class-10 geography

1. GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER-6:
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

2. Importance
of industrial
development
Utilization of
resources
Increase National
income
Increase job
opportunities

3. Introduction
 In modern times industries have become very
important part of an economy.
 They provide employment to large labour
force and contribute significantly in the total
national wealth/income.

4. Importance of Industrial
Development:
 utilization of natural resources
 enhanced capital formation
 increase in national income and foreign
exchange
 Increase in job opportunities.
 Agriculture and industry contribution to
national economy.

5. FACTORS-
LOCATION
OF
INDUSTRIES
GOVT-
POLICIES
MARKET
TRANSPORT
RAW
MATERIAL
RIVER
POWER
LABOUR

6. FACTORS IN THE LOCATION OF
INDUSTRIES:
 Availability of raw materials: - availability of
raw materials is the major factors affecting the
location of the industry. An agro based industry
will be located in agriculture dominating areas
where as mineral based industry will be located
in mineral dominating areas.
 Source of Power: - most of the industries are
located near the source of power. i.e near coal
field and hydro power.
 Labour: - labour intensive industries mostly
concentrate in densely populated areas or
labourers migrate to the industrial centre.

7.  Transport: - transport system helps in the
movement of goods and raw material and to
carry finished goods to the market. Heavy
industries like Iron & steel industry are
located near railway stations or ports.
 Market: - nearness to market is essential for
quick disposal of manufactured goods and for
purchasing raw material and also it reduces
the cost of transportation. Most of the
industries concentrate in big cities – market
and infrastructure.
 Government Policies: - it plays an important
part in determining the location of industry.

8. Inputs- factor of
production
factory
transport
Outputs
(products)
transport
market
MONEY

9. Classification
of industries
Capital or
money
Based on
ownership
Sources of raw
material
On basis of
Raw Material
and finished
goods

11. On the Basis of
capital or money
and size:
large scale
industries
small scale
industries
cottage
industries

12. 1. On the Basis of capital
or money and size:
 large scale industries- employ large no. of
labourers, huge investment, e.g –cotton or
jute textile
 small scale industries; - less labourers,
small investment, industries run by
individuals
 cottage industries artisans set up in their
own houses, work with wood, cane,etc.
e.g. handloom,

13. Cottage Industries
Artisans set
up in their
own houses,
work with
wood, etc.
e.g.
handloom,

14. On basis of
Raw
Material
and finished
goods
Light
industries
Heavy
industries:

15. On the Basis of Raw-Material
and Finished goods:
 Heavy industries: - use heavy & bulky raw
materials, produce products which are heavy and
bulky. Iron and steel industries are example.
 Light industries: - use light raw materials and
produce light finished products. Electric fans and
sewing machines are light industries.

16. On the Basis of Ownership:

17. Private sector
industries:-
owned by
private or
individuals
such as Bajaj
Auto and
TISCO

18.  Public sector industries :- owned by the
state or government like-SAIL, Bhilai
steel plant, BSLN etc..

19. Joint sector industries :-
owned & run by private and
the state such as Indian
Oil Lt.

20.  Co-operative sector industries:- owned &run
by co-operatively by a group of people.

22. On the Basis of Source of
Raw material

23.  Agro Based industries:- those industries
obtain raw material from agriculture.
Cotton textile, jute textile, sugar etc..

24.  Mineral based industries:- the industries that
receive raw materials primarily from
minerals- such as iron and steel, aluminum
and cement

25. AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES

26. Textile Industry
 predominated in the Indian economy,
employment generation & foreign exchange
earning.
 It adds about 14% to the industrial production
and about 4% to the GDP.
 Provides employment –about 35million.
 Major export earning

27. Value addition in the
textile industry

28. Cotton Textile industry

29. COTTON TEXTILE:
 Among the oldest industries in India.
 The first mill was established in Mumbai in
1854.
 During colonial period traditional industries
set back as it unable to compete with mill-
made cloth from England.
 Today cotton textile is the largest industries
in India.

