INDUSTRIAL SAFETY Ms. V.KANNAGI Associate Professor/ECE R.M.K. College of Engineering and Techno

1. INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
Ms. V.KANNAGI
Associate Professor/ECE
R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology

2. UNIT II
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
• Chemical exposure
• Toxic materials
• Ionizing Radiation and Non-ionizing Radiation
• Industrial Hygiene
• Industrial Toxicology.

3. Chemical Hazards
• The undesired effects which are caused with the
absorption of hazardous chemicals by the human body-
are called chemical hazards.
• The hazardous chemicals alone in concentration, or
when mixed with other chemical substance, can cause
injury, disease or death.

4. Chemical Hazards

13. Controlling Chemical
Hazards in the Workplace
• Reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous chemicals
whenever possible.
• Maintain adequate ventilation systems to reduce
concentrations of airborne chemicals.
• Practicing good personal hygiene (e.g. washing hands)
and maintaining regular workplace cleaning routines.
• Learn how to avoid carrying hazardous substances
home.

14. Contd…
• Introduce administrative controls to minimize exposure to
chemicals (e.g. rotate workers through different jobs or
locations.
• Perform maintenance work in off-hours so that accidental
release of toxic substances will affect fewer workers.
• Use personal protective equipment and devices.
• Maintain equipment in good order to prevent leaks and
breakdowns that may release toxic substances.

15. Toxic materials
Sources of Toxin:
• Environment
• Food/Feed/Water
• Drugs

16. Contd…
Environment
• Air Pollution
 Carbon monoxide
 Nitrogen oxides
 Smoke
• Poor Ventilation
 Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide
• Volatile Compounds
 Chlorine, Hydrocarbon fuels

17. Toxicity
• Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an
organism.
• Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as
an animal, bacterium, or plant
• as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as
a cell (cytotoxicity)
• or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).
• Toxicity is the capacity of a chemical compound to produce
injury.

18. Outcomes of Toxicant
• Death after a short period of time- Acute toxicity
• Cancer / mutation in DNA
• Skin / eye irritation
• Fertility problems
• Carcinogenicity / mutagenicity
• Reproduction effects
• Sudden heart failure and death

21. Radiation
• Emitted from either the
atoms unstable nucleus or
its unstable orbital area
• Two general types
 Particulate radiation
 Electromagnetic radiation

22. Units of Ionizing
Radiation Measurement
• Measured by the ionization produced by the passage of the
radiation through a medium.
• The quantity may refer either to charge, to energy, or to
biological effect (damage).
• Roentgen, Rep, Rad and Rem.
• Roentgen is a measure of ionization in air due to X or gamma
radiation.
• Rep is a measure of radiation in human tissue.
• Rad measures the energy absorbed by radiation in any
material.
• Rem relates the different radiation's effectiveness in
producing biological damage to the quantity of radiation.

23. Ionizing Radiation
When a radiation source
is capable of stripping
electrons from an atom,
the process is known as
ionization.
 Alpha radiation
 Beta radiation
 Gamma radiation
 Cosmic radiation

24. Types of Radiation

25. Radiation Protection
• Radiation exposure kept below a certain level has no
apparent ill effects
• Radiation protection programs are concerned with
detection and measurement, shielding, and monitoring.
• The health physicists are responsible for those activities
concerned with the radiological safety of employees,
such as monitoring, hazard evaluation, and supervision
of waste disposal operations.

26. Radioactive materials in industry
 Industrial research—irradiated tools or parts to measure the
wear of cutting tools, pistons, wire-drawing dies.
 Radiology—to replace X rays in checking steel castings,
welded joints.
 Gauging—to measure and control the thickness of steel, paint,
paper, rubber, and other processed products.
 Tracers—to follow fluid flow in process lines, transfer of
printing ink.
 Ionizers—to eliminate static electricity in textile and paper
lines.
 Polymerization—to speed or initiate chemical reactions by
catalytic action.
 Radiation—low-intensity light sources for exit signs, storage
bins, traffic lane markers.

27. ALARA
"as low as reasonably achievable" (ALARA)
"to reduce occupational exposures as far below the
specified limits as is reasonably achievable by
means of good radiation protection planning and
practice."

28. RADIATION DETECTION AND
MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
• Crystal Dosimeters
• Dosimeters
• Ionization Chambers
• Geiger-Muller Counter
• Proportional Counters
• Scintillation Counter

29. Dosimeters

30. Ionization Chamber

31. Geiger-Muller Counter

32. Scintillation Counter

33. Personnel-Monitoring
Devices
 Pocket dosimeter
 Glass dosimeter
 Chemical dosimeter
 Hand-and-foot counters
 Area monitoring

34. Ionizing Radiation Controls
 Medical Support
 Monitoring Record Keeping
 Daily contamination counts recorded at entrances to restricted
areas.
 Daily accumulated exposures recorded on pocket devices.
 Weekly or semimonthly accumulated exposures recorded on
film badges.
 Non-routine exposures that are monitored by such special
devices as finger rings. and neutron-sensitive film badges.
 Exposure records for employees working under special work
permits.
 Visitors' exposure records.

35. Potential Hazards of Radiation
Exposure
 Magnitude of the radiant energy.
 Type of radiation
 Half-life of the radioactive source.
 Quantity of radioactive material taken in by the
body, and the rate of elimination.
 Selectivity of the radioactive substance for sites in
the body.

