Basics of Climate Smart Agricultural Technologies

1. DAY 2 SESSION 1
BASICS OF CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURAL
TECHNOLOGIES

2. OVERVIEW
1
3
2
4
Impact of historical changes such as
the green revolution on the social
organization of farming communities
Impact of agriculture on the
environment and climate change
issues
Brief knowledge on
climate smart agricultural
technologies
Negative list of
ESMF

3. IMPACT OF HISTORICAL CHANGES ON THE SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION OF FARMING COMMUNITIES DUE TO GREEN
REVOLUTION
 An increase in the use of agricultural labour as
cultivation became more intensive.
 Small and marginal farmers couldn’t afford the
expensive inputs.
 Increased inequality in rural society due to the
introduction of the new technology.
 Rural-urban migration.
 Rich people grew richer whereas the poor grew
poorer.
 Increase in commercial agriculture and
dependence on the market
 Worsening of the regional inequalities.

4. UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is a change in the average temperature and cycles of weather over a long period of
time.
Year
Temperature
Anomaly
(°C)
0
-
0.
5
0.
5
1.
0
1.
5
Data source: NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies
1880
1888
1904
1936
1960
2000
2016
1896
1912
1920
1928
1968
1944
1952
2008
1976
1984
1992
Observed
change
in
surface
temperature
(1901-2012)
•Global warming is likely to reach 1.50 C between 2030 and 2052
•Warming greater than the global average is being experienced in many land regions and
seasons including 2 to 3 times higher in the Artic
Climate change is happening and the
globe is warmer by 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C
over the period 1880 to 201
• Research shows that climate change could reduce farm income by 15-18 percent in irrigated and by 20-
25 percent in rainfed areas.
• It is also estimated that crop yields will decline by 4.5-9 percent in the short-run (2010-2039) and by a
whopping 25 percent in the long-run (2070-2099) due to lack of adoption by farmers.

5. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE
• Indian agriculture is highly prone to the risks due
to climate change; especially to drought, because
2/3rd of the agricultural land in India is rain fed
and even the irrigated system is dependent on
monsoon rain.
• In recent years, the frequency of climatic extremes
are getting more due to the increased atmospheric
temperature, resulting in increased risks with
substantial loss of agricultural production.
• Climate change can affect agriculture through their
direct and indirect effects on the crops, soils,
livestock and pests

6. IMPACT OF CLIMATE
CHANGE ON CROPS
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 Enhanced frequency and duration of
extreme weather events such as flood,
drought, cyclone and heat wave
 Reduction in yield in the rain fed areas
due to increased crop water demand
and changes in rainfall pattern during
monsoon season.
 Alteration of agricultural pests and
diseases because of more pathogen and
vector development, rapid pathogen
transmission and increased host
susceptibility.
 Threatened agricultural biodiversity by
rainfall uncertainty and temperature
increase, sea level rise, and increased
frequency and severity of drought,
cyclones and floods.

7. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
WATER
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 Increased irrigation demands with increased
temperature and higher evapo- transpiration.
 Lowering groundwater table.
 Melting of glaciers in the Himalayas the
availability of water would decrease
considerably.
 A significant increase in runoff is projected in
the wet season that may lead to increase in
frequency and duration of floods and also
soil erosion.

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IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOIL
 Reduced organic matter content,
which is already quite low in Indian
soil.
 Under elevated CO2 concentration,
crop residues have higher C: N ratio,
which reduces rate of decomposition
and nutrient supply.
 Increase of soil temperature.
 Change in rainfall volume and
frequency and wind intensity may
alter the severity, frequency and
extent of soil erosion.
 Rise in sea level may lead to salt-
water ingression in the coastal
lands.

9. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
ON LIVESTOCK
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 Increased temperature results in
enhanced lignification of plant
tissues and reduced digestibility.
 Increased water scarcity would also
decrease food and fodder
production.
 Global warming would increase
water, shelter, and energy
requirement of livestock for
meeting projected milk demand.
 Climate change is likely to
aggravate the heat stress in dairy
animals, adversely affecting their
reproductive performance.

10. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
FISHERY
 Increasing sea and river
water temperature is likely
to affect fish breeding,
migration,and harvest.
 Impact of increased
temperature and tropical
cyclonic activity would
affect the capture,
production and marketing
costs of the marine fish.
 Coral bleaching is likely to
increase due to higher sea
surface temperature

11. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
INSECTS AND DISEASES
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•Extension of geographical range of
insect-pests and pathogens
•Changes in population growth rates of
pathogens and insect-pests
•Changes in relative abundance and
effectiveness of biocontrol agents
•Changes in pathogen/insect-pest × host
× environment interactions, and loss of
resistance in cultivars containing
temperature-sensitive genes
•Emergence of new diseases/pest
problems and increased risk of invasion
by migrant diseases and pests
•Reduced efficacy of different
components of disease and insect-pest

12. IMPACT OF AGRICULTURE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND
CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES
Irrigation
Plastics
Deforestation Pollutants
Pesticides
Waste

13. ANIMAL AGRICULTURE
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• Meat is considered one of the
prime factors contributing to
the current biodiversity loss
crisis.
• Grazing occupies 26% of the
earth's ice-free terrestrial
surface, and feed crop
production uses about one
third of all arable land or
about 75% of agriculturally
used land.
• The global food system is
responsible for one third of
the global anthropogenic GHG
emissions, of which meat
accounts for nearly 60%.

14. IRRIGATION
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 The environmental effects of
irrigation relate to the changes in
quantity and quality of soil and water as
a result of irrigation and the subsequent
effects on natural and social conditions
in river basins and downstream of an
irrigation scheme.
 Soil can be over-irrigated due to poor
distribution uniformity or management
wastes water, chemicals, and may lead to
water pollution.
 Irrigation with saline or high-sodium
water may damage soil structure owing
to the formation of alkaline soil.

15. PESTICIDES
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• Over 98% of sprayed
insecticides and 95% of
herbicides reach a destination
other than their target
species.
• Agricultural land around the
world is at risk of being
poisoned by pesticides, with a
third of it in high-biodiversity
regions.
• Such undesirable effects have
led many pesticides to be
banned, while regulations
have limited the use of
others.

16. PLASTICS
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• Un-recycled agricultural plastics constitute an enormous volume of
waste that creates further environmental hazards when it is
buried, burned, or dumped in landfills.
• The plastic particles are flushed into surface waters and ultimately
oceans by rain and irrigation, and they can also be absorbed by
plants, potentially ending up in the food system.
• Plastic degradation into micro-plastics is damaging to soil health,
microorganisms and beneficial organisms like earth worms.

17. DEFORESTATION
• One of the causes of deforestation is to clear land for pasture
or crops.
• Removing trees releases carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere and leaves behind fewer trees to absorb the
increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air.

18. POLLUTANTS
• Pollutants from agriculture greatly affect water quality and can be found in
lakes, rivers, wetlands, estuaries, and groundwater.
• Air pollution caused by agriculture through land use changes and animal
agriculture practices have an outsized impact on climate change.

19. SOIL DEGRADATION
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• Soil degradation is the decline in
soil quality that can be a result
of many factors, especially from
agriculture.
• Common attributes of soil
degradation can be salting,
waterlogging, and compaction
and pesticide contamination.
• Soil erosion is the wearing away
of topsoil by water, wind, or
farming activities

20. TILLAGE EROSION
• There is growing evidence that
tillage erosion is a major soil
erosion process in agricultural
lands.
• Tillage erosion surpasses water
and wind erosion in many fields all
around the world.
• It can lead to significant reduction
in crop yield and, therefore,
economic losses for the farm.

21. AGRICULTURAL
WASTE
• The application of insecticides with
plasticulture facilitates pesticide
transfer in surface runoff towards
wetlands or tidal creeks.
• Pesticide and chemical runoff from
plastic can cause significant
deformations and death in shellfish
because the runoff transports the
pollutants to the seas.

22. BRIEF KNOWLEDGE ON CLIMATE SMART
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES
• CSA is a concept that calls for integration
of the need for adaptation and the
possibility of mitigation in agricultural
growth strategies to support food
security.
• Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an
integrated approach to managing
landscapes—cropland, livestock, forests
and fisheries—that addresses the
interlinked challenges of food security
and accelerating climate change

23. THEMATIC AREAS
1. Soil and land Management
2. Nutrient management
3. Water Management
4. Crop Management
5. Conservation and Management of genetic resource
6. Climate information and forecasting development
7. Institutional and social development
8. Agriculture marketing and value addition
9. Social development measure
10. Energy Management
11. Mechanization
12. Post-harvest operations

24. Thank
You!
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Remember, without farmers there will be no food, and
without food there will be no life.