I have attached here with 104 pages of PDF about Laboratory equipments and uses, Common laboratory techniques, Substances available in a laboratory (I. Solid II. Liquids III.Metals) Safety symbols and Lab safety
2. contents
I. Laboratory equipments and uses
II. Common laboratory techniques
III. Substances available in a laboratory
I. Solid
II. Liquids
III. Metals
IV.Safety symbols
V. Lab safety
3. 1.Laboratory equipments and its uses
Beaker
Usage-Beakers are useful as a reaction
container or to hold liquid or solid samples.
They are also used to catch liquids from
titrations and filtrates from filtering
operations.
4. Volumetric flasks
Usage- It is used to
make up a solution to a
known volume.
Volumetric flasks
measure volumes much
more precisely
than beakers and
Erlenmeyer flasks
6. Boiling tube
A boiling tube is a small cylindrical vessel
used to strongly heat substances in the
flame of a Bunsen burner.A boiling tube
is essentially a scaled-up test tube, being
about 50% larger.
7. An ignition tube is a piece of laboratory
equipment.
Usage - It is a laboratory tube used much
in the same way as a boiling tube except
not being as large and thick-walled.
It is primarily used to hold small quantities
of substances which are undergoing direct
heating by a Bunsen burner or other heat
source.
Ignition tube
8. Conical flask
Conical flasks are
widely used in chemistry
laboratories for holding
liquids and mixing them
by swirling.
9. The volumetric flask is used for
measuring accurate volumes of liquid
materials for laboratory experiments.
They are favored when available because
they are more accurate than graduated
cylinders and beakers, which are other
pieces of equipment that are used to
measure liquids.
Volumetric flask
10. Measuring cylinder
A graduated cylinder (or measuring
cylinder) is a piece of laboratory
glassware used to measure the volume of
liquids.
It is used to accurately measure the
volume of chemicals for use in reactions..
11. Round bottom flask
A glass flask used in a laboratory for holding
chemical liquids and solutions, which has a
spherical shape for uniform heating, and one
or more long cylindrical necks.
12. Flat bottom flask
•A flat bottomed flask is
used in settings where
the flask will be set on a
level surface, rather than in a
clamp or bowl.
•On the other hand,
a flask with a round
bottom will either sit in a
bowl or be suspended above
a surface using a clamp.
13. Reagent bottles, also known as media bottles or
graduated bottles, are containers made of glass,
plastic, borosilicate or related substances, and
topped by special caps or stoppers and are
intended to contain chemicals in liquid or
powder form for laboratories and stored in
cabinets or on shelves.
Reagent bottle
14. An alcohol lamp is used for heating,
sterilization, and combustion in a laboratory.
The alcohol lamp
uses ethyl alcohol or spirit as a fuel.
Spirit lamp
15. Test tube holder
A test tube holder is used to hold test
tubes.
It is used for holding a test tube in place
when the tube is hot or should not be
touched.
16. Tripod
•A tripod allows you to capture a longer
exposure by using a slower shutter speed of
up to several seconds.
•This helps to minimise the risk of any
movement.
•While capturing a long exposure the use of
a tripod will allow much more light to enter
the camera than would be possible if you were
taking a picture hand held.
18. Burette
usage- Burets are for addition
of a precise volume of liquid.
The volume of liquid added can
be determined to the nearest
0.01 ml with practice.
19. Pippete
A pipette (sometimes spelled pipet) is a
laboratory tool commonly used in chemistry,
biology and medicine to transport a measured
volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser.
20. Funnel
Usage- Glass Funnels are for funneling
liquids from one container
to another or for filtering when equipped
with filter paper
21. Decicator
A common use for desiccators is to protect
chemicals which are hygroscopic or which
react with water from humidity.
Desiccators are sealable
enclosures containing
desiccants used for
preserving moisture-
sensitive items such as
cobalt chloride paper for
another use.
22. The Bunsen burner is now a
very important tool in modern
chemistry laboratories.
It can burn a number of types of fuel, and
produces a single clean and hot flame.
The Bunsen burner has a valve for gas
intake, and a needle valve that allows
precise control of the amount of air that
mixes with the fuel.
Bunsen Burner
23. Watch class
A watch glass is a circular concave piece
of glass used in chemistry as a surface to
evaporate a liquid, to hold solids while
being weighed, for heating a small amount
of substance and as a cover for a beaker.
