Webinar conducted by Department of Education, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University on the topic 'Perspectives of politics of education', handled by the Resource Person J.Vinotha Jaya Kumari, Alumnus of Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli- 627 012

1. PERSPECTIVES OF
POLITICS OF
EDUCATION
Department of Education
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Tirunelveli

2. Patron
Prof. K. Pichumani
Hon’ble Vice Chancellor
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Tirunelveli- 627012

3. Organizing Secretary
Prof. B. William Dharma Raja
Dean, Faculty of Arts
Head, Department of Education
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Tirunelveli -627012

4. COMMITTEE MEMBERS
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Dr A. Veliappan
Mr S. Lenin
Dr S. R. Sundaravalli

5. COMMITTEE CO-MEMBERS
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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PROGRAMME HOST
Dr V. Sasikala
Ms B. VijiMs J. Rawoofu Nisha
Mr B. Gnanamuthujebaraj

6. PERSPECTIVES OF
POLITICS OF
EDUCATION

7. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICS
AND EDUCATION
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Politics and Education in the Past
Politics and Education today

8. PERSPECTIVES OF POLITICS OF
EDUCATION
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Liberalism
Secularism
IndividualismConservatism
Criticism

9. HABERMASIAN CRITICAL THEORY IN
EDUCATION
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• Ewert (1991) has written a comprehensive analysis of
the relationships of Hapermasian critical theory to
education.
• Young (1990) also presents a rather complete picture of
Hapermas’s critical theory and its relations to education.
• The critical theorists believe that, “Extreme
rationalization has lent itself to the further development
of an alienated culture of manipulation. In the science of
education, this led to a view of pedagogy as
manipulation, while curriculum was divided into value-
free subjects and value-based subjects where values were
located decisionistically’.

10. APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING
POLITICS
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Studies conducted by Brown and Ainley (2005) and
Lindblom (1977), revealed that trends of thoughts in
political science have moved from the traditional
approaches which initially dominated discussion
amongst political analysts and thinkers.
Some of the approaches in perspective include:
• The elitists approach
• The institutionalists approach
• The pluralist’s approach

11. BEHAVIOURALISM
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Definition
 In David Truman’s words (1951), defined generally
the term political behaviour comprehends those
actions interactions of men and groups which are
involved in the process of governing.
 David Truman explained another exponent of
behaviouralism. ‘He says that it is not a special field
of social science; it is not even a field of political
science. It denotes all the phenomena of government
in terms of observed and observable behaviour of
men’.

12. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• Behaviouralism progresses partly as a reaction
against the traditional approaches of political inquiry
and partly as a result of the quest in search for a more
‘Scientific Method’ of acquiring empiric knowledge
during political analysis.
• As a result, in present times, political scientists have
proposed a variety of approaches to meet the needs
of emerging paradigms in political thought.
• The first breakthrough came with the emergence of
the ‘Behaviouralists Movement’ in political science.

13. SALIENT FEATURES OF
BEHAVIOURALISM
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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•Regularities
•Verification
•Techniques
•Quantification
David Easton
has pointed out
certain salient
features of
behaviouralism
which are
regarded as its
intellectual
foundations.
These are:

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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Values
Systematization
Pure science
Integration

15. CRITICISMS OF BEHAVIOURALISM
APPROACH
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• It has been criticized for its dependence on
techniques and methods ignoring the subject matter.
• Advocates of this approach were wrong when they
said that human beings behave in similar ways in
similar circumstances.
• Factually, it is a difficult task to study human
behaviour and to get a definite result.

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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• Difficult to observe the ‘interests’ of an individual,
group of people or state directly.
• Behavioural approach shares the same mode of
thought with logical positivism; it variably becomes
vulnerable to any weakness inherent in positivism.

17. SIGNIFICANCE OF
BEHAVIOURALISM APPROACH
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• Behavioural research can make considerable
theoretical and empirical contribution to the
understanding and explanation of social behaviour.
• To create an avenue which will project the methods
of analysis adopted and practiced in political science
as against the seeming advances in the methods that
are recorded and practiced in other social science
disciplines like sociology and psychology.
• Improvement and scientific rejuvenation of political
science.

18. THEORY OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• The System theory model was developed by David
Easton (1953)
• The system theory is an approach to political science
analysis utilizing
• input (demand or support to a specific issue or actions),
• outputs (development of a specific policy),
• outcomes (analysis of the changes as a result of the
policy implementation and
• finally, feedback.

