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Worldviews premodern, modern, postmodern, social critical
- 1. The Worldview Families Evolution of Worldviews in the West • Premodern - Catholic, Traditional Judaism, Islam, animist • Modern - Rationalism, Naturalism, Deist, Empericist • Postmodern - Relativist, Spiritualit, Constructivist • Critical Theory
- 3. Pre-Modern Worldviews 1. Divine Revelation is the primary source of knowledge 2. Divine Revelation is NOT subject to inquiry or critique 3. Divine Revelation is mediated 4. Human authority has divine origins 5. All law has divine origin but is relative (ex. Sefardic v Ashkenaz, Western v. Byzantine) 6. No differentiation between Secular & Sacred 7. Super Natural Experience is Taken for granted
- 4. Pre-Modern Worldviews Jewish Oral Torah • Roman Catholic Church Tradition • Jewish Oral Torah passed down from Moses • Catholic Church Tradition passed down from Peter • Islamic Oral Tradition passed down from Muhammad
- 5. Model of Bible Interpretation Text Reader Writer Language Translation Copyist Errors Writer’s Cultural Milieu Reader’s Cultural Milieu God Inspiration
- 6. Model of Bible Interpretation Text Reader Writer Language Translation Copyist Errors Writer’s Cultural Milieu Historical Events Writer Describes Audience Exegete is Addressing Premodern: Meaning mediated by Authority Religious Authority Meaning God Rabbinic authority Oral Tradition Papal Authority
- 8. Modern Worldview 1. Human reason became primary source of knowledge 2. Human authority originates from society not God 3. Human and Natural Laws are absolute and universal 4. Differentiation between the secular and sacred 5. Inexplicable phenomena have rational explanations 6. Scripture is accessible and subject to inquiry
- 9. Model of Bible Interpretation Text Reader Writer Language Translation Copyist Errors Writer’s Cultural Milieu Reader’s Cultural Milieu Evangelical: Meaning Begins in Text Meaning God
- 10. Model of Bible Interpretation Text Reader Writer Language Translation Copyist Errors Writer’s Cultural Milieu Reader’s Cultural Milieu Historical Events Writer Describes Rationalist: Meaning in Socio-cultural Milieu of Writer Meaning Meaning
- 11. Postmodernity
- 12. Postmodernism 1. Meaning is determined by the person 2. Human authority is a social construct 3. Human Laws are all relative 4. Difference between secular & spiritual is relative 5. Reason cannot explain everything 6. Bible is one of many Sacred books
- 13. Model of Bible Interpretation Text Reader Translation Writer’s Cultural Milieu Reader’s Cultural Milieu Audience Exegete is Addressing Postmodern Bible Interpretation: Reader Gives Meaning Meaning
- 14. 2019 1994 2017 1949 2018 2021 1949 2014 1978 1987 1958 1918 1970 1917 Little Women (Louisa May Alcott)
- 16. Another Brick in the Wall (Pink Floyd, 1979)
- 17. Give her a Hoover and you give her the Best! (Hoover Magazine Ad, 1937)
- 18. Critical Theory Defined A “critical” theory is a method of inquiry that seeks human emancipation from slavery, liberation from oppression, and works to create a world which satisfies the needs and self- determination of individuals. This approach has been applied to many disciplines such as social science, literary theory, legal theory, theories of education, and most recently race relations. “Critical Theory”. 2005. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/critical-theory/
- 19. “The history of all…society is the history of class struggles” Karl Marx (1818–1883) (Marx, Karl.1848/1913. Manifesto. p. 5)
- 20. • Theory of Psychoanalysis • All text emerges from subconscious • All text contains implicit bias • We can deconstruct the text to explode the bias Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Whitebook, Joel. 2006. “The Marriage of Marx and Freud” Cambridge Companions.
