
the interest in behavioral learning theory as a means to educate.
Applications of the theory were presented in the 1950s through the
advent of Skinner’s teaching machines. The machines were
comprised of a series of tasks to be completed by the learner—each
designed to ensure that the tasks are completed correctly in order to
move forward. The machines were inventive and based solely on
eliciting a positive response in the form of a behavior.

Cognitive Learning Theory
 The learning focus on the individual.
 Learning as involving the reorganization of experiences
in order to make sense of stimuli from the environment.
 An internal and active mental process, which develops in
a learner, increased mental capacity and skills in order to
learn better.

Piaget’s Cognitive Stages of Development

Ausubel’s Learning Theory

Cognitive learning theory has made an impact on
the field of education with the formation of strategies
to enhance the storage and retrieval of data from
memory. The cognitive processing have played a
role in the formulation of strategies including
rehearsal, chunking and mnemonics.

• Rehearsal
– Rehearsal is widely used in many applications where learning is necessary,
particularly in educational settings. Various courses that require the rehearsal of
cognitively complex tasks, like a mathematics or science course, use rehearsal as a
means to assist the learners in processing the information to long-term memory.
• Chunking And Mnemonics
– Chunking is the process of grouping similar pieces of information together into a
"chunk" that can be sent to working memory for rehearsal and further processing.

Constructivism Learning Theory
• Constructivism is ‘an approach to learning that
holds that people actively construct or make
their own knowledge and that reality is
determined by the experiences of the learner’
(Elliott et al., 2000).

Principles of Constructivism Learning
• Knowledge is constructed, rather than innate, or
passively absorbed.
• Learning is an active process.
• All knowledge is socially constructed.
• All knowledge is personal.

Constructivist Theory (Jerome Bruner)
The learning is an active process in which
learners construct new ideas or concepts
based upon their current/past knowledge.
The learner selects and transforms
information, constructs hypotheses, and
makes decisions, relying on a cognitive
structure to do so. Cognitive structure
provides meaning and organization to
experiences and allows the individual to “go
beyond the information given”.Department of Education, Manonmaniam

Social Development Theory (Lev Vygotsky)
Every function in the child’s cultural
development appears twice: first, on
the social level, and later, on the
individual level; first, between people
(interpsychological) and then inside
the child (intrapsychological).

Implications
The implications that social learning theory has had on the field
itself. These include the use of models and establishing self-efficacy:
(i) Use of models - Models generally include a performance or
demonstration of an activity that leads the learner to interpret the
observation into useable information for processing.
(ii) Self-efficacy can be influenced by the design of lessons that allow for
learners to view others of similar ability succeeding at instructional
tasks.

Instructional Strategies
 Instructional strategies are techniques teachers use to
help students become independent, strategic learners.
These strategies become learning strategies when
students independently select the appropriate ones and
use them effectively to accomplish tasks or meet goals.
 Instructional strategies can:
• motivate students and help them focus attention
• organize information for understanding and remembering
• monitor and assess learning.

Learning Theories and Instructional Strategies
for Small and Large Groups
Complete tasks or projects :
complete tasks or projects. Tasks are structured so that each
group Cooperative learning involves students working in small
groups to member contributes to the completion of the task.
Success is based on the performance of the group rather than
on the performance of individual students.

Think–pair–share
In think–pair–share, the teacher poses a topic or question. Students
think privately about the question for a given amount of time, usually
one to three minutes. Each student then pairs with a partner to
discuss the question, allowing students to clarify their thoughts.
Next, each pair has an opportunity to share their answers with the
whole class.

Group discussions help students learn to articulate their views
and respond to opinions that differ from their own. Group
discussions may involve the whole class or a small group.
Groups of two to six students work well. Participating in group
discussions help students consider other people’s
perspectives and develop effective problem- solving skills.

Independent study is an individualized learning experience that
allows students to select a topic focus, define problems or questions,
gather and analyze information, apply skills, and create a product to
show what has been learned. Independent study can be effectively
used in upper elementary and junior high health programs. This
learning strategy works best with students who have a high degree
of self- directedness and a mastery of basic research skills.

• Brainstorming is an effective technique for
generating lists of ideas, and creating interest and
enthusiasm for new concepts or topics.
• Brainstorming provides teachers and students with
an overview of what students know and/or think
about a specific topic. Students can use
brainstorming to organize their knowledge and ideas.

• Role-playing provides students with opportunities to
explore and practice new communication skills in a
safe, nonthreatening environment, express feelings,
and take on the role of another person by “walking in
another’s shoes.”

Venn diagrams compare and contrast information
about two or more objects, concepts or ideas. They
help students organize information and see
relationships. They can be used after such activities
as reading text, listening to a speaker or viewing a
film.

Defending a position
Students can present their decisions in position
papers. This may be done individually, in pairs or in
small groups. Alternatively, students could
communicate their positions through oral
presentations or design posters.

Learning Theories and Instructional Strategies
for Formal and Non-formal Groups
Mind maps
Mind mapping was developed in the early 1970s by British author
and brain researcher Tony Buzan. It is an easy way to represent
ideas using keywords, colours and imagery. Its nonlinear format
helps students generate and organize ideas. Students can record a
large amount of information on one piece of paper. Mind mapping
allows students to show connections between ideas.

Buzz Groups
Give pairs, threes, fours or fives small
timed tasks which involve them talking to
each other, creating a hubbub of noise as
they work. Their outcomes can then be
shared with the whole group through
feedback, on a flip chart sheet poster, on
an overhead projector transparency or
otherwise as appropriate. Department of Education, Manonmaniam

A WebQuest is an inquiry-oriented lesson format in
which most or all the information that learners work
with comes from the web. These can be created
using various programs, including a simple word
processing document that includes links to websites.

A panel discussion is a way to engage industry thought
leaders in dialogue regarding relevant topics in their
industry while an audience listens. Each panelist will
typically have their own differing opinions from the others
on the subject matter presented, which makes for a
thought-provoking and well-rounded discussion for the
audience to learn from and be entertained by.

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