Building Construction Final

NAME STUDENTID PROGRAMS
KeeZhi Xian 0327828 Bachelor ofInterior Architecture
Tan YewChin 0327623 Bachelor ofInterior Architecture
LimLyiCyia 0327519 Bachelor ofInterior Architecture
Ong Jia Min 0318003 Bachelor ofInterior Architecture
Yaw Xin Qi 0326980 Bachelor ofInterior Architecture
Ong KayMun 0326920 Bachelor ofInterior Architecture
NataciaMarcellaGinola 0331347 Bachelor ofInterior Architecture
GROUP MEMBERS
Bachelorof Arts (Honours)InteriorArchitecture - FirstYear SemesterOne
BuildingConstructionI - ProjectI “ExperiencingConstruction”
SectionTopic- Introductionongroupmembers
WrittenBy - TanYew Chin 0327623
1

1.0 INTRODUCTION
THE FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IS TO VISIT CONSTRUCTION GROUND AND EXPERIENCING,DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSING CONSTRUCTION PROCESS.OUR TASK WAS TO
VISIT ON GOING CONSTRUCTION GROUND THAT IS EITHER MEDIUM OR LOW RISE BUILDINGS.THIS IS A VERY GREAT OPPORTUNITY FOR US STUDENT TO EXPLORE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUILDING ELEMENTS AND ITS
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND DETAIL.WE HAVE BEEN REQUIRED TO RECORD AND STUDY FROM THE CONSTRUCTION GROUND THAT WE VISIT AND LEARN THE DIFFERENT BUILDING ELEMENT THAT BEEN APPLY IN
EACH CONSTRUCTION GROUND THAT WE VISITED, WE ARE ALSO REQUIRE TO STUDY AND UNDERSTAND THE BASIC TERMINOLOGY THAT WE ARE REQUIRE TO KNOW BEFORE THE SITE VISIT.
SectionTopic- Introduction
3

1.1 INTRODUCTION ( SITE DETAIL )
• 3 STORIES SHOP LOTS WITH BASEMENT PARKING LOTS
• COMMERCIAL BLOCKS3-5 BLOCKS
• OWNER MEGA MILESTONE SDN. BHD
• CONTRACTOR PERMAI IHSAN SDN. BHD
Bachelorof Arts (Honours)InteriorArchitecture- FirstYear SemesterOne
SectionTopic- Introduction(Sitedetails)
3

SectionTopic- SiteandSafety
WrittenBy - Yaw Xin Qi 0326980
2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
MOST ACCIDENTS CAN BE PREVENTED BY TAKING SIMPLE ACTIONS OR TAKE ON PROPER WORKING PROCEDURES.SITES FOR EASY REFERENCE BY THE WORKERS.IF WE WORK CAREFULLY, AND TAKE APPROPRIATE SAFETY
MEASURES, THERE WILL DEFINITELY BE LESS WORK INJURY CASES, AND OUR SITES WILL BECOME A SAFE AND SECURE PLACE TO WORK.
THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ORDINANCE,WHICH CAME INTO OPERATION ON 23 MAY 1997, COVERS MOST WORKPLACES IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE SAFETY AND HEALTH EMPLOYEES AT WORK.OTHER
LEGISLATION APPLICABLE TO CONSTRUCTION SITES INCLUDES THE FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS ORDINANCE AND IT’S SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION, PARTICULARLY THE CONSTRUCTION SITES (SAFETY)
REGULATIONS.
INTRODUCTION OF OSHA
THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994 IS A PIECE OF
MALAYSIAN LEGISLATION WHICH WAS GAZETTED ON 25 FEBRUARY 1994
BY THE MALAYSIAN PARLIAMENT. THE PRINCIPLE OF THE ACT IS "TO MAKE
FURTHER PROVISION FOR SECURING THAT SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE OF
PERSONS AT WORK, FOR PROTECTING OTHERS AGAINST RISKS TO SAFETY
OR HEALTH IN
CONNECTION WITH THE ACTIVITIES
OF PERSONS AT WORK, TO
ESTABLISH THE NATIONAL
COUNCIL FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH AND FOR MATTERS
CONNECTED THEREWITH."
LIST OF RREGULATIONS
-EMPLOYERS' SAFETY AND HEALTH GENERAL POLICY STATEMENTS EXCEPTION REGULATIONS 1995
-CONTROL OF INDUSTRY MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARDS REGULATIONS 1996
-SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE REGULATIONS 1996
-CLASSIFICATION, LABELLING AND SAFETY DATA SHEET OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS)REGULATIONS 2013
-SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER REGULATIONS 1997
-SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER ORDER 1997
-PROHIBITION OF USE OF SUBSTANCE ORDER 1999
-USE AND STANDARDS OF EXPOSURE OF CHEMICALS HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH REGULATIONS 2000
-NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENT, DANGEROUS OCCURRENCE, OCCUPATIONAL POISONING AND OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASE REGULATION 2004
4

WrittenBy - Yaw XinQi 0326980
PERSONAL SAFETY
- WEAR PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. ALWAYS WEAR SAFETY HELMET VAST AND SAFER FOOT WEAR AT
CONSTRUCTION SITE.
- DO NOT DRINK OR TAKE DRUGS WHILE WORKING.
- PAY ATTENTION TO PERSONAL HYGIENE.
- DO NOT PLAY IN THE WORKPLACE.
- REPORT TO YOUR SUPERVISOR IMMEDIATELY IF YOU NOTICE ANY UNSAFE CONDITION.
PUBLIC SAFETY
-PAY ATTENTION TO PUBLIC SAFETY. MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC ARE OFTEN UNAWARE OF OR DO NOT
WORK CARRIED OUT CONSTRUCTION SITES AND THE HAZARDS INVOLVED.
-TAKE GREAT CARE TO PREVENT THE FALL OF MATERIALS FROM HEIGHT.
-DO NOT ATTACK MATERIALS ON FLOOR EDGES OR AN SCAHOLDS.
2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
5

