Stress Mitigating Technologies
Stress Mitigating Technologies
including Microorganisms
Classification of stresses
Abiotic stresses
Secondary stresses
Changes due to stresses
Methods to overcome stresses
Physiological changes due to stresses
1. Stress Mitigating Technologies
including Microorganisms
Dr. K. VANANGAMUDI, Ph. D., Post. Doc (USA)
Formerly Dean (Agriculture), Agri. College & Research Institute, Coimbatore,
Dean, Adhiparashakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai
Professor & Head, Seed Science& Technology,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu.
e-mail: vanangamudi.tnau@gmail.com
Website: https://trinityculturalacademy.com/
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWGv08j5jaZ-nkvz46HrBVw
2.
3.
4. Drought ??
• Reduction in leaf water potential due to excess
transpiration than water absorption.
• Deficiency or dearth of water severe enough to
check plant growth.
5. Types of Drought
• Meteorological Drought - based on degree of dryness or rainfall deficit and
length of dry period.
• Hydrological Drought - based on impact of rainfall deficits on water supply such
as stream flow, reservoir and lake levels, and ground water table decline.
• Agricultural Drought - impacts on agriculture by rainfall deficits, soil water
deficits, reduced ground water, or reservoir levels needed for irrigation.
• Socioeconomic Drought considers impact of drought conditions
(meteorological, agricultural, or hydrological drought) on supply and demand of
some economic goods such as fruits, vegetables, grains and meat.
• Socioeconomic drought occurs when demand for economic good exceeds
supply as a result of weather-related deficit in water supply.
7. Methods to overcome drought
Plants growing in drought
• Growing of drought tolerants -
Ephemerals (short lived)
• Succulents and non succulents
• Drought resistant plants
Adjust time of sowing
to harvest crops before
drought onset.
Seed hardening
with KCl, KH2PO4
and CaCl2
Poorly established
plants are thinned out
Mulching to minimize
evaporation loss
Foliar spray of anti-
transpirants like Kaolin,
PHA (phenyl mercuric
acetate), waxes,
silicone oils.
Foliar spray of growth
retardants CCC
(Cycocel) and MH (Malic
Hydrazide)
8. High moisture stress – flooding/water
logging
• Water logging – creates poor aeration (O2
deficiency) and anerobic situation in
rhizosphere.
• Tolerant crops – rice
• Flood sensitive – tomato, soybean and
Sunflower.
9. Flooding
induces
stomatal closer
Low water flow
results in leaf
dehydration &
Reduced root
permeability
Leaf decay
and Wilting of
leaves
Accumulation
of toxic
substances
like
acetaldehyde/
alcohol.
Reduction in
endogenous
level of GA &
cytokinin in
roots.
Physiological changes under
flood condition
10. Provide adequate drainage.
Spray 500 ppm cycocel to arrest apical dominance
and promotes growth of laterals.
Foliar spray of 2% DAP + 1% KCl in the form of (MOP)
Spray of 40 ppm NAA or 0.5 ppm brassinolide or 100
ppm salicyclic acid.
Foliar spray 0.3% boric acid + 0.5% zinc sulphate +
0.5% ferrous sulphate + 1% urea
Nipping of terminal buds in cotton to arrest apical
dominance and promote growth a sympodial
branches
Management of high moisture stress
11. Temperature stress
Low temperature
stress
Chilling injury: Tropical
plants when exposed to 0oC
Freezing injury: Occurs at
temperature below 0oC
High temperature
stress
Heat injury: When plant
temperature is higher than
environmental temperature
(exceeds 35°C)
12. cell
membrane
lipids get
solidified Cell
Membrane is
weakened
and leaky
Inactivation
of
mitochondria
Stoppage of
protoplasm
streaming
Accumulation
of respiratory
toxic
substances
Inter cellular
ice formation
Growth of
plants arrested.
Physiological effects of
low temperature stress
Mitigation of low
temperature stress
• Seed hardening with
0.01% Ammonium
molybdate
Foliar spray 0.1 %
ammonium molybdate
• Foliar spray of
2% calcium nitrate
2% DAP + 1% KCl
Salicylic acid 100 ppm
500 ppm CCC
0.5ppm brassinolide.