24. Forcep
Forceps are a handheld, hinged
instrument used for grasping and holding
objects
25. In laboratories, spatulas and microspatulas
are small stainless steel utensils, used for
scraping, transferring, or applying powders
and paste like chemicals or treatments.
Many spatula brands are also resistant to
acids, bases, heat, and solvents, which
make them ideal for use with a wide
range of compound.
Spectula
26. Stand
A retort stand, sometimes called a
clamp stand or a ring stand, is a piece of
scientific equipment to which clamps can
be attached to hold other pieces of
equipment and glassware – for instance,
burettes, test tubes and flasks.
27. A wire gauze is a sheet of thin metal that
has net-like patterns or a wire mesh.Wire
gauze is placed on the support ring that is
attached to the retort stand between
the Bunsen burner and the glassware to
support the beakers, flasks, or other
glassware during heating.
Wire gouge
28. They can be used...
as a water pick
as a parts washer
as a water pistol
as a dye/paint dispenser
as an air duster (alternative to canned air)
for cleaning under rim of toilet (remove
inside tube, fill with vinegar and use upside
down)
for pre-treating stains in the laundry (use
liquid detergent/soap/dish soap thinned with
water or vinegar)
Wash bottle
29. Funnel
Laboratory tongs are large pincers for
grasping and lifting vessels of heat-
resistant material used in high
temperature chemical reactions.
Tongs differ in shape are designed to pick
up laboratory items including, hot
evaporating dishes, beakers, crucibles, and
other laboratory apparatuses
30. Tongs
Laboratory tongs are large pincers for
grasping and lifting vessels of heat-resistant
material used in high temperature chemical
reactions.
Tongs differ in shape are designed to pick
up laboratory items including, hot
evaporating dishes, beakers, crucibles, and
other laboratory apparatuses
31. Biologists, medical workers, and students
love to use microscopes in their projects.
This common piece of equipment is present
in almost every laboratory.
It is used to magnify anything that is tiny for
our eyes to 1000 of times its normal size.
It can also show the slightest details of a
thing, even the invisible cells of plants and
skin.
Microscope
32. Parts of microscope
Eyepiece:The lens the viewer looks
through to see the specimen.The
eyepiece usually contains a 10X or 15X
power lens.
33. Diopter Adjustment: Useful as a means
to change focus on one eyepiece so as to
correct for any difference in vision
between your two eyes.
Body tube (Head):The body tube
connects the eyepiece to the objective
lenses.
Arm:The arm connects the body tube to
the base of the microscope.
Coarse adjustment: Brings the
specimen into general focus.
34. Fine adjustment: Fine tunes the focus and
increases the detail of the specimen.
Nosepiece: A rotating turret that houses the
objective lenses.The viewer spins the nosepiece
to select different objective lenses.
Objective lenses: One of the most important
parts of a compound microscope, as they are the
lenses closest to the specimen.
A standard microscope has three, four, or five
objective lenses that range in power from 4X to
100X.When focusing the microscope, be careful
that the objective lens doesn’t touch the slide, as
it could break the slide and destroy the specimen
35. Specimen or slide:The specimen is the
object being examined. Most specimens
are mounted on slides, flat rectangles of
thin glass.
The specimen is placed on the glass and a
cover slip is placed over the specimen.
This allows the slide to be easily inserted
or removed from the microscope.
It also allows the specimen to be labeled,
transported, and stored without damage.
Base: The base supports the microscope
and it’s where illuminator is located.
36. Stage:The flat platform where the slide is
placed.
Stage clips: Metal clips that hold the slide
in place.
Stage height adjustment (Stage
Control): These knobs move the stage left
and right or up and down.
Aperture: The hole in the middle of the
stage that allows light from the illuminator
to reach the specimen.
On/off switch:This switch on the base of
the microscope turns the illuminator off and
on.
37. Triple beam balance Read
Usage -The triple beam
balance is used to measure masses very
precisely; the reading error is 0.05 gram.
With the pan empty, move the three sliders
on the three beams to their leftmost
positions, so that the balance reads zero.
38. Chemical balance is a delicate instrument
which is used to weigh small amounts of
substances accurately up to the fourth place
of decimal.