TYPICAL EXAMPLES ON BUILDING SITES (SIGNS AND SYMBOLS)
2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
PROHIBITION (RED)
HAZARD/WARNING (YELLOW)
MANDATORY (BLUE)
SAFE CONDITIONS (GREEN)
AUTHORISED
PERSONNEL
ONLY
CHILDREN
MUST NOT
PLAY ON THIS
SITE
SMOKING
PROHIBITED
ACCESS NOT
PERMITTED
DANGEROUS
SUBSTANCE
FLAMMABLE
LIQUID
DANGER OF
ELECTRIC SHOCK
COMPRESSED GAS
SAFETY
HELMETS MUST
BE WORN
PROTECTIVE
FOOTWEAR MUST
BE WORN
USE EAR
PROTECTORS
PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING MUST
BE WORN
EMERGENCY
ESCAPES
TREATMENT
AREA
6

SITE SECURITY SAFETY AT CONSTRUCTION SITE
CONSTRUCTION SITES ARE EASY TARGETS FOR THEFT; THE HIGH VALUE OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT CAN LEAD TO QUICK AND EASY
PROFIT FOR THE THIEF. DEPENDING ON AREA,EACH SITE WILL HAVE ITS OWN ISSUES OF CONCERN.
CONSTRUCTION SITES ARE SUBJECT TO A NUMBER OF THREATS,IN WHICH SECURITY SHOULD BE A MAIN CONCERN. THESE INCLUDE
THEFT, VANDALISM AND DELIBERATE DAMAGE AND TERRORISM,THE PERIMETER OF THE CONSTRUCTION SITE TO PLACES FREQUENTED
BY THE PUBLIC SHOULD BE GUARDED TO THE EXTENT IN WHICH UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO THE CONSTRUCTION SITE MUST BE
PROHIBITED.
SECURITY FENCING / HOARDING
FENCING CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE WAY OF RESTRICTING UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY TO A CONSTRUCTION SITE WHERE HAZARDS ARE
PRESENT, THE INSTALLATION OF A FENCE, EITHER PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY, WHICH SHOULD BE MAINTAINED UNTIL THE END
ON THE CONSTRUCTION. AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS NOT LIKELY TO ENTER A CONSTRUCTION SITE WHILE THERE IS A PHYSICAL
BARRIER SUCH AS A FENCE, RATHER THAN, FOR EXAMPLE,SIMPLY A WARMING SIGN.
SAFETY SIGN BOARD
SAFETY SIGN BOARD AT OUR SITE
SAFETY SIGN BOARD AT THE ENTRANCE BEFORE
GO INTO THE CONSTRUCTION WORKING AREA.
2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
7

2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY
PLANTS AND MACHINERIES ARE THE HELPFUL EQUIPMENT TO MAXIMIZE THE OUTCOME WITH MINIMUM WORK ENERGY FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.WITHOUT THESE PLANTS AND MACHINERIES INVENTED, OUR
CONSTRUCTION WORKS WILL BE VERY TOUGH AND TAKE LONG DURATION TO COMPLETE.THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF EQUIPMENT NOWADAYS HELP IN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AT DIFFERENT STAGES.
EXCAVATING & EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT
BACKHOE LOADER
- AN ENGINEERING VEHICLE, WHICH CONSISTS OF A SHOVE/BUCKET
ON THE FRONT AND A SMALL BACKHOE ON THE BACK.IT USES ARE
DIGGING SHALLOW EXCAVATIONS/TRENCHES,GENERAL GRADING,
LIFTING LOADS AND LOADING & CARRYING MATERIALS.
EXCAVATOR
-AN VEHICLE CONSISTS OF A BUCKET ON THE FRONT ONLY. IT USES ARE
EXCAVATING BELOW/ABOVE NATURAL SURFACE OF GROUND,DIGGING
BIGGER TRENCHES & PITS FOR BASEMENTS, GENERAL GRADING WORK,
LOADING ONTO HAUL UNITS AND LIFTING.
TRUCKS & HAULING EQUIPMENT
FORKLIFT LOADER
- FORKLIFT IS A POTENT INDUSTRIAL TRUCK THAT IS USED TO LIFT AND
TRANSPORT MATERIAL BY STEEL FORKS THAT ARE INSERTED UNDER THE LOAD.
FORKLIFT ARE NORMALLY USED TO MOVE LOADS AND EQUIPMENT THAT IS
STORED ON PALLETS.
TRUCK
-AN HAULING UNIT USED TO TRANSPORT EXCAVATED MATERIALS OVER
A DISTANCE AT FAIRLY LOW COATS.PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY DEPENDS
ON SIZE OF LOADS AND NUMBERS OF TRIPS THAT CAN BE MADE IN AN
HOUR.
SAFETY MEASURES OPERATING LOAD SHIFTING MACHINERY
-UNLESS YOU ARE A WORKER CONCERNED,DO NOT WORK IN AN AREA WHERE A LOADER,AN EXCAVATOR,ETC, IS IN OPERATION.
-DO NOT OPERATE ANY LOAD SHIFTING MACHINERY WITHOUT TRAINING AND APPROVAL.
-OPERATORS OF FORKLIFT,TRUCKS, BULLDOZERS,LOADERS,EXCAVATORS,TRUCKS OR LORRIES SHOULD POSSESS APPROPRIATE CERTIFICATES.
SectionTopic- PlantsandMachinery
8

