Manufacturing Industries

 A place where primary goods[raw
materials are converted into finished
products using machines are called
Manufacturing Industries.
Example:
 Cloth from cotton
 Sugar from sugarcane
 Paper from wood
 Iron from iron ore
 Aluminium from bauxite

 ECONOMIC STRENGTH OF A COUNTRY IS
MEASURED FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.
 THEY REDUCE THE DEPENDENCE ON
AGRICULTURE BY PROVIDING THEM JOBS
AND EARN FORIEGN EXCHANGE FOR THE
NATOIN BY EXPORTING GODS .
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION LEDS TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN FACTORIES ALL
OVER THE WORLD.

 REFINING OF IRON WAS KNOWN TO THE
INDIANS FOR SEVERAL CENTURIES.
 RUST FREE IRON PILLAR NEAR QUTUB MINAR
AT DELHI IS A FINE EX. OF THIS.
 SMELTING OF IRON ORE IN MODERN INDIA
BEGAN IN 1830 IN TAMILNADU.
 FIRST COTTON TEXTILE MILL WAS SET UP AT
MUMBAI IN 1854.
 FIRST JUTE MILL WAS ESTABLISHED AT
RISHRA NEAR KOLKATA IN 1855.
 THE PLANNED DEVELOPED OF INDIANS
INDUSTRIES BEGAN IN 1951.

BASED ON RAW MATERIAL
BASED ON LABOUR
BASED ON OWNERSHIP
BASED ON SOURCE OF RAW MATERIAL

 LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIES---Employ large
number of laborers eg. cotton textile industry
 SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES –--- run by
individuals with less no of people. EG.
JAGGERY & KHANDSARI

Heavy industries use heavy & bulky raw
materials & produce heavy materials. Eg. Iron
& steel Industry
Light industries use light raw materials &
produce light materials. Eg. Electric fans,
watches, sewing machines etc.

Private – Bajaj Auto & Tata Iron & Steel(TISCO)
Public – Bhilai Steel Plant & Bharat Heavy
Electricals Ltd(BHEL).
JOINT-means private and public sector.
Joint – Oil India Ltd(OIL). & Gas Authority
of India Ltd ,Maruthi Udyog Ltd
Cooperative -Sugar Mills & Silk Mills

Agro Based – Use Agricultural Raw Materials.
Eg. Cotton Textile Industry, Sugar Industry,
Silk Industry
Mineral Based – Use Minerals As Raw
Materials. Eg. Iron & Steel Industry, copper
Smelting Industry, fertilizer Industry.

 Cotton Textile Industry is one of the oldest and
largest industry of India.
 First cotton textile mill was established in
Mumbai, 1854.
 It gives employment to more than 15 lakh people
which is 20% of total labour force of country.
 There are 1600 mills out of which 79% are private
and 21% are in public and co-operative sector.

 These are well developed in Gujarat and
Maharashtra due to availability of cotton, market,
transport, humid climate.
 West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu are also major producers.
 Gujarat:Ahmedabad,Vadodara,Surat,Rajkot,
Porbandar.
 India exports to the USA, UK, Russia, France,
Nepal, Singapore, Srilanka and African countries
In the form of readymade garments.
 Nowadays cotton textiles are facing problems like
scarcity of good quality of cotton, low productivity
of labour and competition with synthetic fiber.

 Jute Textile Industry is second most
important and India ranks first in its
production.
 India ranks second after Bangladesh in jute
export.
 Main producer state of it is West Bengal who
produces 80% of total production.
 There are about 70 mills of jute industry in
India.

 Jute producing states are West Bengal,
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, U.P., Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa, Assam and Tripura.
 Jute industry is facing problems like high
production cost and stiff competition in
international market.
 The main buyers of Indian products are
USA, Canada, Russia, UAE, UK and
Australia.

 This industry was started as cottage industry in
India.
 Mumbai is the largest centre of Woolen Textile
Industry.
 Main centres are Ludhiana, Dhariwal, Chandigadh
in Punjab; Kanpur, Shahjahanpur, Agra, Mirzapur
in UP; Ahmedabad, Jamnagar in Gujarat; Panipat,
Gurgaon in Haryana.