30. The first mill was established
in Mumbai in 1854.

31. RAW FIBRE Garments Spinning
Handloom weaving fabric Ginning
Yarn

32. Importance of cotton textile
industry:
 Close association with agriculture – provides
living to farmers, workers engaged in ginning,
spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging,
tailoring and sewing…
 It supports other industries like chemicals, dyes,
mill stores, etc.
 The major share of India’s exports comes from
cotton textile industry.
 Most of the mills are concentrated in the states of
Maharashtra, Gujarat andTamil Nadu.

33. Power loom

34.  Maharshtra: the main reasons of phenomenal
growth of cotton textile in Mumbai.
 Mumbai enjoys humid climate which is essential
for thread does not break so frequently
 Mumbai is a very important part which helps in the
import machinery
 Cheap hydroelectricity
 The black –cotton soil in the hinterland of Mumbai
provides cotton as the basic raw materials.
 There is ready market for Mumbai
 GUJARAT: second largest producer of cotton
textile,Ahmedabad is the second largest center.

35.  India exports yarn to Japan
 Cotton goods to U.S.A., U.K., Russia, East
European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri
lanka and African countires.

36. Problems of Indian cotton
textile industry:
 Low production per hectare
 Problem of frequently switch off power
 Traditional machinery and need for
modernization.
 High cost and competition in foreign market.

37. 2. JUTE INDUSTRY:
 Most of the jute mills are concentrated inWest
Bengal.
 Kolkata - important jute centre textile in India.
Importance of the Jute:
 Labour intensive industry –provides
employment
 India is the second largest exporter of jute
products after Bangladesh.
 Many products of jute industry are
manufactured by the cottage and small scale
industry.

38. Jute textile products
West Bengal: Largest concentration of jute
industry. Over 84% of jute goods
production of India

40. Factors responsible for high
concentration of jute mills in the
Hugli basin:
Raw Material: the fertile Ganga-Brahmaputra
delta grows about 90% of India’s jute and
provides raw material to jute mills here.
Transportation: cheap water transportation is
available.The area is also served by a network
of roads and railways.
Water: abundant water is available for
processing, washing & dyeing jute from the
river Hugli.

41. Labour: high density population inWest Bengal
and in the neighbouring parts of Bihar, Orissa
provides abundant cheap labour.
Kolkata is a big port which helps in the import
of machinery and in the export of finished jute
products.

42. Problems of the Indian Jute Industry:
challenges faced by the Jute industry
The invention of synthetic as a substitute
for the jute is giving a tough competition
to the jute industry.
Because of the old technology, the cost of
production is high due to which a demand
of jute goods has declined.
After independence most of the jute
producing areas went to Bangladesh
resulting shortage of raw material.
Less demand due to synthetic in domestic
as well as international markets,

43. Sugar Industry

44. Sugar Mill

45. 3. SUGAR INDUSTRY:
 The sugar industry is one of the most
important industries in India.
 Sugar – India stands second as a world
producer.
 Gur and Khandsari – India stands first as a
world production
 The sugar industry employs more than 3 lakhs
workers.
 There are more than 460 mills in the country,
60% mills are in U.P and Bihar. Most of mills
are in the cooperative sector.

46. Major challenges of sugar
industry:
the seasonal nature of industry
low yield of sugarcane per hectare
old and inefficient method of production
short crushing season (4 to 7months in a
year)
transport delay in reaching cane to factories

47. MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES

48. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
 Iron and steel industry is a key or basic industry
 Uses : It lays the foundation of a rapid
development of other industries such as the
heavy engineering, defense equipment,
automobiles, rail track, telephonic, scientific
equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
 Contribution : Providing employment to many
and helps in development of agriculture.
 It is heavy industry because all the raw materials
and finished products are heavy and bulky.

