I have attached here with 104 slides about Laboratory equipments and uses, Common laboratory techniques, Substances available in a laboratory (I. Solid II. Liquids III.Metals) Safety symbols and Lab safety

1. INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE
FOR LABORATORY
Prepared By – S. Lavesan
17/JNCOE/SC/E/M/36
Prospective Teacher
Jaffna National College Of Education

2. contents
I. Laboratory equipments and uses
II. Common laboratory techniques
III. Substances available in a laboratory
I. Solid
II. Liquids
III. Metals
IV.Safety symbols
V. Lab safety

3. 1.Laboratory equipments and its
uses
Beaker
 Usage-Beakers are useful as a reaction
container or to hold liquid or solid samples.
 They are also used to catch liquids from
titrations and filtrates from filtering
operations.

4. Volumetric flasks
 Usage- It is used to
make up a solution to
a known volume.
 Volumetric flasks
measure volumes
much more precisely
than beakers and
Erlenmeyer flasks

5. Test tube
 Usage - holding small samples or for
containing

6. Boiling tube
 A boiling tube is a small cylindrical
vessel used to strongly heat
substances in the flame of a Bunsen
burner. A boiling tube is essentially a
scaled-up test tube, being about 50%
larger.

7.  An ignition tube is a piece of
laboratory equipment.
 Usage - It is a laboratory tube
used much in the same way as a
boiling tube except not being as large
and thick-walled.
 It is primarily used to hold small
quantities of substances which are
undergoing direct heating by a Bunsen
burner or other heat source.
Ignition tube

8. Conical flask
 Conical flasks are
widely used in
chemistry laboratories
for holding liquids and
mixing them by swirling.

9.  The volumetric flask is used for
measuring accurate volumes of liquid
materials for laboratory experiments.
 They are favored when available
because they are more accurate than
graduated cylinders and beakers, which
are other pieces of equipment that
are used to measure liquids.
Volumetric flask

10. Measuring cylinder
 A graduated cylinder (or measuring
cylinder) is a piece of laboratory
glassware used to measure the
volume of liquids.
 It is used to accurately measure the
volume of chemicals for use in
reactions..

11. Round bottom flask
A glass flask used in a laboratory for
holding chemical liquids and solutions,
which has a spherical shape for uniform
heating, and one or more long cylindrical
necks.

12. Flat bottom flask
•A flat bottomed flask is
used in settings where
the flask will be set on a
level surface, rather than
in a clamp or bowl.
•On the other hand,
a flask with a round
bottom will either sit in a
bowl or be suspended
above a surface using a
clamp.

13. Reagent bottles, also known as
media bottles or graduated bottles, are
containers made of glass,
plastic, borosilicate or related substances,
and topped by special caps or stoppers and
are intended to contain chemicals in liquid
or powder form for laboratories and stored
in cabinets or on shelves.
Reagent bottle

14.  An alcohol lamp is used for heating,
sterilization, and combustion in a
laboratory.
 The alcohol lamp
uses ethyl alcohol or spirit as a fuel.
Spirit lamp

15. Test tube holder
 A test tube holder is used to hold test
tubes.
 It is used for holding a test tube in place
when the tube is hot or should not be
touched.

16. Tripod
•A tripod allows you to capture a longer
exposure by using a slower shutter speed
of up to several seconds.
•This helps to minimise the risk of any
movement.
•While capturing a long exposure the use of
a tripod will allow much more light to enter
the camera than would be possible
if you were taking a picture hand held.

17. Dropper
 Usage- addition of liquids drop by drop

18. Burette
 usage- Burets are for
addition of a precise volume
of liquid. The volume of
liquid added can be
determined to the nearest
0.01 ml with practice.

19. Pippete
A pipette (sometimes spelled pipet) is a
laboratory tool commonly used in
chemistry, biology and medicine to
transport a measured volume of liquid,
often as a media dispenser.

20. Funnel
 Usage- Glass Funnels are for
funneling liquids from one container
to another or for filtering when
equipped with filter paper

21. Decicator
 A common use for desiccators is to
protect chemicals which are hygroscopic
or which react with water from humidity.
 Desiccators are
sealable enclosures
containing desiccants
used for preserving
moisture-sensitive
items such as cobalt
chloride paper for
another use.

