A presentation on Domestic violence and gender inequality

1. Cost And Benefits Of Land Use Planning
System Of Cities & Land Use Regulations
The Social Construction Of Childhood
Gender Inequality And Domestic Violence
URBAN ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY
GENDER
INEQUALITY
&
DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE

2. • violent or
aggressive behavior
within the home,
typically involving
the violent abuse of
a spouse or partner.
DEFNITION
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Merriam-webster Dictionary
The inflicting of
physical injury by one
family or household
member on another;
also: a repeated /
habitual pattern of
such behavior.
Government
• "Pattern of abusive
behavior in any relationship
that is used by one partner
to gain or
maintain power and control
over another intimate
partner".
•The definition adds that
domestic violence "can
happen to anyone
regardless of race, age,
sexual orientation, religion,
or gender", and can take
many forms, including
physical abuse, sexual
abuse, emotional,
economic, and
psychological abuse.

3. TYPES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Is the use of physical force against another
person in a way that ends up injuring the
person, or puts the person at risk of being
injured.
PHYSICAL ABUSE
EMOTIONAL ABUSE Can be verbal or nonverbal.
FINANCIAL ABUSE
May include withholding resources,
stealing from the victim, or using the
victims name to incur debt.
SEXUAL ABUSE
Is often linked to physical abuse; they may
occur together, or the sexual abuse may
occur after a bout of physical abuse
Is anything that comes in the way of
you doing something or feeling good
about yourself.
SPIRITUAL ABUSE

4. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
Domestic violence in India is prevalent in all castes, socioeconomic classes,
religious groups and regions except North Sentinel Island and the Jarawa reserve.
WOMEN
Southern Indian
States
Northern Indian
States
Tend to have relatively
less autonomy, limited
inheritance/property
rights, less individual
economic
opportunity, and
higher rates of
domestic abuse
Tend to benefit from
relatively less
prevalence of
disparity in these
areas; making gender
disparities in these
regional differences
unmistakably clear

5. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
KERALA UTTAR PRADESH
• Kerala, a state located in the southern tip
of India, is often viewed as the ideal
progressive leader in the women’s rights
movement in India among states.
• Kerala maintains very high relative levels
of female literacy and women’s health, as
well as greater female inheritance and
property rights.
• For example, a 1998 study conducted by
Bina Agarwal found that while only 13% of
all women in India with landowning
fathers inherited that land as daughters,
24% of such women were able to do so in
the state of Kerala.
• This is important because it has been
shown that measures to improve such
access to property and economic
independence through channels such as
education not only directly improve
women’s wellbeing and capabilities, but
also reduce their risk of exposure to
marital or any sort of domestic violence.
• The northern state of Uttar
Pradesh experiences relatively high
rates of domestic violence and
gender disparities.
• Average physical abuse prevalence in
Uttar Pradesh ranges from 18% -
45%, non-consensual sex rates range
from 18% - 40%, and physically
forced sex rates range from 4% - 7%.
• The highest of these rates tend to
occur in the district of Bandha within
Uttar Pradesh, and these rates could
likely be underestimates as they are
largely the result of surveys of self-
reporting by sampled men.
• According to a 1996 survey of 6,902
men in Uttar Pradesh, up to 45% of
men acknowledged that they at one
point or another had physically
abused their wife.

6. DISTRIBUTION OF PREVALENCE
2000
Multi-site
Household
Survey (India)
Approximately 50% of women
surveyed had experienced some
form of domestic violence
throughout their married life, the
rates varied significantly by
specific location as well as overall
region.
Domestic violence is known to
happen in upper-class
families as well as NRI families.
RURAL AREAS AND
URBAN SLUMS
URBAN NON-SLUM
AREAS
Rate was
approximately 55%
The rate was less
than 40%.
POLICIES Prosecution shortcomings
Domestic Violence Act of 2005
New sexual violence legislation

7. FACTORS
PATRIARCHAL
STRUCTURE
Dowry
HESITANCY
In all these dimensions, there is a clear relationship between
strong patriarchal familial structures (which tend to be
stronger in northern India than in southern India) and limited
capabilities and agency for women, which are strongly
correlated with causal factors for domestic violence such
as gender disparities in nutritional deprivation and a lack of
women’s role in reproductive decisions.
Three main aspects of
the patriarchal household
structure in India
Marriage
Active discrimination by
means of abuse (marital or
extramarital)
Affect women’s agency
Limited economic
opportunity through stifled
opportunity for
independence
Dowry law
in India
•Domestic violence often happens in India as a result of dowry demands.
• Dowry payments are another manifestation of the patriarchal structure in India.
•There are strong links between domestic violence and dowry, a cultural practice
deeply rooted in many Indian communities, which is the money, goods, or
property the woman/woman’s family brings to a marriage to now become under
the ownership of the husband.
•This practice continues even today in India although banned by law since 1961,
and in recent years dowry amounts have risen dramatically
To
report