LIFTING & VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK MOUNTED MOBILE CRANE
- A FULL REVOLVING SUPERSTRUCTURE MOUNTED ON A TRUCK WITH MULTI
SECTION-TELESCOPING BOOM.IT IS USED TO HOIST AND PLACE MATERIALS AND
MACHINERIES.THIS CRANE CAN TRAVEL ON PUBLIC ROADS BETWEEN PROJECTS
UNDER OWN POWER WITH MINIMUM OR NO DISMANTLING AND
REASSEMBLING.
LATTICE BOOM CRAWLER MOUNTED CRANE
- THIS CRANE HAVE FULL REVOLVING SUPERSTRUCTURE MOUNTED ON A PAIR
OF CRAWLER TRACKS. IT IS USED TO HOIST AND PLACE MATERIALS AND
MACHINERIES.
CONCRETE PLANT & EQUIPMENT
CONCRETE TRUCK
- IT IS A MOBILE CONCRETE MIXER TRUCK WHICH TRANSPORT THE
CONCRETE FORM FACTORY TO CONSTRUCTION SITE. THE MIXER TANK
KEEPS ROLLING DURING TRANSMISSION TO PREVENT CURING OF THE
MIXED CONCRETE.
CONCRETE MIXING PLANT
-IT IS A SMALL MOBILE CONCRETE MIXER WHICH USUALLY USE AT
CONSTRUCTION SITE.
SAFETY MEASURES ON OPERATING PLANTS AND MACHINERIES
-BEFORE YOU OPERATE A MACHINE,ENSURE THAT THE DANGEROUS PART OF THE MACHINE HAS BEEN INSTALLED WITH A GUARD.
-AVOID GOING TO ANY AREA WITH INSUFFICIENT LIGHTING AS THERE MAY BE SOME DANGEROUS PLACES WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN PROVIDED WITH FENCING.
-KEEP VIGILANT ALL THE TIME AND WATCH OUT FOR MOVING CRANES, HOOKS OR OTHER LIFTING EQUIPMENT.
-BEFORE YOU USE ANY ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION OR TOOL,CHECK THE CONDITION OF ITS ELECTRIC CABLES.
-AVOID DRAGGING ELECTRIC CABLES ON THE GROUND OR ALLOWING THE CABLES TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH WATER.
-USE ELECTRICAL TOOLS INSTALLED WITH AN EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER.
-USE AND HANDLE CHEMICALS WITH CARE.
SectionTopic- PlantsandMachinery
2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY
9

3.0 PRELIMINARIES WORK
SectionTopic– PreliminariesWork
WrittenBy – Ong Jia Min 0318003
PRELIMINARIES
PRELIMINARIES PROVIDE A DESCRIPTION OF A PROJECT THAT ALLOWS THE CONTRACTOR TO ASSESS COSTS WHICH,WHILST THEY DO NOT FORM A PART OF ANY OF THE PACKAGE OF WORKS REQUIRED BY THE
CONTRACT,ARE REQUIRED BY THE METHOD AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE WORKS.THE PURPOSE OF PRELIMINARIES IS TO DESCRIBE THE WORK AS A WHOLE,AND TO SPECIFY GENERAL CONDITIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS FOR THEIR EXECUTION, INCLUDING SUCH THINGS AS SUBCONTRACTING,APPROVALS,TESTING AND COMPLETION.PRELIMINARIES AND WORK SECTIONS TOGETHER DESCRIBE WHAT IS REQUIRED
TO COMPLETE THE WORKS REQUIRED BY THE CONTRACT.
PRELIMINARIES MAY CONTAIN:
-A GENERAL SUMMARY
-PRE-CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION.
-DETAILS OF ANY ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS TO BE PUT FORWARD BY TENDERERS.
-A DESCRIPTION OF ANY PLANNING CONDITIONS OR OTHER CONDITIONS THAT MAY AFFECT THE WORK TO BE CARRIED OUT BY THE CONTRACTOR.
-A DESCRIPTION OF ANY OUTSTANDING STATUTORY APPROVALS THAT MAY FALL TO THE CONTRACTOR TO SATISFY.
-PARTY WALL REQUIREMENTS OR OTHER AGREEMENTS WITH, OR RIGHTS OF,NEIGHBOURS (SUCH AS RIGHTS TO LIGHT).
-ANY EMERGENCY SERVICES OBLIGATIONS.
-A DESCRIPTION OF THE COMMISSIONING STRATEGY, SEPARATING SETTING TO WORK AND BALANCING TASKS FROM INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION BY THE CONSULTANT TEAM.
-RELEVANT REPORTS (SUCH AS SOIL REPORTS). 10

7 PRELIMINARY WORKS TO DO BEFORE STARTING CONSTRUCTION:
CLEANING: REMOVE JUNGLE FROM PLOT AREA.IF THERE IS ANY TREE IN THE BUILD-UP AREA, UN-ROOTED THEM COMPLETELY. AND REMOVE FROM THE PLOT AREA.
LEVELLING: THOROUGHLY LEVEL THE GROUND.IF THERE IS ANY HOLE IN THE GROUND FILL UP THAT PROPERLY.REMOVE EXCESS SOIL FROM THE PLOT OR FILL UP THE PLOT BY IMPORTED SOIL TO TAKE THE GROUND TO
DESIRED LEVEL, IF REQUIRED.
FENCING: NOW PLOT AREA IS CLEANED AND LEVELLED.IT IS TIME TO SECURE THE PLOT AREA.IT CAN BE DONE BY MAKING PERMANENT BOUNDARY WALL OR TEMPORARY FENCING AROUND PLOT. TEMPORARY FENCING
IS THE MORE COMMON WAY. BUILDER LOGO OR COMPANY LOGO CAN BE SETUP WITH FENCING FOR BRANDING.ALSO, SAFETY SIGNBOARD CAN BE ATTACHED WITH FENCE.
SITE OFFICE:SITE OFFICE CAN BE TEMPORARY OR FIXED DEPENDING ON SITUATION. IF THERE IS ANY DRIVER'S WAITING ROOM OR VISITOR'S WAITING ROOM OR GUEST WAITING ROOM TO BUILD LATER THEN BUILD
THAT FIRST TO USE AS SITE OFFICE.BUT THAT IS EXCEPTIONAL.THE COMMON PRACTICE IN THIS CASE IS TEMPORARY SITE OFFICE. YOU CAN MAKE IT WITH CI SHEET AND BAMBOO OR YOU CAN USE PORTA CABIN AS A
TEMPORARY SITE OFFICE. YOU SHOULD MAKE A TOILET WHICH IS SEPARATED FROM LABOUR'S TOILET AS YOU WILL HAVE MANY VIP CLIENTS AND VISITORS DURING CONSTRUCTION PERIOD.
STORE:THE MOST ESSENTIAL THING IN ANY CONSTRUCTION SITE IS STORE. TO KEEP SAFE VARIOUS BUILDING MATERIALS FROM UN-WANTED DAMAGE OR STOLEN, MAKE A STORE BEFORE STARTING CONSTRUCTION.
MAKE A SEPARATE STORE FOR CEMENT BECAUSE THAT ARE HUGE QUANTITIES AND THAT ARE QUICKLY AFFECTED BY WEATHERING IMPACT. SO THE CEMENT STORE SHOULD BE PROTECTED FROM WEATHER EFFECT,
SPECIALLY FROM WATER.
LABOUR SHED: IT IS COMMON PRACTICE FOR BANGLADESH AND INDIA THAT, WORKERS,WHO WORK IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT STAY AT SITE. FOR THEM A SHED SHOULD BE MADE AT SITE WITH ESSENTIAL
FACILITIES LIKE WATER AND POWER SUPPLY AND SANITATION. SOME CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES HAVE PERMANENT LABOUR ACCOMMODATION,SO THEY DON'T NEED TO MAKE SHED AT SITE.
UTILITY CONNECTION: AS CIVIL CONSTRUCTION NEEDS CONTINUOUS POWER AND WATER SUPPLY, SO ENSURE THEM FIRST. FOR WATER SUPPLY,YOU CAN CONNECT TO CITY'S WATER SUPPLY LINE, OR YOU CAN
INSTALL A DEEP TUBE WELL. FOR ELECTRICITY CONNECTION,CONNECT TO CITY'S POWER SUPPLY LINE
11