14. Mitigation of high temperature stress
Seed
hardening
with 0.5%
CaCl2.
Foliar spray
2% DAP +
1% KCl
or
40 ppm
NAA
or
0.5%
brassinolide
or
100 ppm
salicyclic
acid.
Foliar
spray of
3%
kaolin
Foliar
spray of
0.5%
zinc
sulphate
+ 0.3%
boric
acid +
0.5%
ferrous
sulphate
+ 1%
urea.
Foliar
spray of
PPFM
(Pink
pigmented
facultative
methanotro
ps) @ 106
as a
source of
cytokinin
15. Q & A
Upward swelling of soil due to frost is called as
a. Freezing injury b. Heaving
c. Suffocation d. Buffering of soil
Under flood condition, the deficiency of ____ occurs.
a. O2 b. O3
c. CO2 d. N2
Chemical used for seed hardening to overcome drought
a. KH2PO4 b. NaOH
c. KHPO4 d. K2SO4
Example of Antitranspirants
a. Kaolin b. Waxes
c. Phenyl Mercury Acetate d. All the above
16. Salt stress
Saline soil
• EC : >4 dSm-1
• ESP : < 15%
• pH: <8.5
• Dominated by chlorine
and sodium
Alkaline or sodic soil
• EC : <4 dSm-1
• ESP: >15%
• pH: >8.5
• Dominated CO3 and
HCO3.
Due to excess salt
accumulation
results in
decreasing in
osmotic potential
results in
exosmosis and
wilting of plants
17. Physiological effects of salt stress
Delays seed
germination
Reduction in
seedling growth
Reduce
vegetative
growth
High
transpiration
rate
Higher uptake of
salt.
Affects panicle
initiation,
Spikelet
formation
Affects
fertilization and
pollen
germination
Declines
photosynthesis
Drastic
reduction in
chlorophyll b.
18. Based on salt
stress tolerance
Halophytes
Grow under high salt
concentration
Oligo halophytes
Can tolerate moderate salt stress
Euhalophytes
Can tolerate extreme salt stress
Glycophytes
Cannot grow under high
salt concentration
20. Mitigation of salt stress
Seed hardening
with NaCl – 10mM
concentration
Incorporation of Daincha
@ 6.25 ton/ha
Split application N and K fertilizers
and Gypsum application
Foliar spray – PPFM (Pink pigmented
facultative methanotrops) at 106 as source
of cytokinin.
Foliar spray – 2% DAP + 1% KCl or 0.5 ppm
brassinolide or 100ppm salicylic acid or 40 ppm NAA.
21. Microorganisms in stress management
• Gives defense mechanism against any stress known
as IST (Induced Systemic Tolerance).
• Microorganism - alleviate abiotic stresses called as
PGPB (Plant growth promoting bacteria)
• Eg. Pseudomonas sp
• Bacillus sp
• Acetobacter
23. Fungal pathogen
Produces enzymes
antibiotics, siderophores and
osmolytes
Improving texture and
structure of soil
Bacterium
Produces phytohormones like
auxins, IAA, cytokinins, gibberllins
and phytoelixins along with plant
growth promoting substances
Solubulization of phosphates and
potassium, and nitrogen fixation
and enhance uptake of macro
and micro nutrients.
