by. kingsly sam zebulun

1. HISTORICAL MATERIALISM,
MODE OF PRODUCTION,
ALIENATION, CLASS
STRUGGLE

2. HISTORY
• 5th May, 1818 – 14th Mar,1883
• Born into a wealth middle class family in
Trier in the Prussian Rhineland

3. BACKGROUND
• A German Philosopher,
Economist, Social
Scientist, Sociologist,
Historian, Journalist and
Revolutionary Socialist.
• One of the founders of
sociology and social
science.

4. BACKGROUND
• A German Philosopher,
Economist, Social
Scientist, Sociologist,
Historian, Journalist and
Revolutionary Socialist.
• One of the founders of
sociology and social
science.

5. Marx Theory on Society
 Historical
Materialism
 Mode of
Production
 Alienation
 Class Struggle

6. Historical Materialism
Looks for the causes of developments and
changes in human society in the means by
which humans collectively produce the
necessities of life

7. HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
• Here he says that the actual basis of society is
its economic structure.
• For Marx, economic structure of society is
made of its relations of production.
• The legal and political super structure of
society is based on relations of production.
• Marx says that relations of production reflect
the stage of society’s forces of production.

8. RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION
• The relations to which Marx refers can be
social relationships, economic relationships, or
technological relationships.

10. MODES OF PRODUCTION
• Marx has spoken about the mode of
production.
• Accordingly he has described stages of human
history in terms of the four modes of
production;
• Namely the Asiatic, the Ancient, the Feudal
and the Capitalist.

11. Typeof mode ofproduction
• Primitive Communism
Primitive society, no classes,
very low divisions of labor.
 All work together
for common good.
• Ancient(slave) mode of production
Ancient Greece and Rome
Aristocracy and slaves
Slaves do most of work

12. • Feudalmode of production(feudalism)
Medieval Europe
Feudal landlords and
peasants
Peasantsdo all the work
• Capitalist mode of
Production(capitalism)
Capitalistsand workers
(Bourgeoisie and proletariat)
• Socialism/Communism
No classes:equality

13. Thefeudal mode ofproduction
EconomicBase
 Forcesof production
 Agricultural Production
 Relations of production
 Landlords andpeasants

14. Thecapitalist mode of production
Waysof thinking=CapitalistIdeologies
 Capitalism allows individual freedom,
democracy, social mobility etc.
 This liberalism serve to conceal
the exploitation which is at the core of
society.
• Capitalism’s EconomicBase -
force of production
• Industrialism - Relations of
production
• Capitalist and proletarians.

15. CapitalismToday
CapitalismEconomicBase
• Forcesof production
 Post-Industrialism
(service sector, computer &IT,stockmarkets)
• Relation of production
 Capitalists
 Managerial class
 Proletarians(include ‘white collar’ officeworkers,Mcworkers)

16. Fromcapitalism to communism:Revolution
• The forces of production develop, this leads to a
change in relations of production
• Capitalism riddled with contradictions
• The proletariat come to know that they are exploited,
they organize themselves and overthrow the
bourgeois class and the capitalist system in a
revolution

17. ACommunistMode of Production
EconomicalBase
• forces of production
 Highlydeveloped
 Machine doing alots of work
 Human working freely and creatively together
• Relationof production
 Classesabolished
 All work together incooperation
 All contribute to society, everyonegets whatthey need
Waysof thinking: the end of ideologies, truthemerges

18. Alienation
The workers loses the ability to
determine his/her life & destiny in the
capitalist mode of production.
There are 4 types of alienation:
Alienation of the worker from
• The work
• Working
• Himself as a provider
• Other worker

19. • Is a situation in which man has lost himself,
that is, it has estranged himself from his
own humanity for the benefit of aggregate
which disposes him by the external forces
of his concrete humanity.

20. Thus,
ceased
the alienated is
to be recognized
a man has
or to
recognize himself as a free being,
creator, actor of his history, master of
natural forces, transformer of the
world.
He is encased in the aggregate of
mechanical gearing in which he finds
himself dehumanized, depersonalized.

21. Alienation-Slave-labor
Society
Is divided into lords or freemen and
slaves, and which is characterized of ancient
Greece and Rome, private property is
introduced. Here, the freemen will not just
own the work tool but also the slaves who
operate such tools. This is the first stage of
the alienation of labor, that is, on the part of
the slaves who are and whose works are
subjected to the wishes of their masters.

22. Alienation - Serf-Labor or Feudal
Society:
Is basically an agricultural
society and which is divided between
the serf or the peasants and the
feudal lords. In this society, the serf
work for the feudal lords but remain
something for themselves and do not
belong as persons to the lord.

23. Aliention- Hired-Labor or
Capitalistic society:
Is divided between two classes:
The capitalists or the bourgeoisie and
the paid worker or the proletariat.
On one hand, honorship is relegated
to the few, that is, the bourgeoisie
Having owned means of production
Such factories and machineries,

24. The alienation of the worker from the
product of his labor
• The product refers to the man
that produces it, because it is
his product: the object which
labors produces its product,
stands opposed to it as an alien
thing, as a power independent
of the producer

25. Class
Struggles

26. Class Struggle
• Active expression of class conflict
looked at from any kind of socialist
perspective
• Main class struggle
–Bourgeoisie
–Proletariat

27. Class
• Refers to the hierarchical distinctions
between individuals or groups in societies
or cultures
• Social classes in capitalist societies
–Bourgeoisie
– Petite Bourgeoisie
– Proletariat
–lumpenproletariat
–landlords
–peasantry and farmers

28. Bourgeoisie :
• Those who own means of
production
• control the process of production
• buy labor power from proletariat
• Their wealth depend on the work
of the proletariat
• Exploit proletariat

29. Proletariat :
• Individuals who sell their labor
power
• Add value to the products
• Do not own means of production
• Labor power generates surplus
value greater than the worker's
wages

30. Class Struggle
Different between
class of people:
• Bourgeoisie
(Owner)
• Proletariat
(Worker)

31. MARXISM
The collective understanding of all those
theories related to society, economics &
politics is called as Marxism.

32. Criticism
1. Over-concentration:
• Economically determinist
• Overlooked
2.Capitalism has proven to be
more durable and flexible.
3. Unscientific.
4.Ignored the role and
position of women

33. CONCLUSION
• Karl Marx was one of the most influential people of
his era.
• He changed the way people looked at societies.
• He believed that having all the money with only a few
people and the common working class person didn’t
have enough, would lead to a revolution to a classless
society.
• He started his life with a lot of money and when he
was forced to move to London he lived in poverty.
• His theories have made people follow him and to
overthrow their government for the idea of equality.
• Karl Marx has changed the world with his writings,
theories, and way of thought.

34. THANKYOU