36. Controlling Radiation Exposure
 Rate of exposure
 Distance from the radiation source
 Shielding

37. Controlling Radioisotope
Hazards
 External Radiation Hazards
 Internal Radiation Hazards
Points to note in a new installation:
 How are contaminated pieces of equipment to be cleaned?
 Where does radioisotope-contaminated wash water go?
 How is waste radioactive material disposed of?
 Are liquid wastes put into a distinct hot sink?
 Is the flow from this sink suitably directed to a large sewer, or
will some future plumbing repair disclose concentrated
accumulations?
 Are the exhaust ducts from hoods in working and storage
areas of such construction so that radioactive dusts do not
collect on ledges?

38. Responsibilities of Safety
Specialist
 Program the instruction of new personnel in safe working practices
and counsel the teachers
 Counsel and measure operational procedures
 Determine that personnel-monitoring devices are used.
 Keep exposure records
 Conduct radiation surveys, leakage tests, and air and water
sampling
 Suitable warning signs and devices
 Determine that shielding, storage containers, and handling
equipment are maintained properly.
 Maintain up-to-date operating instructions for any radiation
equipment.

39. NON-IONIZING RADIATION

40. Visible Spectrum

41. Ultraviolet Spectrum
.
 UV spectrum ranges from 4 to 400 nanometers
 Subcategories
 vacuum UV, far UV, and near UV
 Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation includes UV
emission from welding or hot bodies
 Utilization of UV sources in industry
 chemical processing
 etched circuit board production
 detection of fluorescent materials
 UV lasers
 Protection from UV radiation exposure by
 shielding the sources of radiation
 use of proper goggles or eye shields
 use of protective clothing
 use of absorbing or reflecting skin creams.

42. Microwave Radiation
 Radiation ranges from 100 megahertz (MHz) to 300,000
MHz
 Microwaves are utilized as heating sources and are
associated, for example, with microwave ovens, dryers
for paper food products, pasteurization, ceramics, and
diathermy.
 The primary hazard of microwave energy is associated
with the thermal effects which are produced in the
body's exposed tissues.
 The physiological effects from microwaves are related to
the power density of the microwaves and their
frequency.

43. Infrared Radiation
 Spectral region of 800 nanometers 40.8 micrometers, to
400 micrometers
 Subdivided - near-infrared region and far-infrared.
 All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit
infrared radiation as a function of temperature.
 Sources are hot or incandescent bodies that produce a
continuous, broad spectrum of IR radiation.
 Protection from IR radiation is provided by the use of
protective eyewear and face shields.

44. Lasers
 Laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation.
 Lasers involve the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet
regions of the spectrum
 Concentrate a large amount of energy in a small cross-
sectional area.
 Lasers can be projected over long distances, and their
use in the workplace is increasing.

45. Industrial Hygiene
 Safety and health profession that is concerned with
predicting, recognizing, assessing, controlling, and preventing
environmental stressors in the workplace that can cause
sickness or serious discomfort to workers. Common stressors
include gases, fumes, vapors, dusts, mists, noise, and
radiation.
 Responsibilities of industrial hygienists:
 To ensure the health of employees
 To maintain an objective approach in recognizing, assessing,
controlling, and preventing health hazards regardless of
outside pressure and influence
 To help employees understand the precautions that they
should take to avoid health problems.
 To respect employers’ honesty in matters relating to industrial
hygiene
 To make the health of employees a higher priority than
obligations to the employer.

46. Technical Quiz
1. What violations are most commonly cited by OSHA?
A . Hazard communications
B. Scaffolding
C. Fall protection
D. Respiratory protection

47. Technical Quiz
2. Which of the following is not a chemical-related health
hazard?
A. Carcinogenicity
B. Reactivity
C. Corrosivity
D. Toxicity
3. You should wear eye, head, and face protection if you
are working with which of the following tools?
A. Portable abrasive wheel tools
B. Electric tools
C. Pneumatic tools
D. Liquid fuel tools

48. Technical Quiz
4. Which of these is not a power tool safety precaution?
A. Never carry a tool by the cord or hose.
B. Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from
the receptacle.
C. Keep tools plugged in when not in use, before
servicing, and when changing accessories such as
blades, bits and cutters.
D. Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp
edges.
5. If you are working near a flammable substance, you
should always use iron or steel hand tools.
A. True
B. False

49. Technical Quiz
6. On which of the following types of surfaces
should a Class B fire extinguisher not be used?
A. Paint
B. Grease
C. Oil
D. Plastic
7. On which of the following types of surfaces
should a Class A fire extinguisher not be used?
A. Cloth
B. Wood
C. Paper
D. Electrical equipment

50. Technical Quiz
8. The safest ladder to use around electricity is:
A. Wood
B. Aluminium
C. A smaller step stool
D. Fiberglass
9. Flexible cords may not be used for which of the
following
A. Wiring of cranes and hoists
B. Elevator cables
C. To prevent transmission of noise or vibration
D. As a substitute for permanent wiring

51. Technical Quiz
10. Exposure to normal levels of extremely low
frequency (ELF) waves causes ______________.
A. no damaging effects
B. brain damage
C. Asthma
D. severe burns