2. SARS-CoV 2
SARS-CoV-2 is a virus in the large family of coronaviruses
It causes a respiratory illness called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
SARS-CoV-2 that originated from Wuhan, China
COVID 19 is an infection that can be transmitted by air or indirectly.
3. Electrophoretogram
An electrophoretogram is a graphical representation of the data sequence
produced by an automatic DNA sequencing machine.
An electropherogram is a graph made with the results of an
electrophoresis analysis
Electrophoresis is a technique for the separation of molecules according
to their mobility in an electric field.
Gráfico Único y Personalizado del ADN | EasyDNA México. (s. f.). Easy DNA. Recuperado 10 de febrero de 2022, de https://www.easydna.com.mx/electroferograma/
4. Identify The Patterns of serum
protein capillary
electrophoretogram in SARS- CoV-
2 infections
6. Electrophoretogram
Light chain and isotype
METHODS
123RF. (s. f.). Stock Photo. Recuperado 10 de febrero de 2022, de https://es.123rf.com/photo_28068551_la-electroforesis-en-gel-
electroforetograma-separaci%C3%B3n-ilustraci%C3%B3n-vectorial-resultado.html
Wikipedia. (2019, 2 septiembre). Electroferograma. Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. Recuperado 10 de febrero de
2022, de https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroferograma#/media/Archivo:Mutation_Surveyor_Trace.jpg
SPEP
Serum that showed M− band(s)
7. RESULTS
Fig. 1. Serum protein electrophoretogram of a moderate COVID-19 patient,showing increased protein
content of α 2 & γ bands and decreased protein content in albumin band.
Fig. 2. (A) Serum protein electrophoretogram of a patient with severe COVID-19, showing pre-
albumin band, low albumin, increased alpha 1, alpha 2 & gamma band and beta-gamma
bridging
8. Fig. 2. (B) Serum protein electrophoretogram of a patient with severe COVID-19,
showing duplicate pre- albumin bands, low albumin and one M
Fig. 2. (C) Electrophoretogram of a patient with severe COVID-19 showing pre-
albumin band, low albumin, decreased beta 1, M−band and beta-gamma bridging
Fig. 2. (D) Serum protein electrophoretogram of a patient with severe COVID-19
showing pre- albumin band, low albumin, increased alpha 1 & alpha 2, two M−bands
and beta-gamma bridging.
9. AUTHOR DECLARATION ¿DID IT WORK?
C.A Burtis
The β- γ bridge is observed
due to fast-moving
immunoglobulins and is
considered as pathognomic
of alcoholic liver disease
(ALD)
M.S. Camus
The present study reveals
that it is not limited to ALD, it
prevails in COVID-19 also.
Another study also
demonstrated β- γ bridging
in infectious diseases in
animals
P. Vashistha
&
A. Farina
As claimed earlier, we
surmise that MGUS or BGUS
is due to activation of
dormant dyscratic plasma
cells by COVID-induced rise
in IL-6 level that is a known
activator of plasma cells
10. 1 2
A lot of information on the
structure and function of cells has
accumulated along the years and
important advances have occurred
in molecular biology. The DNA
recombinant methods allow us to
define the molecular mechanisms
of genetic diseases and consider
new therapeutic approaches. As an
example the biotechnological
industry is now producing
hormones, peptides and several
vaccines by manipulation of genes
in bacteria and cell cultures
Molecular biology has developed
over the years as an essential area
for the investigation of various
genetic diseases, and has become
exponentially important in
medicine to explain and treat such
diseases as it has specific tests and
analyses such as PCR and
electrophoresis to corroborate
suspected etiologies.
Coronaviruses infect humans and some animals
Indirectly, it means that it can be transmitted by touching a surface with the virus and then putting your hands in your mouth, nose, or eyes.
Produced by an automatic DNA sequencing machine
Real time RT–PCR is a nuclear-derived method for detecting the presence of specific genetic material in any pathogen, including a virus. Some viruses, such as the one that causes COVID-19, are made up of RNA instead of DNA. In these viruses, RNA must be transformed into DNA before copying. This process is known as reverse transcription PCR (rtPCR)
In this study, sar cov 2 was being analyzed, so in order to identify the genetic presence of the virus in patients, the RTPCR test was used.
It is a process of converting electrical energy into radiative energy produced during electrochemical reactions in solutions
Serum Ferritin and IL-6 were measured by using the kit from Roche (Basel, Switzerland) by electrochemiluminescence-based immuno- assay method.
SPEP: test measures specific proteins in the blood to help identify some diseases. All the serum that showed M− band(s) were subjected to capillary SPEP, after immunosubstraction by adding anti-sera directed to heavy chains. and light chains
After that, there were a Automatic overlay of the SPEP on the ELECTROPHORETOGRAM: Used for reveal the light chain and isotype based on heavy chain of immunoglobulin present in the M− band(s).
