Pulmonary system procedure

1. PRESENTED BY
SOMIYA MIDYA
3RD YEAR, B.SC NURSING
GOVT. COLLEGE OF NURSING
BSMC BANKURA

2. EPIDEMIOLOGY
India [2015] [3rd largest HIV epidemic in the
world]
2.1 million people living with AIDS.
0.3% Adult HIV prevalence.
86000 new HIV infections.
68000 AIDS related deaths.
48% adult on Antiretroviral Treatment.

3. Definition of HIV
H – Human
I - Immunodeficiency
V - virus
Human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection caused by
HIV which is retrovirus that causes,
immunosuppression.
 It is called retrovirus because it replicates backward
manner [going from RNA to DNA
 HIV cannot destroy by the body. An infected person

4. DEFINITATION OF AIDS
A – ACQUIRED
I – IMMUNE
D – DEFICIENCY
S – SYNDROME
 Aids is the fatal illness caused by the HIV which breaks down
the body’s immune system.
 A loss of CD4T lymphocytes such that cd4 count is in an
infected individual <200.
 HIV & AIDS are different. HIV is the virus that weakens the
immune system
 The collective presence of different opportunistic infection,
as a result of immune deficiency , is known as AIDS

5.  Agent factor : 1. Agent
2. Reservoir of infection
3. Source of infection
 Host factor : 1. Age
2. Sex
3. High risk groups

6. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
• Diameter - 1/10000th of a millimetre .
• The virus has the ability to destroy human T4 helper cells [ a subset
of the human T lymphocytes].
• It is able to spread throughout the body.
• It can pass through blood brain barrier.
• Mutates rapidly.
• easily killed by heat . Readily inactivated by ether, acetone ,
ethanol[20%] ,β propiolactone .
• Resistant to ionizing radiation and ultraviolet.

8. • Once a person is infected , the virus
remains in the body life long.
• HIV infection can take many years to
manifest itself.
• The risk of developing AIDS increase
with time.
• Symptomless carrier can infect other
people for years.

9. • Found in greatest concentration in blood
, semen, CSF.
• Lower concentration have been detected
in tears saliva, breast milk, urine,
cervical and vaginal secretion.

10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

16. • Tears
• Saliva
• Sweat
• Urine and faeces
• Respiratory droplet
• Enteric routes

18. • The most common mode of transmission .
• 0.2-0.5% can transmitted by genital mucosa & 0.1% for
non genital mucosa.
• easier to infect women that men during heterosexual
intercourse .
• genital lesion from other STI increase the likehood of
transmission.
• sexual activity involves contact with semen, vaginal

24. HOST
• High viral load
• Primary hiv infection
• Advance diseases
• Presence of blood , semen, or
genital
• Secretion during contact
RECIPIENT
• Female/Infants
• Poor health
• Presence of STI
• Semen or genital secretions
• Trauma during sexual
activity
AGENT
HIV

25. • Social mobility
• Gender
• Poverty
• Cultural
• Stigma & denial
• Drug use & alcohol consumption

26. 1. Primary HIV infection or acute retroviral
syndrome
• Immune system recognizes the ‘antigen’ & causes
flu like symptoms.
• This time viral load is high. Easily infect or transmit
other person in this time
• ARS is symptomatic in 53%-90% of people.
• Occurs 2-4 weeks after exposure & lasts 1-2 wks.

27. 2.WINDOW PERIOD
• Once body is infected it usually takes 2-12 weeks
or longer to develop HIV antibodies.
• During this period the person infected but tests
negative for HIV antibodies.

28. 3. ASYMPTOMATIC CHRONIC INFECTION
• Early immune depletion CD4>500.
• Level of virus is low
• HIV replication takes place within lymph nodes
• Generally lasts 5 years or more
• Generally persistant lymphadenopathy.

29. 4. SYMPTOMATIC HIV INFECTION
• Intermediate immune depletion CD4 between
200-500.
• Infections start & persists as cd4 count decreases.

30. 5.ADVANCED HIV INFECTION
• Advanced immune depletion CD4>200
• AIDS develop

31. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

32. CLINICAL STAGE 1
 ASYMPTOMATIC
 PERSISTANT GENERALIZED
LYMPHADENOPATHY

33. • WEIGHT LOSS

34. • RECURRENT RTI

41. • SEVERE WEIGHT LOSS
• CHRONIC DIARRHOEA
• PERSISTANT FEVER

42. • PERSISTANT ORAL CANDIDIASIS

48. • HIV WASTING SYNDROME

75. THANK YOU