22.  The Bunsen burner is now a
very important tool in modern
chemistry laboratories.
 It can burn a number of types of fuel,
and produces a single clean and hot
flame.
 The Bunsen burner has a valve for
gas intake, and a needle valve that
allows precise control of the amount of
air that mixes with the fuel.
Bunsen Burner

23. Watch class
 A watch glass is a circular concave
piece of glass used in chemistry as a
surface to evaporate a liquid, to hold
solids while being weighed, for heating
a small amount of substance and as a

24. Forcep
 Forceps are a handheld, hinged
instrument used for grasping and
holding objects

25.  In laboratories, spatulas and
microspatulas are small
stainless steel utensils, used for
scraping, transferring, or applying
powders and paste like chemicals or
treatments.
 Many spatula brands are also
resistant to acids, bases, heat, and
solvents, which make them ideal for
use with a wide range of compound.
Spectula

26. Stand
 A retort stand, sometimes called a
clamp stand or a ring stand, is a
piece of scientific equipment to which
clamps can be attached to hold other
pieces of equipment and glassware –
for instance, burettes, test tubes and
flasks.

27.  A wire gauze is a sheet of thin metal
that has net-like patterns or a wire
mesh. Wire gauze is placed on the
support ring that is attached to the
retort stand between the Bunsen
burner and the glassware to support
the beakers, flasks, or other glassware
during heating.
Wire gouge

28.  They can be used...
 as a water pick
 as a parts washer
 as a water pistol
 as a dye/paint dispenser
 as an air duster (alternative to canned
air)
 for cleaning under rim of toilet (remove
inside tube, fill with vinegar and use
upside down)
 for pre-treating stains in the laundry (use
liquid detergent/soap/dish soap thinned
with water or vinegar)
Wash bottle

29. Funnel
 Laboratory tongs are large pincers
for grasping and lifting vessels of heat-
resistant material used in high
temperature chemical reactions.
 Tongs differ in shape are designed to
pick up laboratory items including,
hot evaporating dishes, beakers,
crucibles, and
other laboratory apparatuses

30. Tongs
 Laboratory tongs are large pincers for
grasping and lifting vessels of heat-
resistant material used in high
temperature chemical reactions.
 Tongs differ in shape are designed to
pick up laboratory items including, hot
evaporating dishes, beakers, crucibles,
and other laboratory apparatuses

31.  Biologists, medical workers, and students
love to use microscopes in their projects.
 This common piece of equipment is
present in almost every laboratory.
 It is used to magnify anything that is tiny
for our eyes to 1000 of times its normal
size.
 It can also show the slightest details of a
thing, even the invisible cells of plants
and skin.
Microscope

32. Parts of microscope
 Eyepiece: The lens the viewer looks
through to see the specimen. The
eyepiece usually contains a 10X or
15X power lens.

33.  Diopter Adjustment: Useful as a
means to change focus on one
eyepiece so as to correct for any
difference in vision between your two
eyes.
 Body tube (Head): The body tube
connects the eyepiece to the objective
lenses.
 Arm: The arm connects the body tube
to the base of the microscope.
 Coarse adjustment: Brings the
specimen into general focus.

34.  Fine adjustment: Fine tunes the focus and
increases the detail of the specimen.
 Nosepiece: A rotating turret that houses the
objective lenses. The viewer spins the
nosepiece to select different objective lenses.
 Objective lenses: One of the most important
parts of a compound microscope, as they are
the lenses closest to the specimen.
 A standard microscope has three, four, or five
objective lenses that range in power from 4X
to 100X. When focusing the microscope, be
careful that the objective lens doesn’t touch
the slide, as it could break the slide and
destroy the specimen

35.  Specimen or slide: The specimen is
the object being examined. Most
specimens are mounted on slides, flat
rectangles of thin glass.
 The specimen is placed on the glass
and a cover slip is placed over the
specimen.
 This allows the slide to be easily
inserted or removed from the
microscope.
 It also allows the specimen to be
labeled, transported, and stored

36.  Stage: The flat platform where the slide
is placed.
 Stage clips: Metal clips that hold the
slide in place.
 Stage height adjustment (Stage
Control): These knobs move the stage
left and right or up and down.
 Aperture: The hole in the middle of the
stage that allows light from the
illuminator to reach the specimen.
 On/off switch: This switch on the base
of the microscope turns the illuminator
off and on.

37. Triple beam balance Read
 Usage -The triple beam
balance is used to measure masses
very precisely; the reading error is 0.05
gram.
 With the pan empty, move
the three sliders on the three beams to

38.  Chemical balance is a delicate
instrument which is used to weigh small
amounts of substances accurately up to
the fourth place of decimal.
 It is necessary in volumetric analysis as
the substances used to prepare standard
solutions are weighed.
Chemical balance

39. Digital balance
 The digital mass balances in the General
Chemistry labs are very sensitive
instruments used for weighing
substances to the milligram (0.001 g)
level.
 Use containers when weighing

40. COMMON LABORATORY
TECHNIQUES
 Reading a Meniscus
 Care of Reagents
 Care and Use of Balances
 Digital balance
 Titration
 Using A Bunsen Burner

41. Reading a Meniscus
 In all volumetric glassware (pipet, buret,
volumetric flasks, graduated cylinder,
etc.), it is necessary to read the level of
a liquid. A liquid in a small-diameter
container will form a meniscus or curve
at the surface of the liquid.
 Usually this meniscus curves downward
to a minimum at the center.
 To read the level of the liquid properly
 the eye should be at the same
level as the bottom of the meniscus.