 Bikaner and Jaipur in Rajasthan; Srinagar in
Jammu & Kashmir and Bangalore in
Karnataka are other Woolen Textile
Industry.
 Hosiery producing industries are Punjab,
Haryana and Tamil Nadu.
 Goods are exported to US, UK, Russia,
Canada.
 Problems are less raw wool, low quality, lack
of market.

 INDIA is well known for the production of silk
and silk products.
There are 4 well known varieties of
- Mulberry
- Tasar
- Eri
- Muga

 About 90 silk textile mills are there in India.
 India produces 8.5 lakh kg of silk yarns.
More than 9/10 of production in :
Karnataka ,West Bengal ,Jammu & Kashmir.
Tough competition with China, Thailand & Italy.
Markets – U.S.A., U.K., Russia, Saudi Arabia,
Kuwait & Singapore.

 NATURAL FIBERS LIKE COTTON,SILK AND WOOL
ARE MIXED WITH MAN MADE FIBERS TO PRODUCE
HIGH QUALITY CLOTHS.
 IMPORTANT OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY IS HUMAN
MADE FIBRE.
 SPECIAL QUALITIES – STRENGTH, DURABILITY,
DYEABILITY & WORKABILITY .
 FOUND IN KERALA, TAMIL NADU, KARNATAKA,
MAHARASHTRA, GUJARAT, RAJASTHAN & MADHYA
PRADESH .
 SYNTHETIC TEXTILES – MUMBAI, AHMEDABAD,
SURAT, DELHI, AMRITSAR, GWALIOR & KARNATKA.

 INDIA IS SECOND LARGEST PRODUCER OF
SUGARCANE IN THE WORLD.
 SURAGRCANE – HEAVY IN WEIGHT, LOSING
WEIGHT & RAPID PERISHABLE, ARE MAIN
CHARACTERISTIC OF SUGARCANE.
460 MILLS IN THE COUNTRY.INDIA RANKS
FIRST IN TOTAL PRODUCTION OS
SUGAR,JAGGERY AND KHANDSARI.
 50% IN UTTAR PRADESH AND MAHARASHTRA
 OTHER STATES ARE KARNATAKA, TAMIL NADU,
ANDHRA PRADESH, GUJARAT, PUNJAB, HARYANA,
MADHYA PRADESH, & BIHAR.

 FIRST INDUTRY WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1830 AT PORTO NOVA
IN TAMIL NADU BUT WAS CLOSED DOWN.
 MODERN STEEL INDUSTRY WAS ESTABLISHED IN1864AT
KULTI IN WEST BENGAL.
 LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STELL
INDUSRIES STARTED AT JAMSHEDPUR IN 1907.THEN CAME
BURNPUR IN WEAT BENGHAL AND BHADRAVATI STELL
PLAN IN KARNATAKA.
 AT PRESENT THERE ARE 10 PRIMARY INTEGRATED IRON
AND STEEL PLANTS AND AROUND 200 DECENTRALIZED
SECONDARY UNITS KNOWN AS MINI STEEL PLANTS IN OUR
COUNTARY.
 STEEL AND IRON IS A HEAVY INDUSTRY .ITS USES HEAVY &
BULKY RAW MATERIALS, NAMELY IRON-ORE, COAL,
LIMESTONE AND MANGANESE ORES.

 FINISHED PRODUCTS ARE ALSO HEAVY AND
NEED GOOD TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLACE
FOR THEIR DISTRIBUTION.
 VISHAKAPATNAM IS ONLY CENTRE LOCATED
NEAR SEACOAST WHILE .
 ALL OTHER STEEL PLANTS ARE LOCTED IN
THE MINERAL RICH NORTH-EASTERN &
SOUTHERN PART OF INDIAN.
 THE STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LTD(SAIL)
MANAGES PUBLIC SECTOR IRON AND
STELL PLANTS OF INDIA.
 TODAY ,INDIA PRODUCES 2.7 CRORE
TONNES OF STEEL.