STORAGE OF MATERIALS AND TEMPORARY SHELTERS
STORAGE FOR WET MATERIAL STORAGE FOR DRY / HARD MATERIAL MEETING ROOM
STORAGE FOR WET MATERIAL PUBLIC TOILETSSECURITY
SAMPLE OF BEAM FROM OUR SITE
12

SIGNAGE
1 PROJECT TITLE
2 PROJECT REF NO
3 DEVELOPER
4 OWNER
5 ARCHITECT FOR BUILDING PLAN
6 PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER
7 CONSULTANT
8 BUILDER
9 EXPECTED DATE OF COMPLETION
IT SHOWS THE DIFFERENCES OF THE
OFFICIAL SIGNAGE (RIGHT)WITH THE
INFORMATION THAN THE NOT SO
OFFICIAL SIGNAGE (LEFT) WHICH
DOESN’T STATES A COMPLETE
INFORMATION ON THE BOARD.
13

SectionTopic– SiteLayout
3.1 SITE LAYOUT
OUR MAIN SITE LAYOUT
STARTING PERIOD:JANUARY 2014
CONSTRUCTION START: MARCH 2015
HANDING OVER: SEPTEMBER 2017
SITE AREA: SETIA ALAM
DESCRIPTION:3-STOREY BUILDINGS COMMUNITY, 3 MAIN BUILDING
14

SectionTopic– SettingOut
3.1 SETTING OUT
SETTING OUT CAN BE A VERY COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROCESS BUT WITH NEED EXPERIENCE ITS QUITE EASY. EXPERIENCED ENGINEER AND SURVEYORS ARE THOSE
INVOLVED IN SETTING OUT OF STRUCTURES, IN LARGE PROJECTS, SERVICES OF LAND SURVEYORS ARE REQUIRED FOR MORE ACCURATE TRANSFER OF LEVELS AND
ANGLES IN SETTING OUT WITH THE AID OF A THEODOLITE TO DECIDED POINT AROUND THE BUILDING AREA, BUT WE ARE GOING TO CONCERN OURSELVES WITH
THE MOST COMMON SETTING OUT METHOD:
- SETTING OUT USING PEGGING
- SETTING OUT USING BLOCKS
AIM OF SETTING OUT
A BUILDING IS SET OUT IN ORDER TO ACCURATELY DEFINE THE OUTLINE AND WIDTH OF THE EXCAVATION AND TO DETERMINE THE
CENTRE LINE OF THE PROPOSED BUILDING WALLS, SO THAT CONSTRUCTION ACCORDING TO THE BUILDING PROFESSIONALS DRAWING
(THE ARCHITECTURAL PLAN)PLAN CAN BE TRANSFER INTO THE GROUND,THIS BUILDING PROCESS IS CALLED SETTING OUT OF BUILDING.
THE CENTRE LINE METHOD OF SETTING OUT IS GENERALLY PREFERRED AND ADOPTED.
15

SectionTopic– SettingOut
3.1 SETTING OUT
16

SectionTopic– SiteBoundary
3.1 SITE BOUNDARY
THE LAW SAYS YOU MUST CONDUCT YOUR BUSINESS WITHOUT PUTTING MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC AT RISK. THIS INCLUDES THE PUBLIC AND OTHER WORKERS WHO MAY BE AFFECTED BY YOUR WORK.THE PROJECT
CLIENT SHOULD PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT:BOUNDARIES,ADJACENT LAND USAGE ACCESS AND MEASURES TO EXCLUDE UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS. THIS WILL INFLUENCE THE MEASURES CONTRACTORS TAKE.
ALL CONSTRUCTION SITES ARE REQUIRE MEASURES TO MANAGE ACCESS ACROSS DEFINED BOUNDARIES AND STEPS TO EXCLUDE UNAUTHORISED PEOPLE.WHILE THE NUMBERS OF CHILDREN BEING KILLED OR INJURED ON
CONSTRUCTION SITES HAS REDUCED,THERE IS NO ROOM FOR COMPLACENCY.EACH YEAR, TWO OR THREE CHILDREN DIE AFTER GAINING ACCESS TO BUILDING SITES, AND MANY MORE ARE INJURED. OTHER MEMBERS OF
THE PUBLIC ARE SERIOUSLY INJURED BY MATERIALS OR TOOLS FALLING OUTSIDE THE SITE BOUNDARY.FALLING INTO TRENCHES OR BEING STRUCK BY MOVING PLANT AND VEHICLES.
THE CLIENT’S PRE-CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION
SHOULD INCLUDE:
- PROJECT BOUNDARIES;
- ADJACENT LAND USE ACCESS
- MEASURES TO EXCLUDE UNAUTHORISED PEOPLE.
- MANAGING SITE ACCESS
- SITE BOUNDARIES:YOU NEED TO DEFINE BOUNDARIES
PHYSICALLY,WHERE NECESSARY, BY SUITABLE FENCING. THE
TYPE OF FENCING SHOULD REFLECT THE NATURE OF THE
SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.
HOARDING
HOARDING IS A TEMPORARY STRUCTURE OF SOLID CONSTRUCTION,ERECTED
AROUND THE PERIMETER OF CONSTRUCTION SITES TO SHIELD THEM FROM VIEW
AND PREVENT UNAUTHORISED ACCESS.IT IS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT IN
ENSURING HEALTH AND SAFETY, FOR SITE WORKERS,VISITORS AND THE GENERAL
PUBLIC AND CAN ALSO BE PART OF A SITE SECURITY SYSTEM TO PREVENT THEFT
OR VANDALISM.
HOARDING THAT FOUND ON OUR SITES
17