49. Present–There are ten primary integrated
and many mini-steel plants.
Two different sectors of steel industries
Public : SAIL-Steel Authority of India Ltd.
Private:TISCO-Tata Iron and Steel Company.

50. PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING OF STEEEL

51. Steel production in India &
China

52. China and India : Steel Production
1950 : Both the countries produced almost same
quantity.
Today : China is the largest producer as well as
world’s largest consumer of steel.
2004 : India was the largest steel exporter.
Chotanagpur Plateau : Maximum concentration
of iron and steel industries.

53.  Location
factors: most
of the iron &
steel plants of
India are
located in
Chhota Nagar
plateau

54.  The Chhota Nagpur plateau is the famous for
iron ores.
 Raw Material:The states of Bihar,West Bengal
and Jharkhand provide the raw materials.
 Coal which is used as a fuel is another
important input and is available in this region in
plenty.
 Labour : Cheap labour
 The DamodarValley Coproration provides
power to these plants
 The export and import facility is provided by
Kolkata Port.

55. Draw backs of iron and steel
industry india
 High cost and limited coking coal.
 Lower productivity labour.
 Irregular supply of energy.
 Poor infrastructure.

56. BLAST
FURANCE

57. Blast Furnace –poured into shaping the metal

59. ALUMINIUM SMELTING:
Aluminum smelting is the second important
metallurgical industry of India.
Uses:
it used for making pots and pan because of good
conductor of heat.
it is used to make electrical wires and utensils.
it is used to make cans for various beverages
it is widely used in airplanes and spacecrafts.
Substitute of steel,copper,lead etc.
Smelting States:
Orissa (Nalco and Balco), Kerala, W.B, U.P, etc..

60. Strip coasting mill at smelter of NALCO

61. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
 It is one of the oldest, diversified and fastest
growing industries of India.The industry has two
components.
 Organic Chemicals include petrochemicals, which
are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres,
synthetic rubber, plastics, drugs and
pharmaceuticals.
 Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used
to manufacture fertilizers, plastics, paints etc.)
nitric acid, soda ash (used to make glass, soap,
and detergents, etc...)

62.  Importance of Chemical Industry
 Chemical industry is one of the major sources of
employment for large number of skilled as well as
unskilled workers.
 Export of chemicals and chemical products brings
foreign exchange to India.
 Chemical industry supplies pesticides and
weedicides to agriculture.
 It contributes 3% of the G.D.P. It also contributes
20% of the excise revenue to the government.

63. FERTILISER INDUSTRY
 There are about 57 fertilizer units
manufacturing nitrogenous and complex
nitrogenous fertilizers.
 Producing States: After green revolution the
industry expanded to several other parts of
the country. Gujarat,Tamil Nadu, U.P, Punjab
etc...

64. CEMENT INDUSTRY
The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in
1904 and since then expanded.This industry
requires bulky and heavy raw materials like
limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
Importance of Industry:
 Cement is essential for all construction activities.
 It earns valuable foreign exchange. Improvement
in quality of Indian cement has found its ready
markets in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Nepal, Middle East and Africa.


65. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
Automobile industry is another fast growing
industry of India.
Since 1992 the industry has shown a very high
percentage of growth rates due to following
factors:
Automobile industry was delicenced in 1991
Foreign Direct Investment is permissible
Due to loan and other finance facilities demand
has risen
The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon,
Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, etc..

66. I.T. & ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
 This industry covers a wide range of
products in including television,
transistor sets, telephone exchanges,
cellular telecom, computers and post
and telegraph, etc..
 Bangalore is the largest centre of
electronics goods production and is
rightly termed as the Electronic
capital of India.

67.  The other major producing centers
are Hyderabad, Delhi,
Pune,Kolkata, Chennai etc.
 The software has emerged as the
major industry in the field of
electronics. Software exports have
become an important part of India
exports.
 This industry provided employment
and major foreign exchange earner.
It has helped in the growth of
service sector.