 2ND IMPORTANT METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY
OF INDIA.
 ALUMINIUM HAS CHARACTERISTICS LIKE
LIGHTWEIGHT,STRENGTH,MALLEABILITY,
GOOD CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY AND
RESISTANCE TO CORROSION.
 ITS IMPORTANCE HAS INCREASED AS THE
ALLOY OBTAINED AFTER MIXING IT WITH
TIN ,COPPER,ZINC AND MAGNESIUM ARE
USED IN MANUFACTURIN OF RAILWAYS,
AIRCRAFT, AND MACHINARY

 FOR PRODUCTION OF 1 TONNE OF
ALUMINIUM, APPROXIMATELY 6 TONNES OF
BAUXITE & 18600KWH OF ELECTRICITY IS
NEEDED.
 ELECTRICTY ALONE CONSISTS 30 TO40 % OF
THE PRODUCTIN COAST.
 THEY ARE LOCATED LOCATED IN ORISSA,
WEST BENGAL, KERALA, U.P,MAHARASHTRA
& TAMIL NADU.
 THERE ARE 8 ALUMINIUM PLANTS IN THE
COUNTRY TODAY.
 TOTAL PRODUCE 620 LAKH TONNES OF
ALUMINUM.

 IT WAS SET UP BY INDIAN COPPER CORPORATIONS
AT GHATSHILA IN JHARKAND.
 THE HINDUSTAN COPPER LTD. TOOK OVER THE
INDIAN COPPER CORPORATION IN 1972, SINCE
THEN IT IS THE SOLE PRODUCER OF COPPER IN
OUR COUNTRY
 IT HAS 2 CENTERS – MAUBHANDAR NEAR
GHATSHILA IN SINGHBHUM DISTRICT AND KHETRI
IN JHUNJUNU OF RAJASTHAN.

COPPER IS OBTAINED FROM THE MINES OF
THESE DISTRICTS WHERE THEIR SMELTING
PLANTS ARE LOCATED.
INDIA PRODUCES 43,000 TONNES OF COPPER
BLISTER, WHICH IS ONLY ½ OF THE
DEMAND HENCE COPPER IS IMPORTED
FROM ZAMBIA, CHILE, AND U.S.A., CANADA.

 THIS INDUSTRY IS DEVELIOPING RAPIDLY.
 HEAVY INORGANIC CHEMICALS INCLUDE :
- SULFURIC ACID : MANUFACTURING OF
FERTILIZERS, PAINTS, DYESTUFF, PLASTICS &
SYNTHETIC FIBRES.
- NITRIC ACID & ALKALIES.
- SODA ASH : MANUFACTURE OF GLASS,
PAPER, SOAP & DETERGENTS.
- CAUSTIC SODA.

5/12/2015 49
HEAVY ORGANIC CHEMICALS

 HEAVY ORGANIC CHEMICALS INCLUDE
PETRO CHEMICALS, WHICH ARE USED FOR
MANUFACTURING OF ARTICLE LIKE
SYNTHETIC FIBRES, SYNTHETIC RUBBERS,
PLASTICS, DYESTUFF & PHARMACEUTICALS.
 THE INORGANIC CHEMICALS
INDUSTRIES ARE WIDELY SPREAD WHILE
ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES ARE
LOCATED NEAR OIL REFINERIES &
PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS.
 IT CONTRIBUTES14% OF PRODUCTION
OF ENTIRE MANUFACTURING SECTOR AND
ITS SHARE IN EXPORT IS ALSO 14%.

 1ST PLANT SET UP IN RANIPET IN
TAMILNADU IN 1906.THE REAL GROWTH OF
THE INDUSTRY BEGAN WITH THE
EASTABLISHMENT OF A PLANT AT SINDRI BY
THE FERTILIZER OF INDIA (FCI) IN 1951.
 ITS INCREASE IN DEMAND OF
FERTILIZERS AS A RESULT OF GREEN
REVOLUTION LED TO ITS SPREAD IN
SEVERAL PARTS OF INDIA.

