The document discusses the history and prospects of quantum computing, covering its evolution from classical computing and physics to key concepts such as qubits, entanglement, and quantum tunneling. It highlights potential applications in various fields, the current status of quantum computing resources, and addresses challenges such as error correction and cost. The conclusion emphasizes that quantum computing will complement classical computing and presents a wide range of opportunities for development.

1. Quantum Computing
History and Prospects
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Vesselin Gueorguiev, PhD 1
Vesselin G. Gueorguiev
Ronin Institute &
Institute for Advanced Physical Studies

2. Outline
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Brief History of Computing
Brief History of Physics
Key Concepts in Quantum Computing
Possible Applications of QC
Present Status on QC Resources
Problems and Future Directions
Conclusion
Open Discussion

3. Brief History of Computing
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Sumerian abacus invented in Babylon c. 2700–2300 BC
~ 100 BC The Antikythera mechanism
an ancient Greek astronomical
analogue computer
By 1500 (the High Middle Ages) the positional Hindu–Arabic
numeral system had reached Europe.
1613 Richard Braithwaite - ‘computer’
1622 Slide Rule invented by William Oughtred
1623 Wilhelm Schickard invented a calculating machine &
Francis Bacon first uses Binary
1703 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents the Binary System
Sources: Wikipedia and The Centre for Computing History, UK

4. Moore’s Law
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https://fossbytes.com/moores-law-is-finally-dead-rest-in-peace-moores-law/

5. Moore’s Law scaling
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ExtremeTech: What is Moore's Law? by Graham Templeton July 29, 2015

6. Brief History of Classical Physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physics

7. Brief History of Quantum Physics
1900 & 1905 the concept of Quanta of light affirmed computationally by
Max Planck and Albert Einstein:
1911 & 1923 Niels Bohr model and Louis de Broglie wave hypothesis:
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8. Brief History of Quantum Physics
1920s the phrase "quantum mechanics" (Quantenmechanik)
was coined by Max Born, Werner Heisenberg & Wolfgang Pauli
1925 matrix mechanics
1927 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Pauli exclusion principle
and Pauli 2x2 spin matrices.
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9. Brief History of Quantum Physics
Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Richard Feynman
1926, 1928, 1948
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10. The Mystery of Quantum Physics
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5rRTWhDJLTOivUQmwSEW_kC1i-xnuveN

11. Key Concepts in
Quantum Computing
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LinkedIn SlideShare: 17 Nov 2014 – “Quantum Computing: Welcome to the Future” by Vern Brownell CEO

12. Key Concepts in
Quantum Computing
© 2014 D-Wave Systems Inc. All Rights Reserved 7
Quantum
Tunneling
Superposition Entanglement
Key Quantum Effects
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LinkedIn SlideShare: 17 Nov 2014 – “Quantum Computing: Welcome to the Future” by Vern Brownell CEO
Data Representation - Qubits
A bit of data is represented by a single atom that is in one of two states denoted
by |0> and |1>. A single bit of this form is known as a qubit.
A physical implementation of a qubit could use the two energy levels of an atom.
An excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |0>.
A single qubit can be forced into a superpositionof the two states denoted
by the addition of the state vectors:
| > = | 0> + β| 1>
Where and β are complex numbersand | | ² + | β | ² = 1
Schrödinger's cat
1
2
01 ± 10( )
1
2
00 ± 11( )

13. Key Concepts in QC
What special about Quantum computer
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LinkedIn SlideShare: 29 Sep 2012 – “Topic: Quantum computer” By Nisarg Y Bhagavantanavar
The Q-bit represented
as a Bloch sphere
x2
+ y2
=1
Generators of Rotations
as quantum gates:
Pauli-X gate
Pauli-Y gate
Pauli-Z gate

14. Key Concepts in QC
0
Quantum Gates-Hadamard
Simplest gate involvesone qubit and iscalled a Hadamard
Gate (also known asa square-root of NOTgate.) Used to
put qubitsinto superposition.
H H
State |0> State |1>State |0> + State |1>
Two Hadamard gates used in succession can be used
as a NOT gate.
Note:
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LinkedIn SlideShare: 21 Apr 2014 – “Quantum Computing” by Rohit Mishra & Ankit Agarwal

15. Possible Applications of QC
Quantum Communications
Quantum Key Distribution (BB84 Bennett & Brassard 1984)
Cryptography – Prime Number Factorization (Peter Shor 1994)
State Teleportation (Charles Bennett et al 1993)
Artificial Intelligence
Large Data processing (Lov Grover search 1997)
Optimization problems …
Pattern Recognition …
Variety of Art form’s expressions …
???
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16. Quantum Teleportation
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https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=2862

17. Advantage of the Shor’s Algorithm
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Slide by Meghaditya Roy Chaudhury on “Quantum Computing” at Jadavpur University
See also R. J. Hughes, LA-UR-97-4986

18. Possible Applications of QC
© 2014 D-Wave Systems Inc. All Rights Reserved 12
What is the future of quantum computing?
Health
Finance Computing
Space
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LinkedIn SlideShare: 17 Nov 2014 – “Quantum Computing: Welcome to the Future” by Vern Brownell CEO

19. Present Status on
QC Resources
Quantum Computing Hardware
D-Wave (128/512)
IBM (50)
Intel (49)
Google (72)
Rigetti (19)
AliBaba (11)
Quantum Computing Software
D-Wave
IBM Q-Experience and QISKit
Rigetti Forest
Microsoft #Q, Google CirQ, QC Ware
Applied Communication Sciences (ACS)
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© 2014 D-Wave Systems Inc. All Rights Reserved 6
• Exploits properties of quantum physics
• Built around “qubits” ra ther th
a
n “b i t s”
• Qubits are 1 or 0 and both simultaneously
• Operates in an extreme environment:
– 150x colder than interstellar space
– Shielded to 50,000× less than Ea r th’ s
magnetic field
– Very low pressure: 10B times lower
than atmospheric pressure
What is a quantum computer?

20. D-Wave 2000-qubit
processor
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21. IBM 50-Qubit Processor
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22. ‘Tangle Lake,’ Intel’s 49-Qubit Processor
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https://newsroom.intel.com/news/future-quantum-computing-counted-qubits/
26 spin q-bits

23. Problems and Future
Directions
De-coherence
Error Correction
Output Measurement
Finding “the right problems” for a quantum computer
Cost
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24. Conclusion
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https://www.explainingcomputers.com/quantum.html
QC will be complementary to classical computing!
It will be few more years until becoming of age!
Therefore it is a wide-open field of opportunities:
Hardware development
Software development
Future QC based services and applications
You can pick your favorite now or explore multiple
options!

25. Open Discussion
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