I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget. Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com Chapter - 4, Gender Religion and Cast, Democratic Politics/Civics, Social Science, Class 10 INTRODUCTION GENDER AND POLITICS RELIGION, COMMUNALISM, AND POLITICS CASTE AND POLITICS SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY OF INDIA CASTE INEQUALITY TODAY Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics. By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)

1. CHAPTER - 4
GENDER, RELIGION
AND CASTE
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2. INTRODUCTION
• Political expression of social differences is
possible and sometime quite desirable in a
democratic system. Gender, religion and
caste are three kind of social differences
that can take form of the social differences
divisions and inequalities.
• In each case we look at the nature of this
division in India and how it gets expressed
in politics. We will also discuss that what is
the role of these divisions in a democracy.

3. GENDER AND POLITICS
Public / Private division
• Boys and girls are brought up to
believe that the main
responsibility of women is
housework and bringing up
children.
• This is reflected in a SEXUAL
DIVISION OF LABOUR in most
families: women do all work
inside the home such as cooking,
cleaning, washing clothes,
tailoring, looking after children,
etc., and men do all the work
outside the home.

4. Ours is still a male- dominated, PATRIARCHAL
society. Women race disadvantage,
discrimination and oppression in various ways:
1. The literacy rate among women is only 54
percent compared with 76 percent among
men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl
students go for higher studies.
2. On an average an Indian woman works one
hour more than an average man every day.
Yet much of her work is not paid and
therefore often not valued.

5. 3. The Equal Wages Act provides that
equal wages should be paid to equal
work. However in almost all areas of
work, from sports and cinema, to
factories and fields, women are paid
less than men, even when both do
exactly the same work.
4. In many parts of India parents prefer to
have sons and find ways to have the girl
child aborted before she is born.
5. There are reports of various kinds of
harassment, exploitation and violence
against women. Urban areas have
become particularly unsafe for women.

6. Women’s Political
Representation
• Many feminists and
women’s movements
conclude that unless
women control power,
their problems will not
get adequate
attention.
• One way to ensure this
is to have more
women as elected
representatives.

7. RELIGION, COMMUNALISM
AND POLITICS
• The division based on
religious differences is
not as universal as
gender.
• Many countries
including India have in
their population,
followers of different
religions.

8. Consider the following :
(i) Gandhi ji used to say
that religion can never
be separated from
politics. He meant like
Hinduism or Islam moral
values that inform all
religions. He believed
that politics must be
guided by ethics drawn
from religion.

9. (ii) Most of the victims of communal riots in our
country are people from religious minorities.
They have demanded that the government
take special steps to protect religious
minorities.
(iii) Women’s movement has argued that FAMILY
LAWS of all religions discriminate against
women. So they have demanded that
government should change these laws to
make them more equitable.

10. Communalism
The problem begins when
religion is seen as the basis
of the nation.
1. The problem becomes
more acute when religion
is expressed in politics in
exclusive and partisan
terms, when one religion
and its followers are
pitted against another.
This happens when
beliefs of one religion are
presented as superior to
those of other religions.

11. 2. When the demands of one religious group
are formed in opposition to another and
when state power is used to establish
domination of one religious group over the
rest.
• This manner of using religion in politics is
communal politics.
• Communal politics is based on the idea that
religion is the principal basis of social
community.

12. Secular State
1. There is no official religion for
the Indian state. Unlike the
status of Buddhism in Sri
Lanka, that of Islam in
Pakistan and that of
Christianity in England, our
Constitution does not give a
special status to any religion.
2. The Constitution provides to
all individuals and
communities freedom to
profess, practice and
propagate any religion, or not
to follow any.

13. CASTE
AND
POLITICS
Caste inequalities
Unlike gender and religion, caste
division is special to India. All
societies have some kind of social
inequality and some form of
division of labour.

14. Caste in politics
• Casteism is rooted in the
belief that caste is the
sole basis of social
community. According to
this way of thinking,
people belonging to the
same caste belong to a
natural social community
and have the same
interests which they do
not share with anyone
from another caste.

15. Politics in caste
• Politics too influences the caste system and caste
identities by bringing them into the political
arena.
• Thus, it is not politics that gets caste-ridden, it is
the caste that gets politicised.

16. Caste getting Politicised
1. Each caste group tries to become bigger by
incorporating within it neighbouring castes
or sub-castes which were earlier excluded
from it.
2. Various caste groups are required to enter
into a coalition with other castes or
communities and thus enter into a
dialogue and negotiation.
3. New kinds of caste groups have come up in
the political arena like ‘backward’ and
‘forward’ caste groups.

17. SOCIAL AND RELIGIONS
DIVERSITY OF INDIA
• The person who fills
the Census form
visits every
household and
records the religion
of each member of
that household
exactly the way
each person
describes it.
• If someone says she
has ‘no religion’ or
that he is an
‘atheist’, this is
exactly how it is
recorded.

18. In 2001, the Scheduled Castes were 16.2
percent and the Scheduled Tribes wen 8.2
percent of the country’s population.
Thus the SC, ST and the OBC together account
for about two-thirds of the country’s
population and about three-fourths of the
Hindu population.

19. CASTE INEQUALITY TODAY
Caste is an
important source
of economic
inequality
because it
regulates access
to resources of
various kinds.

20. • Evidence from the National Sample Survey
shows, caste continues to be very strongly
linked to economic status in many important
ways:
1. The average economic status (measured by
criteria like monthly consumption
expenditure) of caste groups still follows the
old hierarchy- the ‘upper’ castes are best off,
the Dal its and Adivasis are worst off, and the
backward classes are in between.

21. 2. Although every caste has some poor
members, the proportion living in extreme
poverty (below the official ‘poverty line’) is
much higher for the lowest castes and much
lower for the upper castes, with the backward
classes once again in between.
3. Although every caste has some members who
are rich, the upper castes are heavily over-
represented among the rich while the lower
castes are severely under-represented.

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