SectionTopic– Earth Work
3.1 EARTH WORK
EXCAVATION
EXCAVATION IS THE PROCESS OF MOVING EARTH, ROCK OR OTHER MATERIALS WITH TOOLS, EQUIPMENT OR EXPLOSIVES. IT
INCLUDES EARTHWORK, TRENCHING, WALL SHAFTS, TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND. EXCAVATION HAS A NUMBER OF
IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS INCLUDING EXPLORATION, ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION, MINING AND CONSTRUCTION. EXCAVATION
IS USED IN CONSTRUCTION TO CREATE BUILDING FOUNDATIONS, RESERVOIRS AND ROADS. SOME OF THE DIFFERENT PROCESSES
USED IN EXCAVATION INCLUDE TRENCHING, DIGGING, DREDGING AND SITE DEVELOPMENT. EACH OF THESE PROCESSES REQUIRES
UNIQUE TECHNIQUES, TOOLS AND MACHINERY TO GET THE JOB DONE RIGHT. THE PROCESSES USED WILL DEPEND UPON THE
STRUCTURE THAT WILL RESULT FROM THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS.
Heavy construction equipment is usually used
due to the amounts of material to be moved
— up to millions of cubic metres. Earthwork
construction was revolutionised by the
development of the (Fresno) scraper and other
earth-moving machines such as the loader,
production trucks, the grader, the bulldozer,
thebackhoe,andthedraglineexcavator.
18

3.1 EARTH WORK
EARTHWORKS ARE ENGINEERING WORKS CREATED THROUGH THE PROCESSING OF PARTS OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE INVOLVING QUANTITIES OF SOIL OR UNFORMED ROCK..
TYPES OF EXCAVATION
EXCAVATION MAY BE CLASSIFIED BY TYPE OF MATERIAL:
- TOPSOIL EXCAVATION
- EARTH EXCAVATION
- ROCK EXCAVATION
- MUCK EXCAVATION – THIS USUALLY CONTAINS EXCESS WATER AND UNSUITABLE SOIL
- UNCLASSIFIED EXCAVATION – THIS IS ANY COMBINATION OF MATERIAL TYPES
Excavation maybe classified by the purpose:
- Stripping
- Roadway excavation
- Drainage or structure excavation
- Bridge excavation
- Channel excavation
- Footing excavation
- Borrow excavation
- Dredge excavation
- Underground excavation
19

3.1 EARTH WORK
SLOPING
THE NATURAL SURFACE OF GROUND IS RARELY LEVEL TO THE
EXTENT THAT THERE MAY BE AN APPRECIABLE SLOPE EITHER ACROSS
OR ALONG OR BOTH ACROSS AND ALONG THE SITE OF MOST
BUILDINGS. ON SLOPING SITES AN INITIAL DECISION TO BE MADE IS
WHETHER THE GROUND FLOOR IS TO BE ABOVE GROUND AT THE
HIGHEST POINT OR PARTLY SUNK BELOW GROUND.WHERE THE
GROUND FLOOR IS TO BE AT OR JUST ABOVE GROUND LEVEL AT THE
HIGHEST POINT, IT IS NECESSARY TO IMPORT SOME DRY FILL
MATERIAL SUCH AS BROKEN BRICK OR CONCRETE HARD CORE TO
RAISE THE LEVEL OF THE OVERSITE CONCRETE AND FLOOR.THIS FILL
WILL BE PLACED,SPREAD AND CONSOLIDATED UP TO THE EXTERNAL
WALL ONCE IT HAS BEEN BUILT.
Fill
Cut and FillFILL CUT AND FILL
20

3.1 EARTH WORK
PROGRESSION ON SLOPING
THE CONSOLIDATED FILL WILL IMPOSE SOME HORIZONTAL PRESSURE ON THE WALL. TO MAKE SURE THAT THE STABILITY OF THE WALL IS ADEQUATE TO
WITHSTAND THIS LATERAL PRESSURE IT IS RECOMMENDED PRACTICE THAT THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL SHOULD BE AT LEAST A QUARTER OF THE HEIGHT OF
THE FILL BEARING ON IT AS ILLUSTRATED IN FIG. 16. THE THICKNESS OF A CAVITY WALL IS TAKEN AS THE COMBINED THICKNESS OF THE TWO LEAVES UNLESS
THE CAVITY IS FILED WITH CONCRETE WHEN THE OVERALL THICKNESS IS TAKEN.
TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF FILL NECESSARY UNDER SOLID FLOORS ON SLOPING SITES A SYSTEM OF CUT AND FILL MAY BE USED AS ILLUSTRATED IN FIG. 15.
THE DISADVANTAGE OF THIS ARRANGEMENT IS THAT THE GROUND FLOOR IS BELOW GROUND LEVEL AT THE HIGHEST POINT AND IT IS NECESSARY TO FORM AN
EXCAVATED DRY AREA TO COLLECT AND DRAIN SURFACE WATER THAT WOULD OTHERWISE RUN UP TO THE WALL AND CAUSE PROBLEMS OF DAMPNESS.
TO ECONOMISE IN EXCAVATION AND FOUNDATION WALLING ON SLOPING SITES WHERE THE SUBSOIL,SUCH AS GRAVEL AND SAND, IS COMPACT IT IS PRACTICE
TO USE A STEPPED FOUNDATION AS ILLUSTRATED IN FIG. 17, WHICH CONTRASTS DIAGRAMMATICALLY THE REDUCTION IN EXCAVATION AND FOUNDATION
WALLING OF A LEVEL AND A STEPPED FOUNDATION.
FIGURE 18 IS AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE STEPPED FOUNDATION FOR A SMALL BUILDING ON A SLOPING SITE WHERE THE SUBSOIL IS REASONABLY COMPACT NEAR
THE SURFACE AND WILL NOT BE AFFECTED BY VOLUME CHANGES.THE FOUNDATION IS STEPPED UP THE SLOPE TO MINIMISE EXCAVATION AND WALLING BELOW
GROUND.THE FOUNDATION IS STEPPED SO THAT EACH STEP IS NO HIGHER THAN THE THICKNESS OF THE CONCRETE FOUNDATION AND THE FOUNDATION AT
THE HIGHER LEVEL OVERLAPS THE LOWER FOUNDATION BY AT LEAST 300 MM
21

