The document outlines the history, key concepts, and prospects of quantum computing, presented by Vesselin Gueorguiev during a meetup in Modesto, CA. It covers the evolution of classical and quantum physics, the principles of quantum computing such as qubits and superposition, and discusses potential applications and current state of quantum technologies. The presentation concludes with insights on challenges, future directions, and the complementary nature of quantum computing to classical systems.

1. Quantum'Computing'
History'and'Prospects'
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Vesselin G. Gueorguiev
Ronin Institute &
Institute for Advanced Physical Studies

2. Outline'
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! Brief'History'of'Computing'
! Brief'History'of'Physics'
! Key'Concepts'in'Quantum'Computing'
! Possible'Applications'of'QC'
! Present'Status'on'QC'Resources'
! Problems'and'Future'Directions'
! Conclusion'
! Open'Discussion'

3. Brief'History'of'Computing'
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! Sumerian'abacus'invented'in'Babylon'c.'2700–2300'BC'
! ~'100'BC'The'Antikythera'mechanism'
'an'ancient'Greek'astronomical''
'analogue'computer'
! By'1500'(the'High'Middle'Ages)'the'positional'Hindu–Arabic'
numeral'system'had'reached'Europe.'
! 1613'Richard'Braithwaite'T'‘computer’'
! 1622'Slide'Rule'invented'by'William'Oughtred'
! '1623'Wilhelm'Schickard'invented'a'calculating'machine'&'
Francis'Bacon'first'uses'Binary'
! 1703'Gottfried'Wilhelm'Leibniz'invents'the'Binary'System'
Sources:%Wikipedia%and%The%Centre%for%Computing%History,%UK%%

4. Moore’s'Law'
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https://fossbytes.com/mooresOlawOisOfinallyOdeadOrestOinOpeaceOmooresOlaw/%

5. Moore’s'Law'scaling'
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6. Brief'History'of'Classical'Physics'
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physics%

7. Brief'History'of'Quantum'Physics'
! 1900'&'1905'the'concept'of'Quanta'of'light'affirmed'computationally'by'Max'
Planck'and'Albert'Einstein:'
'
! 1911'&'1923'Niels'Bohr'model'and'Louis'de'Broglie'wave'hypothesis:'
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8. Brief'History'of'Quantum'Physics'
! 1920s'the'phrase'"quantum'mechanics"'(Quantenmechanik)'
was'coined'by'Max'Born,'Werner'Heisenberg'&'Wolfgang'Pauli'
! 1925'matrix'mechanics'
! 1927'Heisenberg'uncertainty'principle,'Pauli'exclusion'principle'
and'Pauli'2x2'spin'matrices.'
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9. Brief'History'of'Quantum'Physics'
! Erwin'Schrödinger,'Paul'Dirac,'Richard'Feynman'
! 1926,'1928,'1948''
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10. The'Mystery'of'Quantum'Physics'
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5rRTWhDJLTOivUQmwSEW_kC1iOxnuveN%

11. Key'Concepts'in'
Quantum'Computing'
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12. Key'Concepts'in'
Quantum'Computing'
© 2014 D-Wave Systems Inc. All Rights Reserved 7
Quantum
Tunneling
Superposition Entanglement
Key Quantum Effects
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Data Representation - Qubits
A bit of data is represented by a single atom that is in one of two states denoted
by |0> and |1>. A single bit of this form is known as a qubit.
A physical implementation of a qubit could use the two energy levels of an atom.
An excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |0>.
A single qubit can be forced into a superpositionof the two states denoted
by the addition of the state vectors:
|> = |0> + β|1>
Where  and β are complex numbers and |  |² + | β |² = 1
Schrödinger's%cat%
1
2
01 ± 10( )
1
2
00 ± 11( )

13. Key'Concepts'in'QC'
What special about Quantum computer
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x2
+ y2
=1
Generators'of'Rotations'
as'quantum'gates:'
'
PauliTX'gate'
'
PauliTY'gate'
'
PauliTZ'gate'

