Seminario 12 marzo
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This document presents a study on identifying the cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) profile of HIV-infected subjects in Calabar, Nigeria. The study used PCR and DNA sequencing to analyze the CCR5 gene in patients. The results found that most subjects had the wild type CCR5 gene, with few having the CCR5-Δ32 allele. This is consistent with other African studies that found the mutant CCR5-Δ32 variant to be less common than in European populations. The conclusion is that the CCR5-Δ32 mutation could be studied further as a potential cure for HIV, and South Africa presents an important area for HIV research.
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This document discusses evidence that DNA is the genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring. It describes three key experiments:
1. Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment on bacteria transformation showed that heat-killed bacteria could transfer genetic material to live bacteria.
2. Avery, Macleod, and McCarty's 1944 experiment purified the transforming material from Griffith's experiment and found that removal of proteins did not affect transformation, but DNA digestion did, proving DNA was the genetic material.
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1) Griffith's experiment showed bacterial transformation from non-virulent to virulent strains upon uptake of DNA from heat-killed bacteria.
2) Avery, MacLeod and McCarty's experiment showed transformation only occurred when DNA was present, as DNase treatment prevented transformation.
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This document discusses human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene locus and HLA matching in organ transplantation. It contains the following key points:
1. HLA genes encode antigen-presenting molecules that are crucial for the immune system's recognition of self vs. non-self. Close HLA matching between donor and recipient is important for transplant success.
2. Modern HLA typing techniques include DNA-based methods like sequence-specific priming and probing, as well as serological detection methods using lymphocyte microcytotoxicity assays.
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The presentation discusses the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in host-virus interactions and their implications. Human miRNAs can target conserved regions in viral genes, while some viruses encode miRNAs that may influence cellular processes and lead to oncogenesis. Analysis of miRNA levels in humans may serve as molecular markers for disease susceptibility and prognosis. The development of artificial miRNAs could provide a therapeutic approach for modulating viral infections.
Biochemical Evidence For dna As Genetic Material
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What is genetic material The genetic information in all cell is stored in DNA ,Discovery of Transformation in Bacteria , The transforming principle is DNA , HERSHEY & CHASE (1952) EXPERIMENT WITH T2 BACTERIOPHAGE, Summary of Hershey & Chase (1952 ) experiment
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- HIV likely originated from chimpanzees in Central Africa and was first identified in the United States in the 1970s, being called GRID before being renamed AIDS.
- The document also discusses the famous "Berlin patient," Timothy Ray Brown, who was cured of HIV after receiving a stem cell transplant from a donor with a CCR5 mutation that provides resistance to HIV.
Hiv, aids
Retroviruses like HIV possess the enzyme reverse transcriptase which allows the viral RNA genome to be transcribed into DNA and integrated into the host cell genome. HIV specifically infects CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, hijacking their machinery to replicate. Over time, HIV destroys increasingly more of the immune system by killing infected cells, until opportunistic infections or cancers can take hold, defining the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage of the infection.
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Minimal Residual Disease in Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
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2. Various methods for detecting MRD are discussed, including immunophenotyping, PCR, FISH, and cytogenetics. PCR can detect a single malignant cell among 100,000 normal cells and is the most sensitive method.
3. MRD levels determined at different time points during treatment have prognostic significance and can be used for risk stratification and determining the need for treatment intensification or reduction. Monitoring
Minimal Residual Disease in leukaemia andhematological malignancies
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
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4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Seminario 12 marzo
- 1. Presented by: Susana Espinosa Otálvaro. Third Semester, Medicine. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.
- 2. INTRODUCTION 2 ★ HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus. ★ Decreases the levels of CD4+ cells, leading to deficient immune system. ★ Host genes: AIDS restriction genes. CCR5: C-C type chemokine receptor 5. Mostly found on the cell surface of some white cells as CD4+, monocytes and macrophages. CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4. CCR5- Δ32: allele with a 32 base pair deletion.
- 3. INTRODUCTION 3 ★ HIV gains entry to host cell through its receptor which binds to the CD4+ receptor in the T lymphocytes. ★ R5- tropic uses CCR5 as co- receptor for fusion. ★ X4- tropic uses CXCR4 as co- receptor for fusion. ★ 9% In Nigeria. ★ 19% in South Africa.
- 4. GENERAL OBJECTIVE 4 Identify Cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) profile of HIV- infected subjects attending University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Southern Nigeria.
- 7. METHODS 7 ★ PCR: Is an enzymatic reaction used to amplify one specific chain of DNA; in this case the CCR5 gene. The amplifications are visualized on agarose gel electrophoresis. ★ DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence. Information obtained using sequencing allows researchers to identify changes in genes, associations with diseases and phenotypes, and identify potential drug targets.
- 8. RESULTS 8
- 9. RESULTS 9
- 10. RESULTS 10
- 11. RESULTS 11
- 12. DISCUSSION 12 Roy CP, Chakrabarti However, higher frequencies of CCR5Δ 32 mutation has been reported in northern Europe, particularly the Baltic region as represented by data by Roy and Chakrabarti Novembre J, Galvani AP, Slatkin M. Other areas with reported high frequency of CCR5- Δ 32 polymorphism included northern coast of France, the Russian cities of Moscow and Ryazan, portions of Volga-Ural region of Russia. Galvani AP, November J. Picton ACP, Shalekoff S, Paximadis M, Tiemessen CT The relatively higher frequency of the wild type gene of the CCR5 in African region is suggestive that the mutant variant (CCR5- Δ 32) is fairly recent in terms of human evolution
- 13. CONCLUSIONS 13 ★ The mutation of the CCR5 Δ 32 could be used as a study for a cure of HIV. ★ South Africa has the most significant cases of HIV, making it a ideal place to study the virus and try to develop its treatment.
- 14. THANK YOU. 14