3.1 EARTH WORK
PROGRESSION ON SLOPING
THE LOAD BEARING WALLS ARE RAISED AND THE FOUNDATION TRENCHES AROUND THE WALLS BACKFILLED WITH
SELECTED SOIL FROM THE EXCAVATION.THE CONCRETE OVERSITE AND SOLID GROUND FLOOR MAY BE CAST ON
GRANULAR FILL NO MORE THAN 600 MM DEEP OR CAST OR PLACED AS A SUSPENDED REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB.THE
DRAINS SHOWN AT THE BACK OF THE TRENCH FILL ARE LAID TO COLLECT AND DRAIN WATER TO THE SIDES OF THE
BUILDING.
SLOPES THAT FOUND IN ONE OF OUR SITE
22

SectionTopic– Foundation
WrittenBy – Lim Lyi Cyia0327519
4.0 FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION
THE LOWEST DIVISION OF A BUILDING OR OTHER CONSTRUCTION,PARTLY OR WHOLLY
BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND,IT IS DESIGNED TO SUPPORT AND SECURE THE
SUPERSTRUCTURE AND TRANSMIT ITS WEIGHTS DIRECTLY TO THE EARTH.
FACTORS CONSIDERED WHEN CHOOSING FOUNDATION TYPES:
- LOAD OF BUILDING
- GROUND CONDITION
- TYPE OF SOIL
- TYPES OF STRUCTURE IN NEIGHBORHOOD
UNIFORM
SETTLEMENT
TIPPING
SETTLEMENT
DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENT
23

SectionTopic– Foundationtype&constructionprocess
4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE & CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
TYPES OF FOUNDATION:
-SHALLOW FOUNDATION ( RAFT, STRIP & PAD):
TRANSFER THE LOAD TO THE EARTH AT THE BASE OF COLUMN OR WALL OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE.
RAFT FOUNDATION:
THESE ARE USED TO SPREAD THE LOAD OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OVERALL LARGE BASE TO REDUCE THE LOAD PER UNIT
ARE A BEING IMPOSED ON THE GROUND AND THIS IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL WHERE LOW BEARING CAPACITY SOILS ARE
ENCOUNTERED AND WHERE SINGLE COLUMN LOADS ARE HEAVY.
PAD FOUNDATION:
SUITABLE FOR MOST SUBSOIL EXCEPT LOOSE SANDS, LOOSE GRAVELS AND FILLED AREAS. PAD FOUNDATIONS ARE
USUALLY CONSTRUCTED OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND USUALLY SQUARE IN PLAN.
STRIP FOUNDATION:
A CONTINUOUS STRIP OF CONCRETE PROVIDES A CONTINUOUS GROUND BEARING UNDER THE LOAD BEARING WALLS.
PLACED CENTRALLY UNDER THE WALLS & COMPOSED WITH PLAIN CONCRETE TO A MIX OF 1:3:6 BY VOLUME.
THICKNESS NOT < 150MM. BUILDINGS UP TO 4 STOREY HIGH.
24

TYPES OF FOOTING:
A) WHICH THE LOADED AREA (B X B)OF THE COLUMN HAS BEEN SPREAD TO THE SIZE B X B THROUGH A SINGLE
SPREAD.THE BASE IS GENERALLY MADE OF CONCRETE.
B)FOR A HEAVILY LOADED COLUMN,WHICH REQUIRES GREATER SPREAD.THE BASE OF THE COLUMN IS MADE OF
CONCRETE.
C) CONCRETE BASE DOES NOT HAVE UNIFORM THICKNESS, BUT IS MADE SLOPED,WITH GREATER THICKNESS AT ITS
JUNCTION WITH THE COLUMN AND SMALLER THICKNESS AT THE ENDS.
25

PILED FOUNDATION:
THIS IS TYPE OF FOUNDATION USED AT
THE SITE. THE REASON WHY THIS
FOUNDATION CHOSEN IS BECAUSE THE
SITE IS LOCATED NEAR TO SEA WHERE THE
SOIL CONDITION IS LOOSE.SO,A SERIES
OF COLUMNS ARE INSERTED INTO THE
GROUND TO TRANSMIT THE LOAD(S)OF
THE STRUCTURE TO A STABLE LOAD
BEARING SUBSOIL.
-DEEP FOUNDATION ON SITE ( PILED):
PILES ARE USED TO PENETRATE THROUGH UPPER LAYERS OF INCOMPETENT SOIL
IN ORDER TO TRANSFER THE LOAD TO COMPETENT LOAD BEARING SOIL OR
ROCK DEEPER WITHIN THE EARTH.DEPTH > 3M BELOW FINISHED LEVEL.
LOWER DENSITY
MEDIUM DENSITY
HIGH DENSITY
PILE CAP
LOAD
STRUCTURE
P
I
L
E
P
I
L
E
P
I
L
E
P
I
L
E
COLUMN
LOAD
PILE
PILE CAP
ROCK
ENDBEARING
SOFTSOIL
PROVIDES
LITTLE OR NO
SUPPORT
GROUND
SURFACE
COLUMN
PILE CAP
PILES OR OTHERTYPE
OF DEEP
FOUNDATIONS 26