14. Key'Concepts'in'QC'
0
Quantum Gates-Hadamard
 Simplest gate involves one qubit and is called a Hadamard
Gate (also known as a square-root of NOT gate.) Used to
put qubits into superposition.
H H
State |0> State |1>State |0> + State |1>
Two Hadamard gates used in succession can be used
as a NOT gate.
Note:
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15. Possible'Applications'of'QC'
! Quantum'Communications''
! Quantum'Key'Distribution'(BB84'Bennett'&'Brassard'1984)'
! Cryptography'–'Prime'Number'Factorization'(Peter'Shor'1994)'
! State'Teleportation'(Charles'Bennett'et'al'1993)'
! Artificial'Intelligence'
! Large'Data'processing'(Lov'Grover'search'1997)'
! Optimization'problems'…'
! Pattern'Recognition'…'
! Variety'of'Art'form’s'expressions'…'
! ???''
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16. Quantum'Teleportation'
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https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=2862%

17. Advantage'of'the'Shor’s'Algorithm'
# bits 1024 2048 4096
factoring in 2006 105 years 5x1015 years 3x1029 years
factoring in 2024 38 years 1012 years 7x1025 years
factoring in 2042 3 days 3x108 years 2x1022 years
with a classical computer
# bits 1024 2048 4096
# qubits 5124 10244 20484
# gates 3x109 2X1011 X1012
factoring time 4.5 min 36 min 4.8 hours
with potential quantum computer
Quantum Algorithm:
Shor’s Algorithm
In 2001, Shor's algorithm was demonstrated by a group at IBM,
who factored 15 into 3 × 5, using an NMR implementation of a
quantum computer with 7 qubits
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See also R. J. Hughes, LA-UR-97-4986

18. Possible'Applications'of'QC'
© 2014 D-Wave Systems Inc. All Rights Reserved 12
What is the future of quantum computing?
Health
Finance Computing
Space
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19. Present'Status'on''
QC'Resources'
! Quantum'Computing'Hardware'
! DTWave'(128/512)'
! IBM'(50)'
! Intel'(49)'
! Google'(72)'
! Rigetti'(19)''
! AliBaba'(11)'
! Quantum'Computing'Software'
! DTWave''
! IBM'QTExperience'and'QISKit'
! Rigetti'Forest'
! Microsoft'#Q,'Google'CirQ,'QC'Ware'
! Applied'Communication'Sciences'(ACS)'
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© 2014 D-Wave Systems Inc. All Rights Reserved 6
• Exploits properties of quantum physics
• Built around “qubits” rather than “bits”
• Qubits are 1 or 0 and both simultaneously
• Operates in an extreme environment:
– 150x colder than interstellar space
– Shielded to 50,000× less than Earth’s
magnetic field
– Very low pressure: 10B times lower
than atmospheric pressure
What is a quantum computer?

20. DTWave'2000Tqubit'processor'
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21. IBM'50TQubit'Processor'
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22. ‘Tangle'Lake,’'Intel’s'49TQubit'Processor'
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https://newsroom.intel.com/news/futureOquantumOcomputingOcountedOqubits/%
26%spin%qObits%

23. Problems'and'Future'
Directions'
! DeTcoherence''
! Error'Correction'
! Output'Measurement'
! Finding'“the'right'problems”'for'a'quantum'computer''
! Cost'
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24. Conclusion'
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https://www.explainingcomputers.com/quantum.html%
! QC'will'be'complementary'to'classical'computing!'
! It'will'be'few'more'years'until'becoming'of'age!'
! Therefore'it'is'a'wideTopen'field'of'opportunities:'
! Hardware'development''
! Software'development'
! Future'QC'based'services'and'applications''
! You'can'pick'your'favorite'now'or'explore'multiple'
options!''

25. Open'Discussion'
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