It is necessary in volumetric analysis as the
substances used to prepare standard
solutions are weighed.
Chemical balance
39. Digital balance
The digital mass balances in the General
Chemistry labs are very sensitive instruments
used for weighing substances to the milligram
(0.001 g) level.
Use containers when weighing chemicals and
always weigh objects at room temperature.
41. Reading a Meniscus
In all volumetric glassware (pipet, buret,
volumetric flasks, graduated cylinder, etc.), it
is necessary to read the level of a liquid. A
liquid in a small-diameter container will form
a meniscus or curve at the surface of the
liquid.
Usually this meniscus curves downward to a
minimum at the center.
To read the level of the liquid properly
the eye should be at the same
level as the bottom of the meniscus.
42. Sometimes a white card or a white card with
a black mark on it will help a person to see
the meniscus clearly.
For volumetric flasks and transfer pipets, the
volume of the glassware is exact when the
bottom of the meniscus is even with the
etched line.
In a graduated cylinder or a buret, the
volume is read from the graduations etched
on the glass.
To read the volume correctly, visualize the
distance between the tenths of milliliter
marks as divided into ten equal amounts.
The volume is then found by reading the
number of tenths of milliliters and estimating
hundredths of milliliters
43. Care of Reagents
The reagents used by all of the students can
be contaminated by one careless student.
Never put anything back into the reagent
bottle. A certain amount of liquid can be
obtained in several ways.
1) Pour from the reagent bottle into a
beaker and draw up the liquid into a pipette
from the beaker.
2) Pour from the beaker into a graduated
cylinder to within 0.1 ml of the desired
amount, adding the last drop with an
eyedropper filled from a beaker.
44. Only use appropriately labeled spatulas for
each reagent bottle.
Pour the solid into a beaker, onto weighing
paper, or into a weigh boat.
Never pour excess back into the bottle.
Reagents are to remain on the plastic on the
center bench. This will
1)prevent spills and accidents from occurring
at your work area,
2)save time for everyone because all of the
chemicals will be relatively easy to find in a
central location, and
3)make clean-up easier if a spill does occur.
When you are finished using a chemical,
replace the lid! A mix-up of lids could also
contaminate an expensive chemical
45. Below is a simple outline that will help you to use
the balance more effectively, safely, and will assist
in reducing the speed at which the Stockroom
Manager’s hair is turning prematurely gray.
Select a suitable container (usually a weigh boat,
weigh paper, or glassware) to weigh the chemical
in.
Remove the balance cover.
Care and Use of Balances
46. Place the container on the balance pan
and replace the balance cover. Replacing
the balance cover will greatly reduce
fluctuations in the balance reading!
Allow the balance reading to stabilize.
Zero the balance by pressing the TARE
button or bar which is located at the
front of the balance. DO NOT hold
down the tare button/bar! This will cause
the balance to change units and you may
end up weighing your chemical in units
other then grams which will cause your
data to be in error!
47. Remove the balance cover and carefully transfer
the desired chemical to the container. If you use
a spatula, use only a clean, dry spatula for
obtaining dry chemicals. If you should spill a
chemical on the balance pan, use the brush that is
attached to the balance to clean the balance pan
IMMEDIATELY! Chemicals left on the balance
pan will corrode the pan.
Replace the balance cover and allow the balance
reading to stabilize.
In the event you weigh out too much chemical,
remove the excess to a secondary container.
NEVER return a chemical to its original
container!There will always be some left over.
Try to find someone else who needs it before
disposing of it.
48. Discard chemicals as directed in each
experiment (See the Safety and Disposal
section for each experiment).
Record the balance reading in your
notebook.
Remove the container from the balance
pan and replace the balance cover. 10.
Replace the appropriate lids on all reagent
bottles when finished.
49. Titration
The titration procedure is
accomplished by adding small
amounts of one reactant to a
beaker or flask containing the
other until the reaction is
completed.
In an acid-base reaction, the
reaction is complete when the
amount of acid equals the
amount of base.
The experimenter is aware of
this condition by the change in
pH that occurs. The change in
pH is indicated by a color change
of an indicator or by a pH meter.
50. In other types of reactions, the completion
of the reaction is usually also indicated by a
color change. Titrations are often
accomplished using a burette.
volume added is the final volume minus
initial volume.