-END BEARING PILE:
• THE SHAFT PASSES THROUGH SOFT DEPOSITS.
• THE BASE RESTS ON BEDROCKS / PENETRATES DENSE
SAND / GRAVEL.
• PILE ACTS AS COLUMN.
-FRICTION PILE:
• EMBEDDED IN COHESIVE SOIL, OFTEN FIRM
CLAY.
• OBTAINS ITS SUPPORT MAINLY BY THE
ADHESION OR ‘SKIN FRICTION’OF THE SOIL ON
THE SURFACE OF THE SHAFT.
•THE LOAD IS TRANSFERRED TO THE ADJOINING
SOIL BY FRICTION BETWEEN THE PILE AND THE
SURROUNDING SOIL.
TYPES OF PILING MATERIAL: TYPES OF PILE:
-COMBINATION PILE:
• A PILE MAY PASS THROUGH A FAIRLY SOFT
SOIL THAT PROVIDES FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE
AND THEN INTO A FORM LAYER WHICH
DEVELOPS A LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY BY
BOTH END BEARING AND FRICTION OVER A
RATHER SHORT LENGTH OF EMBEDMENT
SOFTSOIL
DENSE SOIL
L
O
A
D
END BEARINGPILELOAD
FRICTIONPILELOAD
SAND
CLAY
LIMESTONE
FRICTIONFRICTION
L
O
A
D
CLAY
SAND
27

TYPES OF LOAD:
A) DEAD LOAD –CONCRETE STRUCTURE, WALLS, TIMBER STRUCTURE, ROOF COVERING & OTHER
PERMANENT COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
B) LIVE LOAD –NON-PERMANENT FIXTURES & FITTINGS (TABLES,CHAIRS,ETC)
C) WIND LOAD
CORRECT FOUNDATION LAYER WRONG FOUNDATION LAYER
28

PILING PROCESS:
CASTING
SHOE
(DETACHABLE)
SHOE
CASING PULLED
OUT SLOWLY
DETACHABLE
SHOE LEFT
BEHIND
(A) CASING + SHOE
DRIVEN
(B) REINFORCEMENT
INSERTED
(C) CASING WITHDRAWN
AS CONCRETING DONE
29

SectionTopic– SuperStructure
WrittenBy – Kee Zhi Xian0327828
SUPER
STRUCTURE
BEAM
COLUMN STAIRCASE
SLAB
5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
WALL
30

SectionTopic– SuperStructure
5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
A SUPERSTRUCTURE IS AN UPWARD EXTENSION OF AN EXISTING STRUCTURE ABOVE A BASELINE CALLED GROUND LEVEL IN GENERAL AND IT USUALLY SERVES THE PURPOSE OF THE STRUCTURE'S INTENDED USE.
IN BUILDINGS, THE PORTION OF THE STRUCTURE THAT IS ABOVE GROUND LEVEL THAT RECEIVES THE LIVE LOAD IS REFERRED TO AS SUPERSTRUCTURE. THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OF A BUILDING IS THE PART THAT IS ENTIRELY
ABOVE ITS FOUNDATION OR BASEMENT.
31

SectionTopic– Beam
5.1 BEAM
BEAMS ARE GENERALLY HORIZONTAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS WHICH TRANSFER LOADS HORIZONTALLY ALONG THEIR LENGTH TO THE SUPPORTS WHERE THE LOADS ARE
USUALLY RESOLVED INTO VERTICAL FORCES. BEAMS ARE USED FOR RESISTING VERTICAL LOADS, SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEAMS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE TYPE OF SUPPORT. THE FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEAMSARE : -
CONTINUOUSLY
SUPPORTED BEAM
CANTILEVER BEAM
FIXED BEAM
SIMPLY SUPPORTED
BEAM
32

5.1 BEAM
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
IF THE ENDS OF A BEAM ARE MADE TO REST FREELY ON SUPPORTS BEAM,IT IS CALLED A SIMPLY (FREELY)
SUPPORTED BEAM. A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM IS A TYPE OF BEAM THAT HAS PINNED SUPPORT AT ONE
END AND ROLLER SUPPORT AT THE OTHER END. DEPENDING ON THE LOAD APPLIED,
IT UNDERGOES SHEARING AND BENDING.IT IS THE ONE OF THE SIMPLEST STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS IN
EXISTENCE. THE ABOVE IMAGE ILLUSTRATES A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM.
CANTILEVER BEAM
A CANTILEVER IS A BEAM SUPPORTED ON ONLY ONE END.THE BEAM TRANSFERS THE LOAD TO THE
SUPPORT WHERE IT HAS MANAGE THE MOMENT OF FORCE AND SHEAR STRESS. MOMENT OF FORCE IS
THE TENDENCY OF A FORCE TO TWIST OR ROTATE AN OBJECT. SHEAR STRESS IS DEFINED AS A STRESS
WHICH IS APPLIED PARALLEL TO THE FACE OF A MATERIAL. IN OTHER WORDS,THE BEAM BEARS A SPECIFIC
WEIGHT ON ITS OPEN END AS A RESULT OF THE SUPPORT ON ITS ENCLOSED END,IN ADDITION TO NOT
BREAKING DOWN AS A RESULT OF THE SHEAR STRESS THE WEIGHT WOULD GENERATE ON THE BEAM'S
STRUCTURE. CANTILEVER CONSTRUCTION ALLOWS FOR OVERHANGING STRUCTURES WITHOUT EXTERNAL
BRACING / SUPPORT PILLARS. CANTILEVERS CAN ALSO BE CONSTRUCTED WITH TRUSSES OR
SLABS. CANTILEVER CONSTRUCTION IS FAMOUS IN MANY KINDS OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND IN
OTHER KINDS OF ENGINEERING, WHERE PROFESSIONALS USE TERMS LIKE END LOAD,INTERMEDIATE LOAD
AND END MOMENT TO FIND OUT HOW MUCH A CANTILEVER WILL HOLD.
33