- 21. Max Horkheimer • Brought together: Freud, Marx, literary theory, and philosophy of education. • Traditional & Critical Theory (Horkheimer,1937) 1895—1973
- 22. Traditional Theory vs. Critical Theory Traditional Inquiry: “is content to describe existing social institutions more or less as they are” Critical theory: Seeks to expose the social institutions’ false claims to legitimacy, reveal their methods of oppression, and promote truth and justice for those who are oppressed. Max Horkheimer (1895—1973) (Horkheimer, 1937/1972, p. 188)
- 23. • Response to WWI • Response to upheavals in Germany • Marriage of Marx, Hegel, and Freud • German Marxism 1920s • Shut down in 1933 • Continued at Columbia University Frankfurt School (1918 - 1933)
- 24. Critical Theory Premises 1. Oppressed v. Oppressor 2. Oppressors oppress through power 3. Oppressed conditioned to accept their oppressed status 4. First goal: Expose the structures of oppression 5. Second goal: Gain knowledge about the oppressed 6. Third goal: Dismantle the structures of oppression Shenvi, Neil. 2019. “Critical Theory”. New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary
- 25. Critical Race Theory Premises 1. Oppressed v. Oppressor 2. Majority races oppress through power structures in society 3. Minority races taught to accept subordinate social status 4. First goal: Expose the social power structures 5. Second goal: Understand their mechanisms 6. Third goal: Dismantle oppressive power structures Shenvi, Neil. 2019. “Critical Theory”. New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary
- 26. Brown v Board of Education May 17, 1954
- 27. Critical Literary Theory 1. Oppressed v. Oppressor 2. Oppressors maintain power through language 3. Oppressed have untold stories 4. First goal: Expose the language of oppression in the text 5. Second goal: Discover how the language led to oppression 6. Third goal: Deconstruct and revise the text Shenvi, Neil. 2019. “Critical Theory”. New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary
- 29. Critical Bible Hermeneutics Critical Interpretation The Bible needs to be liberated from its captivity to one-sided white, middle-class, male interpretation. It needs liberation from privatized and spiritualized interpretations that avoid God’s concern for justice, human wholeness, and ecological responsibility; It needs liberation from abstract, doctrinal interpretations that remove the biblical narrative from its concrete social and political context in order to change it into timeless truths Russell, Letty. 1974. “Introduction”. Feminist Interpretation of the Bible. Westminster Press, p. 12.
- 30. Model of Bible Interpretation Text Reader Writer Language Translation Copyist Errors Writer’s Cultural Milieu Reader’s Cultural Milieu Evangelical Hermeneutics: Meaning is in the Text Meaning God
- 31. Text Reader Writer Language Translation Copyist Errors Modern Audience Audience Exegete is Addressing Critical Literary Theory: Expose Oppresser Find the oppressed Meaning Women, homosexuals, slaves, racial minorities, immigrants, impoverished Oppressor
- 32. Critical Bible Hermeneutics Critical Interpretation The Bible needs to be liberated from its captivity to one-sided white, middle-class, male interpretation. It needs liberation from privatized and spiritualized interpretations that avoid God’s concern for justice, human wholeness, and ecological responsibility; It needs liberation from abstract, doctrinal interpretations that remove the biblical narrative from its concrete social and political context in order to change it into timeless truths Russell, Letty. 1974. “Introduction”. Feminist Interpretation of the Bible. Westminster Press, p. 12.
- 33. Critical Bible Hermeneutics Queer hermeneutics Then Jonathan made a covenant with David, because he loved him as his own soul. And Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was on him and gave it to David, (1 Samuel 18:3–4 ESV)
- 34. Critical Bible Hermeneutics Example When two men come from a society that for 200 years had lived in the shadow of Philistine culture which accepted homosexuality…and one of them is the social superior of the other, [and] the two meet secretly and kiss each other…we have reason to believe that a homosexual relationship existed. Horner, Tom. 1978. Jonathan Loved David. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. 27-28.
- 35. Critical Bible Hermeneutics Example • Oppressor: Ancient Israel’s society • Oppressed: Jonathan, David, and the Philistines • Oppressive structure: Biblical editor • Goal: Expose oppression of homosexuals in the Bible Horner, Tom. 1978. Jonathan Loved David. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. 27-28.
- 36. What are the weaknesses in Critical Social Worldview?
- 37. What are the strengths?
- 38. Critical Worldview vs. Christian Worldview • Critical Narrative • Identities: Oppressed/Oppressor • Objective: expose oppression • Goal: Human self-determination • End: There will always be oppressors and oppressed • Biblical Narrative • Imago Dei, Sinful, Redeemed • Objective: Reconciliation with God • Goal: Glorify God & Enjoy Him forever • End: Reign of God