8. GENDER INEQUALITY
DEFNITION
Gender
inequality refers to
unequal treatment
or perceptions of
individuals based
on their gender.
Arises
•Differences in socially
constructed Gender
roles.
•Biologically
Chromosomes, brain
structure, and hormonal
differences.
Gender inequality stems from
distinctions, whether empirically
grounded or socially constructed
Natural gender
differences
Here are natural
differences between the
sexes based on biological
and anatomic factors,
most notably differing
reproductive roles.
There is a natural difference also in the relative
physical strengths (on average) of the sexes.
Hierarchical asymmetries between women and
men in terms of distribution of power, material
wellbeing, and prestige

9. GENDER INEQUALITY
DIMENSIONS OF
INEQUALITY
Power
Material wellbeing
Prestige
Capacity to impose your will on
others, regardless of any resistance
Involves access to economic resources
required to pay for necessities of life and
other possessions and advantages
Average evaluation of occupational
activities and positions arranged in a
hierarchy*
Women’s
freedom and
equality
‘Gender is a Western concept. We don’t need it in India’.
India
•Original home of the mother goddess.
•Ancient history, - we have many instances of women scholars and women
rulers.
•Stories from mythology and folklore - prove that women in India have always
been honored and respected.
•India was one of the first countries in the world to give women the right to
vote.
•The Indian Constitution is one of the most progressive in the world, and
guarantees equal rights for men and women.
•
All this is cited as
evidence to support
the contention that
Indian women are
free and equal
members of society.

10. The Constitutional Guarantees:
Article 14: Equality before the law.
Article 15(1): No discrimination by the state on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of
birth.
Article 15(3): Special provisions to be made by the state in favour of women and children.
Article 16: Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or
appointment to any office under the state
Article 39(a): State policy to be directed to securing for men and women equally, the right to
an adequate means of livelihood.
Article 39(d): Equal pay for equal work both men and women.
Article 42: Provisions to be made by the state for securing just and humane conditions of work
and for maternity relief.
Article 51(A) (e): To promote harmony and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women.

11. GENDER INEQUALITY
Critical aspects of women’s
freedom and equality
How women and men are treated in the society
WOMEN
• Dependent
• More restriction
• Less expose to the
society
• No decision making
• Household works
MEN
• Independent
• Free to go
• More expose to the
society
• Free to take decision
• Employed
Freedom to lead a long life
Right to health
Right to education
Freedom to work without
exploitation
Freedom to participate in
decision making
Freedom from fear
Importance of women
• Sex ratio decline in India
• Correlation between development and sex ratio
• 78% labor force in agriculture is women
• Almost 100%of kitchen work and other households and
children care is exclusively taken care by women
Think of the world
without women

12. THE REASON….
A social system
Males are the primary
authority figures
Central to social organization,
occupying roles of political
leadership, moral authority,
and control of property, and
where fathers hold authority
over women and children.
It implies the institutions of
male rule and privilege, and
entails female subordination.
Property and title are
inherited by the male.
PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY Historically, patriarchy has manifested itself in
the social, legal, political, and economic
organization of a range of different cultures
India's Patriarchal Traditions
Dowry Tradition
• Much of the discrimination against
women arises from India's dowry
tradition, where the bride's family
gives the groom's family money
and/or gifts.
• Dowries were made illegal in India in
1961, however the law is almost
impossible to enforce, and the
practice persists for most marriages.
• If a bride unable to give the dowry
• the girl is ill treated
• She faces the domestic violence

13. WOMEN AS A LIABILITY
•The Indian constitution grants women equal rights to men, but strong patriarchal traditions
persist in many different societal parts, with women's lives shaped by customs that are centuries
old.
•Where the daughters are often regarded as a liability, and conditioned to believe that they are
inferior and subordinate to men, whereas sons might be idolized and celebrated.
COUPLE OF REASONS
Why men might be regarded an
asset for a family
Why women might be regarded more
of a liability for a family:•
•Considered capable of earning money
•Carry on the family line
•Able to provide for their aging parents
•Bring a wife (and with this a capable
domestic helper) into the family
•Play an important role in death rituals
in Hindu religion, which ensure, that
the soul is released from the body and
can go to heaven.
•Not considered capable of earning money
•Seen as economically and emotionally
dependent on men
•While they help with domestic duties during
childhood and adolescence, they go to live
with their husband's family after marriage,
which means less help in the household of
their originating family, and most importantly
loss of money due to the dowry tradition.

14. Discrimination against Women
India
spanning 3.29
million sq. km
Where cultural
backgrounds, religions
and traditions vary widely
Varies from one societal
stratum to another and
from state to state
The extend of
Discrimination
Against Women
Nairs of Kerala, certain
Maratha clans, and Bengali
families
Matriarchal Tendencies
The head of the family
being the oldest woman
rather than the oldest man.However, many Indian women face
discrimination throughout all stages of their
life, beginning at (or even before) birth,
continuing as an infant, child, adolescent and
adult.
The stages can be divided in following sections
Before Birth / As an Infant
As a Child
After Marriage
As a Widow

15. Thank u…….