For MBBS and BDS students

1. DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
WELCOMES YOU TO THE SOJOURN
OF BDS
Prof. Dr. Viyatprajna Acharya, M.D., PhD Biochemistry

2. INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY
DR. V.P. ACHARYA

3. Pioneers of Indian Medicinal
Science
Maharshi Patanjali Dhanwantari

4. Father ofWestern Modern Medicine
HIPPOCRATES
460 BC

5. HIPPOCRATIC OATH
 Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panacea and all the gods and goddesses, making them my
witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant:
 To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him,
and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers
in male lineage and to teach them this art — if they desire to learn it — without fee and covenant; to give a
share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has
instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical
law, but to no one else.
 I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep
them from harm and injustice.
 I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly
I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.
 I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are
engaged in this work.
 Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice,
of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves.
 What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of
men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself holding such things shameful to be
spoken about.
 If I fulfill this path and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with
fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be
my lot.[4]

6. FATHER OF INDIAN MEDICINE
 CHARAKA
 Charaka
Samhita
 300 BC

7. FATHER OF INDIAN SURGERY
 Shushruta
 800 BC
 Shushruta
Samhita
 First ever known Plastic
surgeon
 Rhinoplasty

8. BIOCHEMISTRY
 Chemistry of living things
 To understand the basic functions of body.
 Understanding at the molecular level
Father of Biochemistry
CARL NEUBERG

9. Contributions of Neuberg
 Worked on solubility and transport in cells
 Chemistry of carbohydrates,
phytochemistry
 Investigated and classified fermentation
 Study of chemistry of amino acids and
enzymes
 Made a discovery of Hydrotropy
 Neuberg ester??

10. Neuberg ester
Fructose- 6- phosphate

11. EVOLUTION OF BIOCHEMISTRY
 Spans 400 years
 1882- first the term was used
 1902- term coined by Carl Neuberg
 1828-Vitalism & Urea
 FriedrichWohler- ended the theory ofVitalism
 Biochemistry & enzymes- Late 18th century &
early 19th century

12. FRIEDRICH
WOHLER

13. Mid 20th century…
 Chromatography
 X-ray diffraction
 Dual polarization interferometry
 NMR spectroscopy
 Radio isotopic labeling
 Electron microscopy

14. A new era in Biochemistry
 Discovery of gene……….
 1950s
 Molecular biology
 2006 NP- SiRNA

15. Suggested books
Dental books
- D MVasudevan
- D C Sharma & Manminder Riyat
- Dinesh Puri
- S K Gupta

17. More ppt on MedicalBiochemistry on my
website www.vpacharya.com

18. At the end of the class…
You will know---
About the cell
Cell organelles
Clinical implications of organelles
Cell fractionation
Markers of organelles

19. TheBiomolecules
 CARBOHYDRATES
 PROTEINS
 LIPIDS
 NUCLEIC ACIDS

20. Alphabets of Biochemistry
99% of human body- 6 elements
O, C,H, N, Ca, P
60% water, 15% protein, 15% lipid,
2% carbohydrate, 8% minerals
30 small precursors make the
organism – alphabets of
Biochemistry– 20AA, 2 purines, 3
pyrimidines, sugars (glucose,
ribose), palmitate, glycerol &
choline

21. THE CELL
PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC CELL

22. MOLECULARAND FUNCTIONALORGANISATION OF
CELL
 Cell membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Nucleus

23. CYTOPLASM OR CYTOSOL??

24. cytoplasm includes everything in the
cell except the nucleus
cytosol is the soluble portion of the
cytoplasm

26. CELLWALL
 Not found in animal cells
 Rigid
 Outer covering
 Cellulose

27. Plasma Membrane
 Animal - outer layer; cholesterol
 Double layer of phospholipids with
proteins
 Selectively permeable
 Support
 Protection
 Controls movement of materials
in/out of cell
 Ectoenzymes
 Barrier between cell and its
environment
 Maintains homeostasis

28. Nucleus
 All except prokaryotes
 Any exceptions??
 Large, oval
 May contain 1 or more
nucleoli
 Holds DNA
 Controls cell activities
 Contains the
hereditary material of
the cell

29. Endoplasmic reticulum
 Interconnected
network of tubular
and flat vesicular
structure
 Link between nucleus
and plasma
membrane
 RER & SER

