Major project report on Tata Motors and its marketing strategies
Seminario 12 marzo
1. Presented by: Susana Espinosa Otálvaro.
Third Semester, Medicine.
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.
2. INTRODUCTION
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★ HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.
★ Decreases the levels of CD4+ cells, leading to deficient immune system.
★ Host genes: AIDS restriction genes.
CCR5: C-C type chemokine receptor 5. Mostly found on the cell surface
of some white cells as CD4+, monocytes and macrophages.
CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4.
CCR5- Δ32: allele with a 32 base pair deletion.
3. INTRODUCTION
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★ HIV gains entry to host cell
through its receptor which binds
to the CD4+ receptor in the T
lymphocytes.
★ R5- tropic uses CCR5 as co-
receptor for fusion.
★ X4- tropic uses CXCR4 as co-
receptor for fusion.
★ 9% In Nigeria.
★ 19% in South Africa.
4. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
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Identify Cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)
profile of HIV- infected subjects attending University of
Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Southern Nigeria.
7. METHODS
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★ PCR: Is an enzymatic reaction used to amplify
one specific chain of DNA; in this case the CCR5
gene. The amplifications are visualized on
agarose gel electrophoresis.
★ DNA sequencing is the process of determining
the nucleic acid sequence. Information obtained
using sequencing allows researchers to identify
changes in genes, associations with diseases and
phenotypes, and identify potential drug targets.
12. DISCUSSION
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Roy CP, Chakrabarti However, higher frequencies of CCR5Δ 32
mutation has been reported in northern
Europe, particularly the Baltic region as
represented by data by Roy and Chakrabarti
Novembre J, Galvani AP, Slatkin M. Other areas with reported high frequency of
CCR5- Δ 32 polymorphism included northern
coast of France, the Russian cities of Moscow
and Ryazan, portions of Volga-Ural region of
Russia.
Galvani AP, November J.
Picton ACP, Shalekoff S, Paximadis M,
Tiemessen CT
The relatively higher frequency of the wild
type gene of the CCR5 in African region is
suggestive that the mutant variant (CCR5- Δ
32) is fairly recent in terms of human evolution
13. CONCLUSIONS
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★ The mutation of the CCR5 Δ 32 could be used as a
study for a cure of HIV.
★ South Africa has the most significant cases of HIV,
making it a ideal place to study the virus and try to
develop its treatment.