42.  Sometimes a white card or a white card
with a black mark on it will help a person
to see the meniscus clearly.
 For volumetric flasks and transfer pipets,
the volume of the glassware is exact
when the bottom of the meniscus is even
with the etched line.
 In a graduated cylinder or a buret, the
volume is read from the graduations
etched on the glass.
 To read the volume correctly, visualize
the distance between the tenths of
milliliter marks as divided into ten equal
amounts.
 The volume is then found by reading the
number of tenths of milliliters and
estimating hundredths of milliliters

43. Care of Reagents
 The reagents used by all of the students
can be contaminated by one careless
student. Never put anything back into
the reagent bottle. A certain amount of
liquid can be obtained in several ways.
 1) Pour from the reagent bottle into a
beaker and draw up the liquid into a
pipette from the beaker.
 2) Pour from the beaker into a graduated
cylinder to within 0.1 ml of the desired
amount, adding the last drop with an
eyedropper filled from a beaker.

44.  Only use appropriately labeled spatulas
for each reagent bottle.
 Pour the solid into a beaker, onto
weighing paper, or into a weigh boat.
 Never pour excess back into the bottle.
Reagents are to remain on the plastic on
the center bench. This will
 1)prevent spills and accidents from
occurring at your work area,
 2)save time for everyone because all of
the chemicals will be relatively easy to find
in a central location, and
 3)make clean-up easier if a spill does
occur. When you are finished using a
chemical, replace the lid! A mix-up of lids
could also contaminate an expensive

45.  Below is a simple outline that will help you to
use the balance more effectively, safely, and
will assist in reducing the speed at which the
Stockroom Manager’s hair is turning
prematurely gray.
 Select a suitable container (usually a weigh
boat, weigh paper, or glassware) to weigh the
chemical in.
Care and Use of Balances

46.  Place the container on the balance
pan and replace the balance cover.
Replacing the balance cover will
greatly reduce fluctuations in the
balance reading!
 Allow the balance reading to stabilize.
Zero the balance by pressing the
TARE button or bar which is located at
the front of the balance. DO NOT hold
down the tare button/bar! This will
cause the balance to change units and
you may end up weighing your
chemical in units other then grams
which will cause your data to be in
error!

47.  Remove the balance cover and carefully
transfer the desired chemical to the container.
If you use a spatula, use only a clean, dry
spatula for obtaining dry chemicals. If you
should spill a chemical on the balance pan,
use the brush that is attached to the balance
to clean the balance pan IMMEDIATELY!
Chemicals left on the balance pan will
corrode the pan.
 Replace the balance cover and allow the
balance reading to stabilize.
 In the event you weigh out too much
chemical, remove the excess to a secondary
container. NEVER return a chemical to its
original container! There will always be some
left over. Try to find someone else who
needs it before disposing of it.

48.  Discard chemicals as directed in each
experiment (See the Safety and
Disposal section for each experiment).
 Record the balance reading in your
notebook.
 Remove the container from the
balance pan and replace the balance
cover. 10. Replace the appropriate lids
on all reagent bottles when finished.

49. Titration
 The titration procedure is
accomplished by adding small
amounts of one reactant to a
beaker or flask containing the
other until the reaction is
completed.
 In an acid-base reaction, the
reaction is complete when the
amount of acid equals the
amount of base.
 The experimenter is aware of
this condition by the change in
pH that occurs. The change
in pH is indicated by a color
change of an indicator or by a

50.  In other types of reactions, the
completion of the reaction is usually also
indicated by a color change. Titrations
are often accomplished using a burette.
 volume added is the final volume minus
initial volume.
 A small amount (~ 5 - 10 ml) of the
solution is used to rinse a clean burette.
The rinse solution is discarded. The
burette is filled to just below the zero
mark.
 The liquid level is read and recorded as
the initial volume.