30. SER
 Network of flattened membranes
forming tunnels.
 Synthesis of some lipids ,steroid
hormones, sebum, cholesterol etc.
 Final processing of proteins
 Metabolism of drugs, toxic
compounds & carcinogens

31. RER
 Ribosomes as granules
 Some RNAs too
 Machinery for protein synthesis

32. GOLGIAPPARATUS
 Stacks of flattened sacs( >4)
 Absent in RBCs
 Prominent in secretory cells
 Functions in association
with ER
 ER vesicles fuse with Golgi
apparatus --- Lysosome
formed
 Sorting, packaging and
secretion of proteins

33.  Made of cis, medial and trans cisternae
 Glycoproteins are transported from ER →
Cis golgi → medial golgi → trans golgi
 Trans golgi – abundant with vesicles
containing glycoproteins

34. LYSOSOMES
 Throughout cytoplasm
 Thickest covering
 40 Hydrolytic enzymes– Lysozymes
 Can digest all biomolecules
 pH= 5
 Destruction of bacteria & foreign bodies
 Removes excessive secretory products
 Remove unwanted cells of embryo

35. Clinical implications of lysosomes
 Gout- urate crystals when digested by
lysosomes cause physical damage to the
lysosomes → inflammation and arthritis
 Postmortem autolysis- after cell death
enzymes from lysosomes are released
 Cathepsins, lysosomal proteases-
Cancer metastasis
 Lysosomal enzymes deficient- leads to
lipids and polysaccharide accumulation
 Silicosis – stimulate fibroblastic growth
 I-cell disease- Mannose-6-P deficient enzymes
do not reach the lysosomes (protein targeting
defect)

36. PEROXISOMES
 Similar to Lysosomes; granular matrix
 Leukocytes & platelets
 Difference? Origin & Function
 Origin- SER
 Function- Peroxidation reactions; Free radical
removal
 Peroxidases & Catalases
 Adreno leuko dystrophy
 Zellweger syndrome– Peroxisomal ghosts

37. Adrenoleuko dystrophy

38. MITOCHONDRIA
 0.5- 1 μm  7 μm
 RBCs lack
 “Powerhouse of cell”- ETC
 Cytochrome-P-450–
Steroidogenesis
 Mitochondrial DNA
 OXPHOS diseases

39. CYTOSKELETON
 Intracellular network of proteins
 Interacts with plasma
membrane
 Characteristic shape
 Links
 Stabilizes organelles
 Track
 Separation of chromosomes
during cell division

40. 3 primary protein filaments:
1. Microfilaments
2. Microtubules
3. Intermediate filaments

41. Microfilaments
 5nm in diameter
 Actin
 Just underlying the plasma membrane form
a meshwork
 Stress Fibers / cell cortex
 Muscle contraction
 Shape of cell
 motility

42. Microtubules
 Cylindrical tubes
 20-25 nm diameter
 Tubulin - α & β
 Microfilament associated proteins
 Mitotic spindles
 Stability to cell, ER
 Axons & dendrites

43. Intermediatefilaments
 10 nm Diameter
 Fibrous proteins
 Major 7 classes- Keratin,Vimentin,
laminin etc
 Structural function
 Strength
 Contractile units
 Exoskeleton

44. Biochemical functions of subcellular
organelles---- Summarized

45. Subcellular organelles Function
Nucleus DNA replication, transcription
Plasma membrane Transport, Ectozymes, Homeostasis, NT,
receptors
Golgi apparatus Sorting of proteins, transport, Lysosome
formation
RER Translation & Secretion of protein
SER Steroidogenesis, PL, detoxification
Lysosome Degradation of all biomolecules
Peroxisome VLCFA oxidation, Free radical scavenging
Mitochondria ETC, ATP synthesis, β- Oxidation of fatty acids,
Ketogenesis, Urea synthesis (part), heme
synthesis (part), Gluconeogenesis (part),
Pyrimidine synthesis (part)
Cytosol Translation, Glycolysis, Glycogen met, HMP,
FA synthesis, Purine synthesis
Nucleolus Synthesis of r-RNA & formation of ribosomes

46. THINK ALL YOU SPEAK BUT SPEAK NOT
ALL YOU THINK

47. WWW.VPACHARYA.COM
More ppts on Medical Biochemistry