A small amount (~ 5 - 10 ml) of the
solution is used to rinse a clean burette.
The rinse solution is discarded. The burette
is filled to just below the zero mark.
The liquid level is read and recorded as the
initial volume.
51. A burette has zero at the top
Small amounts of the solution are allowed to
flow out of the burette into the flask by
turning the stopcock.
Often localized color changes will be evident
for a short period of time.
Mixing the solution by swirling the flask will
usually cause the color to return to the
original color.
As the color lasts longer, the next addition
of solution needs to be smaller.
Close to the endpoint (reaction completion),
the additions are one drop at a time.
When the endpoint is reached, the liquid
level is read and recorded as the final
volume.
52. Using A Bunsen Burner
Lighting the Bunsen burner -
Make sure the rubber tubing is
connected to the Bunsen
burner and the gas jet.
Turn the gas valve until it is
parallel to the gas jet.
You should be able to hear
the gas flow. Use a flint striker
to cause a spark and ignite the
gas.
53. Adjusting the Bunsen burner - First, adjust the
height of the flame using the gas valve at the
bottom of the burner.
For a clean burning flame, more air is required
than is available from the gas exhaust.
The air vents can be adjusted to produce an
inner blue cone in the flame with no yellow tip.
Too little air produces a sooty, orange-yellow
tipped flame that is quite noisy.
Too much air supply may cause the flame to
separate from the burner and even blow itself
out.
The ideal working flame is bluish-green with a
light blue cone and it burns quietly.
54. Chemical substances available in the
science laboratory
Solid substances
◦ Salts
◦ Chemical substances
Liquid form substances
◦ Acids
◦ Base
◦ Alcohol
Metals
95. Lab safety
Why is this the most important rule? If you
don't follow it:
You endanger yourself and others in the lab.
You could easily ruin your experiment.
You put the lab at risk of an accident, which
could damage equipment as well as harm
people.
You could get suspended
96. Rules to follow
Dress for the Lab
Dress for the lab.This is a safety rule because
your clothing is one of your best forms of
protection against an accident. For any
science lab, wear covered shoes, long pants,
and keep your hair up so it can't fall into
your experiment or a flame.
Make sure you wear protective gear, as
needed. Basics include a lab coat and safety
goggles.You may also need gloves, hearing
protection, and other items, depending on
the nature of the experiment.
97. Know the Location
of Safety Equipment
In the event something goes wrong, it's
important to know the location of the safety
equipment and how to use it. It's a good idea
to periodically check equipment to make
sure it is in working order. For example, does
water actually come out of the safety
shower? Does the water in the eye wash
look clean?
Not sure where safety equipment is
located? Review lab safety signs and look for
them before starting an experiment.
98. Don't Eat or Drink
in the Laboratory
Don't eat or drink in the science
laboratory.
Don't store your food or beverages in the
same refrigerator that contains
experiments, chemicals, or cultures.
99. Don't Taste or Sniff Chemicals
Not only should you not bring in food or
drinks, but you shouldn't taste or smell
chemicals or biological cultures already in
the lab.
Tasting or smelling some chemicals can be
dangerous or even deadly.
100. Don't Play Mad Scientist in the
Laboratory
Another important safety rule is to act
responsibly in the lab — don't play Mad
Scientist, randomly mixing chemicals to
see what happens.The result could be an
explosion, fire, or release of toxic gases.
Similarly, the laboratory is not the place
for horseplay.You could break glassware,
annoy others, and potentially cause an
accident.
101. Dispose of Lab Waste Properly
One important laboratory safely rule is to
know what to do with your experiment
when it's over. Before you start an
experiment, you should know what to do
at the end. Don't leave your mess for the
next person to clean up.
102. Accidents happen, but you can do your best
to prevent them and have a plan to follow
when they occur. Most laboratories have a
plan to follow in the event of an accident.
One particularly important safety rule is to
tell a supervisor if and when an accident
occurs.
KnowWhat to Do With Lab
Accidents
103. Don't Experiment onYourself
The premise of many a science fiction
movie starts with a scientist conducting
an experiment on him or herself.
More than likely, whatever you
accomplish will be at great personal risk.
You need data on multiple
subjects to draw conclusions,
but using yourself as a subject and self
experimenting is dangerous, not to
mention bad science.