51.  A burette has zero at the top
 Small amounts of the solution are
allowed to flow out of the burette into the
flask by turning the stopcock.
 Often localized color changes will be
evident for a short period of time.
 Mixing the solution by swirling the flask
will usually cause the color to return to
the original color.
 As the color lasts longer, the next
addition of solution needs to be smaller.
 Close to the endpoint (reaction
completion), the additions are one drop
at a time.
 When the endpoint is reached, the liquid
level is read and recorded as the final

52. Using A Bunsen Burner
 Lighting the Bunsen burner
- Make sure the rubber
tubing is connected to the
Bunsen burner and the gas
jet.
 Turn the gas valve until it is
parallel to the gas jet.
 You should be able to hear
the gas flow. Use a flint
striker to cause a spark and

53.  Adjusting the Bunsen burner - First, adjust
the height of the flame using the gas valve at
the bottom of the burner.
 For a clean burning flame, more air is
required than is available from the gas
exhaust.
 The air vents can be adjusted to produce an
inner blue cone in the flame with no yellow
tip.
 Too little air produces a sooty, orange-yellow
tipped flame that is quite noisy.
 Too much air supply may cause the flame to
separate from the burner and even blow itself
out.
 The ideal working flame is bluish-green with a

54. Chemical substances available
in the science laboratory
 Solid substances
◦ Salts
◦ Chemical substances
 Liquid form substances
◦ Acids
◦ Base
◦ Alcohol
 Metals

55. Cupper sulphate

56. Solid
substancesCalcium carbonate

57. Potassium permanganate

58. Potassium dichromate

59. Potassium chromate

60. Calcium nitride

61. Calcium nitrate

62. Calcium carbonate

63. Calcium phosphate

64. Calcium chloride

65. Magnesium sulphate

66. Magnesium phosphate

67. Magnesium nitrate

68. Magnesium carbonate

69. Sodium chloride

70. Sodium carbonate

71. Sulphur

72. Liquid substances

73. Sodium hydroxide

74. Acetic acid

75. Nitric acid

76. Lime water

77. Methanol

78. Metals
mercury

79. Sodium

80. Barium

81. Iodine

82. Magnesium

83. Tin

84. Lead

85. Zinc

86. Cupper

87. Safety symbols
 Flammable

88. Dangerous to the
environment

89. Radioactive

90. Explosive

91. Irritant

92. Explosive

93. Toxic

94. High voltage

95. Lab safety
 Why is this the most important rule? If you
don't follow it:
 You endanger yourself and others in the
lab.
 You could easily ruin your experiment.
 You put the lab at risk of an accident,
which could damage equipment as well as
harm people.
 You could get suspended

96. Rules to follow
Dress for the Lab
 Dress for the lab. This is a safety rule
because your clothing is one of your best
forms of protection against an accident.
For any science lab, wear covered
shoes, long pants, and keep your hair up
so it can't fall into your experiment or a
flame.
 Make sure you wear protective gear, as
needed. Basics include a lab coat and
safety goggles. You may also need
gloves, hearing protection, and other
items, depending on the nature of the

97. Know the
Location
of Safety
Equipment In the event something goes wrong, it's
important to know the location of the
safety equipment and how to use it. It's a
good idea to periodically check
equipment to make sure it is in working
order. For example, does water actually
come out of the safety shower? Does the
water in the eye wash look clean?
 Not sure where safety equipment is
located? Review lab safety signs and
look for them before starting an
experiment.

98. Don't Eat or Drink
in the Laboratory
 Don't eat or drink in the science
laboratory.
 Don't store your food or beverages in
the same refrigerator that contains
experiments, chemicals, or cultures.

99. Don't Taste or Sniff Chemicals
 Not only should you not bring in food
or drinks, but you shouldn't taste or
smell chemicals or biological
cultures already in the lab.
 Tasting or smelling some chemicals
can be dangerous or even deadly.

100. Don't Play Mad Scientist in the
Laboratory
 Another important safety rule is to act
responsibly in the lab — don't play
Mad Scientist, randomly mixing
chemicals to see what happens. The
result could be an explosion, fire,
or release of toxic gases.
 Similarly, the laboratory is not the
place for horseplay. You could break
glassware, annoy others, and
potentially cause an accident.

101. Dispose of Lab Waste
Properly
 One important laboratory safely rule is
to know what to do with your
experiment when it's over. Before you
start an experiment, you should know
what to do at the end. Don't leave your
mess for the next person to clean up.

102.  Accidents happen, but you can do your
best to prevent them and have a plan to
follow when they occur. Most laboratories
have a plan to follow in the event of an
accident.
 One particularly important safety rule is to
tell a supervisor if and when an accident
occurs.
Know What to Do With Lab
Accidents

103. Don't Experiment on Yourself
 The premise of many a science fiction
movie starts with a scientist
conducting an experiment on him or
herself.
 More than likely, whatever you
accomplish will be at great personal
risk.
 You need data on multiple
subjects to draw conclusions,
 but using yourself as a subject and
self experimenting is dangerous, not
to mention bad science.