The Islamia university of Bahawalpur.

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In this experiment we study the magnetic properties of materials. The magnetic
properties can be determined by the variation of magnetic field ‘H’. The material
which is used in this experiment is iron. H is magnetic field intensity as
H = nI
B is magnetic field induction which is determined by
B = µ (M+H)

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Rheostat
Definition
Rheostat is a variable resistor which is used to control the flow of electric current by manually
increasing or decreasing the resistance.
Low Tension Variable Voltage Supply

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Description: -
Low tension variable voltage power supply can be used for verity of applications like in
education, Engineering, Telecommunication, Industrial Electronic, Nuclear Sciences, Logic
Circuits, DC Amplifiers Calibration of electrical meters and instruments of Laboratories.
Deflection Magnetometer compass
Description:
A small magnetic needle having 100 mm needle at right angel in a tough plastic
case. Cord marked with points of the compass and degrees. It can be used in magnetometer
experiment.
Or ‘’An instrument used for measuring magnetic forces, especially the earth’s magnetism’’.

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B-H Curve Experiment Figure
B-H CURVE

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A B-H curve is used to show the relationship between magnetic flux density (B) and magnetic
field strength (H) for a particular material. When tested experimentally, a ferromagnetic (i.e.
strongly magnetic) material such as iron will produce a curve similar to that shown above.
Electromagnetic coil
The magnetic flux is generated by an electromagnetic coil is the amount magnetic field or lines
of force produced within a given area. The magnetic strength of an electromagnet depends upon
the number of turns of the coil if we increase the number of turns we can increase the magnetic
field strength (H).
Ammeter
It is an instrument used for measuring
current in amperes in an electronic circuit.

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Voltmeter
It is an instrument used for measuring the potential difference between two points in electronic
circuit.
CrocodileClip
A sprung metal clip with long, serrated jaws, used to an electronic cable for making a temporary
connection to a battery or other component.
Banana clip
A banana clip or also called banana connector (banana plug for male and banana
socket or banana jack) is a single wire electrical connecter used for joining wires to equipment.
Specimen
It is a limited quantity of something which is intended to be similar to and
represent a larger amount of that thing.
Retentivity
The ability of a substance to retain or resist magnetization, frequently measured as
the strength of the magnetic field that remains in a sample after removal of an inducing field.
“Iron is easily magnetized but has low retentivity”
Solenoid
A solenoid is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix. The term was invented by
French Physicist Andre-Marie Ampere.
PowerSupply
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical
load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to
another form.

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Specimen used = Iron
Length = 30 cm = 300 mm
Diameter of specimen = 2.3 mm
Radius = 1.15 mm
Distance between poles of magnetized specimen
D = 300 nm = 30 cm
Horizontal moment of earth n.f
H=1.5×10 ̄³
Distance of magnitude from the specimen.
QR=75mm
No of turns per meter in solenoid
n=1900
Area of wire=A=𝜋r² = 4.15×10⁶ m²
𝛼 =
𝐻(𝑃𝑄)²
𝐴[1 − (
𝑄𝑅
𝑃𝑅
)
3
]
PR = √(PQ) ²+(QR) ² = 309 mm
I 𝜽 Tan𝜽 M=𝜶tan𝜽 H=nI B=𝝁(M+H)

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0.1 10 0.17623575 372.502456 190 7.07E-04
0.2 15 0.26780695 566.052832 380 1.19E-03
0.3 29 0.55397366 1170.91198 570 2.19E-03
0.4 42 0.89973137 1901.7262 760 3.34E-03
0.5 50 1.19068342 2516.69991 950 4.36E-03
0.6 54 1.37499988 2906.28225 1140 5.08E-03
0.7 59 1.6623132 3513.56493 1330 6.09E-03
0.8 62 1.87824005 3969.96086 1520 6.90E-03
0.9 64 2.0473605 4327.42399 1710 7.59E-03
1 66 2.24251147 4739.90679 1900 8.34E-03
1.1 67 2.35197478 4971.27501 2090 8.87E-03
1.2 69 2.60034283 5496.24062 2280 9.77E-03
1.3 70 2.74219169 5796.06088 2470 1.04E-02
1.4 71 2.89829483 6126.00985 2660 1.10E-02
1.5 71 2.89829483 6126.00985 2850 1.13E-02
1.6 72 3.0710252 6491.10312 3040 1.20E-02
1.7 73 3.26331239 6897.53287 3230 1.27E-02
1.8 74 3.47881612 7353.03448 3420 1.35E-02
1.9 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 3610 1.44E-02
2 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 3800 1.47E-02
2 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 3800 1.47E-02
1.9 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 3610 1.44E-02
1.8 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 3420 1.42E-02
1.7 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 3230 1.39E-02
1.6 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 3040 1.37E-02
1.5 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 2850 1.35E-02
1.4 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 2660 1.32E-02
1.3 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 2470 1.30E-02
1.2 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 2280 1.28E-02
1.1 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 2090 1.25E-02
1 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 1900 1.23E-02
0.9 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 1710 1.20E-02
0.8 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 1520 1.18E-02
0.7 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 1330 1.16E-02
0.6 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 1140 1.13E-02
0.5 74 3.47881612 7353.03448 950 1.04E-02
0.4 74 3.47881612 7353.03448 760 1.02E-02
0.3 73 3.26331239 6897.53287 570 9.38E-03
0.2 72 3.0710252 6491.10312 380 8.63E-03
0.1 70 2.74219169 5796.06088 190 7.52E-03
0 68 2.4708057 5222.44318 0 6.56E-03