 MORE THAN ½ THE TOTAL PRODUCTION –
GUJARAT, TAMIL NADU, UTTAR PRADESH,
PUNJAB & KERALA.
 OTHER PRODUCERS ARE ANDHRA
PRADESH, ORISSA, RAJASTHAN, BIHAR, GOA,
DELHI, MAHARASHTRA, ASSAM, MADHYA
PRADESH, WEST BENGAL, & KARNATAKA
 FERTILIZERS HAVE EASY AVAILABILITY OF
NATURAL GAS.
 INDIA PRODUCES ABOUT 11 MILLION
TONNES OF NITROGENOUS, 4 MILLION TONNES
OF PHOSPHATIC & 1.7 MILLION TONNES OF
POTASSIC FERTILISES.

 IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR BUILDING HOUSES,
FACTORIES, ROADS & DAMS.
 ITS MANUFACTURE REQUIRES HEAVY
MATERIALS LIKE GYPSUM, SILICA,
ALUMINIA, & LIMESTONE. HENCE IT IS A
RAW-MATERIAL ORIENTED INDUSTRY.
 OTHER REQUIREMENTS ARE COAL &
PETROLEUM.

 1ST PLANT – CHENNAI IN 1904
 THERE ARE 119 LARGE AND OVER
300 MINI PLANTS IN INDIA
 TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY – 131
MILLION TONNES PER ANNUM
 INDIA PRODUCES A VARIETY OF
CEMENT – GOOD QUALITY & HENCE
HAS A READY MARKET IN SOUTH AND
EAST ASIAN CUNTRRIS.
 ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF
CEMENT IS ABOUT 10 CRORE TONNES.

 INDIAN RAILWAYS REFLECTS THE
TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN
COUNTRY.
 IT PRODUCES ALL THE REQURIMENT
OF ITS ROALLING STOCK ,I..E.RAILWAY
ENGINES, WAGONS & COACHES.
 RAILWAY ENGINES ARE OF 3 TYPES:
STEAM, DIESEL & ELECTRIC.

 DIESEL AND ELECTRIC ENGINES NOW
REPLACE THE STEAM ENGINES BECAUSE
THESE ARE FUEL-EFFICIENT AND
POLLUTION FREE.
 ENGINES ARE MANUFACTURED AT
CHITTARANJAN IN WEST BENGAL, VARANASI
IN UTTAR PRADESH AND JAMSHEDPUR IN
JHARKAHAND.
 COACHES ARE MANUFACTURED AT
PERAMBUR, BANGALORE, KAPURTHALA &
KOLKOTA.
WHILE WAGONS ARE PRODUCED IN
PRIVASTE SECTOR AND RAILWAY
WORKSHOPS.

 ROAD TRANSPORTATION IS MORE
WIDESPREAD THEN THE RAILWAT.
 INDIA IS 2ND LARGEST PRODUCER OF 3
WHEELERS.
 TRACTOR AND BICYLE ARE ALSO
MANUFACTURED IN LARGE NUMBER.
 INDIA CURRENTLY PRODUCES 15 MILLION
BICYCLES EVERY YEAR.
 EXAMPLE: TRUCKS, CARS, MOTORCYCLES
AND SCOOTERS.

 SHIPBUILDING IS A LARGE INDUSTY AND
REQUIRES HUGE CAPITAL.
 AT PRESENT THERE ARE 5 MAJOR
SHIPBUILDING CENTERS
VISHAKAPATANAM, KOLKOTA, KOCHI,
MUMBAI, MARMAGAO – ALL IN PUBLIC
SECTOR.

 THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF THE SHIP THAT CAN
BE CONSTRUCTED AT KOCHI &
VISHAKAPATANAM ARE 100,000 DEAD
WEIGHT TONNAGE AND 50,000 DWT
RESPECTIVELY.
 FOR REPAIR OF SHIPS, THERE ARE 17 DRY
DOCKS IN INDIA.

