2. Definition of motivation
• Motivation represents forces acting within a person the causes a
person to behave in a specific, goal-directed manner (Slocum and
Hellriegel, 2007 p.392).
• The arousal, direction, and persistence of behaviour (Daft 2005
p.588).
• “The greatest motivational act one person can do for another is to
listen”. (Roy E. Moody)
3. Newton’s First Law of (Motivation)
Motion
• Every body persists in its state of rest or uniform motion in a
straight - line, unless it is compelled to change that state by force
impressed on it.
• “Human beings too, do not change their state of affairs unless a
force is applied on them. People do not take initiative or an action
until they are compelled to do so”.
4. Newton’s Second Law of (Motivation)
Motion
• The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the
applied force and takes place in the direction in which the force
acts.
• “The mass (individual’s competence) remains constant, it is the
person's desire/interest (the velocity) decides the extent of his
success. More the desire and interest towards a particular job;
better is his chance of success”.
5. The Motivation Process
Unsatisfied
need
Tension Drivers
Search
behaviour
Satisfied
need
Reduction
of the
tension
An unsatisfied need creates tension that stimulates
the drive within an individual to generate a search
behaviour to fins particular goals, if attained, will
satisfy the need and reduce the tension (Robbins
and Decenzo, 2004 p.280).
A need is and
internal state that
makes certain
outcomes
attractive.
7. Maslow's Hierarchy
Physiological Needs
Food and shelter
Security and Safety Needs
Danger, threats, and deprivation
Social Needs
Belonging and acceptance
Self-Esteem Needs
Recognition and status
Self-Actualization Needs
Creativity and self-realization
8. Maslow theory – the explanation
• Lower-end needs are the priority needs, which must
be satisfied before higher-order need are activated.
• Needs are satisfied in sequence.
• When a need is satisfied, it declines in importance
and the next need becomes dominant.
• To motivate an individual one must know where that
person is in the hierarchy and focus on satisfying at
or above that level.
9. Implications of Maslow’s theory in
the workplace
• Not everyone is motivated in the same way.
• Motivation and need satisfaction are anticipatory in
nature.
• Managers must seek to guide and direct employee
behaviour to meet the organizational needs and
individual needs simultaneously.
10. Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory
Hygiene Factors
Working conditions
Pay and security
Company policies
Supervisors
Interpersonal relationships
Motivators
Achievement
Recognition
Responsibility
Work itself
Personal growth
Motivation factors
Satisfaction No satisfaction
Hygiene factors
No dissatisfaction dissatisfaction
11. Herzberg’s theory - explanation
• Hygiene factors involve the presence or absence of
job dissatisfiers. When the hygiene factors are
present, the individual is not dissatisfied; however
when they are absent the individual is dissatisfied. In
any case hygiene factors to not motivate.
• Motivators are factors that influence satisfaction and
consequently motivate the person from within as he
or she achieve the higher-level needs of achievement,
recognition, and personal growth.
12. Implication of Herzberg’s theory
• Providing the hygiene factors will eliminate employee
dissatisfaction bur will not motivate workers to high
levels of achievement. Recognition, responsibility,
and the opportunity to achieve personal growth will
promote satisfaction and employee performance.
• The benefit of this theory has implication for the
effect of company systems and job design (how work
is arranged and how much employees control their
work) on employee satisfaction and performance.
