The industrial revolution began in England and was driven by new manufacturing processes that replaced handwork with machines. This led populations to explode in cities as agriculture was revolutionized by inventions. The industrial revolution saw important inventions like the steam engine, which powered trains and boats and helped spread industrialization from Britain to other parts of Europe and the United States. However, industrialization also had serious negative effects as workers, including children, faced long hours, poor living conditions, and health and safety issues from pollution.