Mechanism of action
26. Abiotic stress tolerance varieties of Rice
Varieties Type of stress Region of cultivation
PMK1 , PMK2 ,
PMK3, Anna 4,
RMD1 , MDU5
Drought and
High
Temperature
Ramanathapuram Sivagangai,
Pudukkottai,Madurai, Theni,
Dindigul, Virudhunagar,Erode
Co 43, TRY 1,
TRY 2, CORH 2,
RMD1
Salinity
Tiruvarur, Thanjavur,
Nagapattinam, Pudukkottai,
Ramanadhapuram, Kanyakumari,
Kanchipuram, Cuddalore Trichy,
Coimbatore, Erode
CR1009 Sub 1
Flood and
Submergence
tolerance
Tiruvarur, Thanjavur,
Nagapattinam,
Pudukkottai,Kanchivaram
Ramanadhapuram, Kanyakumari
MDU 3
Low
temperature
Madurai, Dindigul, Theni
27. Abiotic stress tolerance varieties in pulses
Green gram
Paiyur 1 ,
CO 6
Drought
Ramnad, Pudukkotai, Tirunelvei,
Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Tuticorin,
Madurai, Trichy
ADT 3
Salt stress
Cauvery delta regions
Flooding/
Submergence
Black gram
VBN 6 Drought
Ramnad, Pudukkotai, Tirunelvei,
Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Tuticorin,
Madurai, Trichy
VBN 3 Drought Entire TamilNadu
ADT 3
Flooding/
Submergence
Regions around Kanyakumari
ADT 5
Flooding/
Submergence
High rainfall regions
28. Cowpea CO 6 Drought
Coimbatore, Salem, Erode,
Dharmapuri, Vellore and
Thiruvannamalai
VBN 1 Drought
Pudukottai, Trichy, Madurai,
Vellore and Thiruvannamalai
VBN 2 Drought Entire TamilNadu
CO (CP) 7
Flooding/
Submergence
Cauvery delta regions
Redgram CO 6 Drought
Thiruvannamalai, Salem,
Dharmapuri, Coimbatore, Erode
Vamban 2 Drought
Ramnad, Pudukkottai,
Tirunelveli, Vellore,
Tiruvannamalai, Tuticorin,
Madurai, Trichy
CO 5 Salinity
Thanjavur, Trichy and
Pudukkottai
29. Bengal gram
CO 3, CO 4
Drought
Coimbatore, Salem,
Dharmapuri
CO 5 Salinity
Coimbatore, Salem,
Erode, Dharmapuri
and Vellore
Soybean
CO1, CO 2
Drought Entire TamilNadu
ADT 1 Salinity
Suited to Tanjore,
Tiruvarur,
Nagapattinam,
Cuddalore and
Trichy
Horse gram
PAIYUR 1
PAIYUR 2
Cold/Frost
The Nilgris and
Kanyakumari
30. Groundnut
TMVGn 13
Drought
Thiruchirapalli, Thanjavur, Thiruvarur
and Nagapattinam
ALR 3 Drought Perambalur and Ariyalur
VRIGn 6 Drought Thiruvallur, Cuddalore and Vellore
TMV 8, TMV 9 and
TMV 10
Drought
Thiruvallur, Cuddalore, Vellore,Salem,
Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri
M-13 Salinity Thiruvallur, Cuddalore and Vellore
Sesame CO 1 Drought
Coimbatore,Thiruppur, Erode,
Dindigul
TMV 3 and TMV 7 Drought Madurai, Virudhunagar, Pudukkottai
VRI(SV) 2 Drought
Thiruvannamalai, Villupuram and
Thiruvallur
SVPR 1 Drought
Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai,
Thirunelveli, Thoothukudi
Abiotic stress tolerance varieties in
Oil seeds
31. Castor TMV 5&6 Drought All districts of TamilNadu
Sunflower COSFV 5
Drought &
Salinity
Coimbatore, Erode, Salem,
Namakkal, Tirunelveli, Dindigul,
Dharmapuri, Tiruchirapalli,
Perambalur, Karur
TNAUSUF 7 (CO 4)
Coconut VPM3
Drought All districts of TamilNadu
ALR (CN) 1
32. Example of salt tolerant crop is
a. Groundnut b. Maize
c. Cotton d. Grams
The dosage of brassinolide used to increase photosynthesis
activity under stress condition is
a. 0.5 ppm b. 0.1 ppm
c. 0.2 ppm d. 0.75 ppm
Microbe used to overcome drought condition
a. Azolla b. Blue green algae
c. Aspergillus d. PPFM
Alkaline soils contain more of _____.
a. Fe and Al ions b. Cl and SO4 ions
c. CO3 and HCO3 ions d. H+ ions
Q & A
33. FOR pdf and Online tests
Text me @
•91 9894904745 (WhatsApp)
or
Mail me @
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