 INDIA HAS NOT YET ENTRED INTO CIVIAN
AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY.
 FOR DEFENCE REQUIREMENT, INDIA HAS
DEVELOPED AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY AT
BANGALORE, KORAPUT, NASHIK,
HYDERABAD, KANPUR & LUCKNOW.
 EACH PLACE SPECIALIZES IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN TYPES OF
AIRCRAFT
 INDIA ALSO MANUFACTURES CERTAIN
TYPES OF HELICOPTERS.

 IT COVERS WIDE RANGE OF PRODUCTS –
TRANSISTOR, TELEVISION, TELEPHONE
EXCHANGES, CELLULAR TELECOMS, PAGERS,
COMPUTERS.
 LOOKS AFTER THE NEEDS OF DEFENCE
EQUIPMENTS, RAILWAYS, AIRWAYS, SPACE,
FLIGHTS, AND METEOROLOGICAL
DEPARTMENTS.

 HAS DEVELOPED BOTH HARDWARE &
SOFTWARE – FAST GROWING SECTOR OF
INDIAN ECONOMY.
 CONTRIBUTED LOT TO THE SPACE
TECHNOLOGY.
 ELECTRONIC CAPITAL OF INDIA BANGALORE .
 MAJOR ELECTRONIC GOODS PRODUCING
CENTERS - CHENNAI, KOLKOTA, KANPUR,
PUNE, LUCKNOW, AND COIMBATORE
 SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY PARKS 18
CENTERS IN INDIA.

INDUSTRIES CREATE FOUR
TYPES OF POLLUTION:
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Land pollution
 Noise pollution

 Caused by the Presence of a Higher
Proportion of of Undesirable Gases
LikeCarbon Monoxide & Sulphur Dioxide.
 Air borne Materials Consists of Both Solid &
Liquid Particles.
 Dust, Fumes, Mist, Spray & Smoke Contain
Both Type of Particles.
 Human-made Sources of Pollutants Are
Normally Industrial & Solid Wastes

 Industrial Effluents Are Discharged
Into the Rivers.
 Organic & Inorganic Materials Pollute
Water.
 Some Common Pollutants of Water Are
Coal, Dyes, Soaps, Pesticides, Fertilisers,
Plastics & Rubber.
 Principal Industries That Create Water
Pollution ArePaper, Textiles, Chemical,
Petroleum, refining, Tannery &
Electroplating.

INDUSTRIAL WASTES
CONTAINING TOXIC METALS
POLLUTE
LAND & SOIL

o IT PRIMARILY FROM INDUSTRY & MEANS OF
TRANSPORT.
o HUGE AND OLD MACHINES PRODUCE LOTS
IF NOISE ,WHICH IS UNBEARABLE NOISE &
CREATE PROBLEMS FOR THE PEOPLE.
o HIGH NOISE LEVEL MAY LEAD TO DEAFNESS
AND MEATAL STERSS.

POLLUTION CAN BE PREVENTED BY
 CAREFULPLANNING OF INDUSTRIES
 BETTER DESIGNED EQUIPMENTS
 THERE ARE NUMBER OF EQUIPMENTS LIKE
INTERTIAL SEPARATION, FILTERS ETC TO
CONTROL AIR POLLUTION.

 WATER POLLUTION CAN BE CONTROLLED BY
TREATMENT BEFORE DISCHARGING THEM
INTO IN REVERSE.
 TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL LIQUIDS CAN BE
DONE IN 3 PHASES; PRIMARY TREATMENT BY
MECHANICAL PROCESS, SECONDARY
TREATMENT BY BIO LOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND
PHYSICAL PROCESS, TERTIARY TREATMENT
INCLUDES RECYCLING OF WASTE WATER.

 CONTROL OF SOIL AND
LAND POLLUTION
INVOLVES THREE
ACTIVITIES, NAMELY
a) COLLECTION OF WASTES
FROM DIFFERENT PLACES.
b) DUMPING AND DISPOSING
OF THE WASTE BY LAND
AFILLING .
c) RECYCLING OF THE
WASTES FOR FURTHER
USES.

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In This Presentation
Were Only For
Illustration Purpose.

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