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-0.1 67 2.35197478 4971.27501 -190 6.01E-03
-0.2 39 0.80921283 1710.4008 -380 1.67E-03
-0.3 -2 -0.0349031 -73.773184 -570 -8.09E-04
-0.4 -26 -0.4874478 -1030.299 -760 -2.25E-03
-0.5 -37 -0.7530409 -1591.6724 -950 -3.19E-03
-0.6 -44 -0.9649367 -2039.5481 -1140 -4.00E-03
-0.7 -48 -1.1096644 -2345.4532 -1330 -4.62E-03
-0.8 -52 -1.2787285 -2702.7973 -1520 -5.31E-03
-0.9 -54 -1.3749999 -2906.2823 -1710 -5.80E-03
-1 -55 -1.4266698 -3015.4949 -1900 -6.18E-03
-1.1 -56 -1.4809776 -3130.283 -2090 -6.56E-03
-1.2 -56 -1.4809776 -3130.283 -2280 -6.80E-03
-1.3 -57 -1.5381661 -3251.1601 -2470 -7.19E-03
-1.4 -58 -1.5985085 -3378.7035 -2660 -7.59E-03
-1.5 -58 -1.5985085 -3378.7035 -2850 -7.83E-03
-1.6 -58 -1.5985085 -3378.7035 -3040 -8.07E-03
-1.7 -59 -1.6623132 -3513.5649 -3230 -8.47E-03
-1.8 -59 -1.6623132 -3513.5649 -3420 -8.71E-03
-1.9 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -3610 -9.13E-03
-2 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -3800 -9.37E-03
-2 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -3800 -9.37E-03
-1.9 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -3610 -9.13E-03
-1.8 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -3420 -8.89E-03
-1.7 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -3230 -8.65E-03
-1.6 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -3040 -8.41E-03
-1.5 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -2850 -8.18E-03
-1.4 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -2660 -7.94E-03
-1.3 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -2470 -7.70E-03
-1.2 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -2280 -7.46E-03
-1.1 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -2090 -7.22E-03
-1 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -1900 -6.98E-03
-0.9 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -1710 -6.74E-03
-0.8 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -1520 -6.50E-03
-0.7 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -1330 -6.27E-03
-0.6 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -1140 -6.03E-03
-0.5 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -950 -5.79E-03
-0.4 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -760 -5.55E-03
-0.3 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -570 -5.31E-03
-0.2 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -380 -5.07E-03
-0.1 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 -190 -4.83E-03
0 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 0 -4.59E-03

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-1.50E-02
-1.00E-02
-5.00E-03
0.00E+00
5.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.50E-02
2.00E-02
-5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
B
H
Graph b/w B and H
Series1
0.1 -60 -1.7299292 -3656.4822 190 -4.36E-03
0.2 -30 -0.5769964 -1219.5742 380 -1.06E-03
0.3 7 0.12272169 259.39193 570 1.04E-03
0.4 44 0.96493668 2039.54807 760 3.52E-03
0.5 44 0.96493668 2039.54807 950 3.76E-03
0.6 51 1.23375839 2607.74577 1140 4.71E-03
0.7 58 1.59850853 3378.70354 1330 5.92E-03
0.8 61 1.80175365 3808.29462 1520 6.70E-03
0.9 64 2.0473605 4327.42399 1710 7.59E-03
1 65 2.14129081 4525.96074 1900 8.07E-03
1.1 67 2.35197478 4971.27501 2090 8.87E-03
1.2 68 2.4708057 5222.44318 2280 9.43E-03
1.3 70 2.74219169 5796.06088 2470 1.04E-02
1.4 71 2.89829483 6126.00985 2660 1.10E-02
1.5 71 2.89829483 6126.00985 2850 1.13E-02
1.6 72 3.0710252 6491.10312 3040 1.20E-02
1.7 73 3.26331239 6897.53287 3230 1.27E-02
1.8 74 3.47881612 7353.03448 3420 1.35E-02
1.9 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 3610 1.44E-02
2 75 3.72216884 7867.39939 3800 1.47E-02

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From experiment we conclude that relation between B and H as
B = 𝜇𝐻
For air 𝜇 = 1, B×H
B-H curve shows that magnetization and demagnetization follow different path.
We find that current and volume of deflection 𝜃 is proportional but at certain point is constant
. Because the specimen becomes saturated
B=53.18×10 ̄⁷ 𝜏
If current is decreased by H becomes zero and B has non zero values. B has to reduce to zero by
changing current polarity

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