19. WHAT IS A SYSTEM
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• A system is a collection of ‘Elements’ that are related
each other by some ‘Pattern’ of behaviour and actions.
• The purpose of a political system is to convert inputs
(demands and support) into output (decisions).
• The boundary of the system determines what system is
and what is not, that is, what actions are political and
what actions are not. Actions that are political are inside
the system (endogenous).
• The environment depicts all actions and conditions that
are not ‘Political’ (exogenous).

20. LEVEL OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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State Regime Government

21. THEORY OF RATIONAL CHOICE
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• The rational choice theory, (also known as choice
theory or rational action theory), is a theory of
understanding social, economic and individual
behaviour.
• It is the main paradigm in the currently-dominant
microeconomics school of thought. It is also central
to modern political science, as well as other
disciplines such as sociology and philosophy.

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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• Gary Becker (1976) was first to apply ‘rational
actor models’ more widely in Economic Science.
• Elster (1989) stated the essence of ‘rational choice
theory’ by saying that “when faced with several
courses of action, people usually do what they
believe likely to have the best overall outcome”.

23. STEPS IN THE RATIONAL CHOICE
PROCESS
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Green (2002) has given certain steps which he believes
that rational choice analysis follows:
• Definition of the problem
• Identification of decision criteria
• Weighing the criteria
• Generation of valid alternatives
• Rating of each alternative on each criterion
• Computation of optimal decision

24. STRENGTHS OF THE RATIONAL
CHOICE THEORY
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Generality
ParsimonyPredictive

25. EDUCATION FOR POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL
SOCIALIZATION
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Political Socialization
• Political socialization is a learning process;
whatever is learned by the individual through this
process at an earlier stage influences his behaviour
later.
• Thus it is defined as “the process whereby political
attitudes and values are inculcated as children
become adults and as adults are recruited into
roles”. It influences the future roles of the
individuals.

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Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• It deals with “the process by which people acquire
political values not simply during active political
participation, but also in the period before they
engage in an explicitly political activity”.
• David Easton and Jack Dennis consider ‘political
socialisation as a developmental process which
enables the individuals to acquire political
orientations and moulds the patterns of their
political behaviour’.

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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• Political socialisation changes the personality of the
individual in political respect and it brings
transformation in the pattern of his political
behaviour.
• It can be regarded as “the process by which the
individual acquires attitudes, beliefs, and values
relating to the political system of which he is a
member and to his own role as citizen within that
political system”.

28. LEVEL OF POLITICAL SOCIALISATION
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Individual
level
Community
level

29. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• At the individual level it refers to the developmental
process through which a citizen matures politically.
The individual derives orientation, belief, values,
feeling etc. Which help him to understand, evaluate
and compare to the political world around him.
• Political socialisation makes the individual aware of
political matters and accordingly, he makes his own
assessment. In the society also, through this process,
political values and attitudes are transferred from
one group to another and form one generation to
another.

30. COMMUNITY LEVEL
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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• At community level political socialisation refers to
the transmission of culture from one generation to
another generation.
• It can be said that political socialisation transmits
political attitudes, norms, knowledge, values and
pattern of behaviours from one generation to
another generation and prepares the citizens for
their future political roles so that they can efficiently
participate in the political field.

31. ROLE OF EDUCATION IN POLITICAL
SOCIALIZATION AND POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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School
School
curriculum
Teacher

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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Social rituals
Social
composition
of the school
School
environment

33. QUES.
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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From the following list, identify those which are relevant for the theory of rational
choice:
a) Aggregation of social behaviour
b) Random behaviour
c) Determinants of behaviour
d) Prediction of behaviour
e) Study of interest groups
f) Behaviour problem associated with information
Indicate your answer from the codes. Select the correct option:
1) a, b, c and d 2) a, c, d and e
3) b, c, d and f 4) a, c, d and f

34. ANS.
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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2) a, c, d and e
Aggregation of social behaviour
Determinants of behaviour
Prediction of behaviour
Study of interest groups

35. QUES.
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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Which of the following statements most appropriately
describes the concept of political modernization?
1) Political changes are necessary for the achievements of
a specific objective
2) A general process of change in the political sphere is
closely related to other areas of society
3) A political system’s capacity to solve problems to
initiate new policies
4) Ability to learn better and how to perform political
functions

36. ANS.
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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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2) A general process of change in the political sphere
is closely related to other areas of society.

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Dept. of Education, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
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