5.1 BEAM
FIXED BEAM
IF A BEAM IS FIXED AT BOTH ENDS IT IS FREE CALLED FIXED BEAM. ITS ANOTHER NAME IS BUILT-IN BEAM OR
ENCASTRE BEAM.
IT IS ONE WITH ENDS RESTRAINED FROM ROTATION. IN REALITY A BEAMS ENDS ARE NEVER COMPLETELY FIXED,
AS THEY ARE OFTEN
MODELLED FOR SIMPLICITY. HOWEVER,THEY CAN EASILY BE RESTRAINED ENOUGH RELATIVE TO THE STIFFNESS
OF THE BEAM AND
COLUMN TO BE CONSIDERED FIXED. A FIXED BEAM WILL DEFLECT LIKE THIS UNDER A UNIFORM LOAD:
CONTINUOUSLY SUPPORTED BEAM
A CONTINUOUS BEAM IS A STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MULTIPLANE BEAM ON HINGED SUPPORT.
THE END SPANS MAY BE CANTILEVER, MAY BE FREELY SUPPORTED OR FIXED SUPPORTED.AT LEAST
ONE OF THE SUPPORTS OF A CONTINUOUS BEAM MUST BE ABLE TO DEVELOP A REACTION ALONG
THE BEAM AXIS.
THE MOMENT OF INERTIA REMAINS CONSTANT
WITHIN THE LIMITS OF EACH SPAN,BUT VARIES
FROM ONE SPAN TO ANOTHER.
SAMPLE OF BEAM FROM OUR SITE SAMPLE OF BEAM FROM
OUR SITE
34

SectionTopic– Column
5.2 COLUMN
COLUMN
A COLUMN CAN BE DEFINED AS A VERTICAL STRUCTURAL MEMBER DESIGNED TO TRANSMIT A COMPRESSIVE LOAD.A COLUMN
TRANSMITS THE LOAD FROM CEILING/ROOF SLAB AND BEAM,INCLUDING ITS OWN WEIGHT TO THE FOUNDATION.HENCE IT
SHOULD BE REALIZED THAT THE FAILURE OF A COLUMN RESULTS IN THE COLLAPSE OF THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE. THE DESIGN OF A
COLUMN SHOULD THEREFORE RECEIVE IMPORTANCE.IN THE MODERN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, COLUMNS ARE MOSTLY
CONSTRUCTED BY CONCRETE; APART FROM THAT MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD,STEEL, FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYMER, CELLULAR
PVC, AND ALUMINIUM TOO ARE BEEN USED. THE TYPE OF MATERIAL IS BEEN DECIDED ON THE SCALE, COAST AND APPLICATION
OF THE CONSTRUCTION.
35

SectionTopic– Column
5.2 COLUMN
CONSTRUCTION OF A RCC COLUMN
RCC (REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE)COLUMN IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER OF RCC FRAME STRUCTURED BUILDING. IT'S A VERTICAL MEMBER WHICH TRANSFERS LOADS FROM SLAB AND BEAM DIRECTLY TO
SUBSEQUENT SOIL. A WHOLE BUILDING STANDS ON COLUMNS. MOST OF THE BUILDING FAILURE HAPPENS DUE TO COLUMN FAILURE. AND MOST OF THE COLUMN FAILURE HAPPENS NOT FOR DESIGN FAULT BUT FOR
THE POOR CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE.SO,IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO KNOW THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF THE RCC COLUMN PROPERLY.
CONSTRUCTING RCC ( REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE) COLUMN INVOLVES FOLLOWING FOUR STAGES OF WORKS :-
1. COLUMN LAYOUT WORK 2. COLUMN REINFORCEMENT WORK 3. COLUMN FORMWORK 4. POURING CONCRETE INTO COLUMN.
36

SectionTopic- Slab
5.3 SLAB
A FLAT PIECE OF CONCRETE,PUT ON THE WALLS OR COLUMNS OF A STRUCTURE. IT SERVES AS A WALKING SURFACE BUT MAY ALSO SERVE AS A LOAD BEARING MEMBER,AS IN SLAB HOMES.
FUNCTIONS OF CONCRETE
- PROVIDE A FLAT SURFACE
- TO SUPPORT LOAD
- SOUND,HEAT AND FIRE INSULATOR
- ACT AS A DIVIDER (PRIVACY)FOR THE OCCUPANTS
- UPPER SLAB BECAME THE CEILING FOR THE STOREY BELOW
- SPACE BETWEEN SLAB AND CEILING CAN BE USED TO PLACE BUILDING FACILITIES
TYPE OF CONCRETE SLAB
IN GENERAL, SLABS ARE CLASSIFIED AS BEING ONE-WAY OR TWO-WAY.SLABS THAT PRIMARILY DEFLECT
IN ONE DIRECTION ARE REFERRED TO AS ONE-WAY SLABS. WHEN SLABS ARE SUPPORTED BY COLUMNS
ARRANGED GENERALLY IN ROWS SO THAT THE SLABS CAN DEFLECT IN TWO DIRECTIONS THEY ARE
USUALLY REFERRED TO AS TWO-WAY SLABS.
ONE WAY OR TWO WAY SLAB
ONE MORE DEFINITION REGARDING ONE-WAY AND TWO –WAY SLAB IS THAT IF ONE DIRECTION SPAN
TO OTHER DIRECTION SPAN RATIO (OR MORE PRECISELY IF LONGER DIMENSION TO SHORTER
DIMENSION RATIO)IS GREATER THAN 2 IT IS TERMED AS TWO WAY SLAB,OTHERWISE IF LESS THAN
TWO IT IS TERMED AS TWO-WAY SLAB.
ONE WAYS SLAB TWO WAYS SLAB
37

SectionTopic- Slab
PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING A SLAB : -
5.3 SLAB
REINFORCING BARS IN PLACE FORMS FULL OF CONCRETE FORMS REMOVED
SLAB SAMPLE THAT FOUND IN OUR SITE : -
38

SectionTopic- Wall
5.4 WALL
WALLS ARE USED AS BOUNDARY MARKERS TO DEFINE THE VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL SPACES WITHIN A HOUSE PLAN AND THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF WALLS IN A HOUSE; ONE TYPE IS THE INTERNAL WALLS WHICH DEFINE
THE INTERIOR SPACES WHILE THE EXTERNAL WALL SEPARATES THE INTERIOR SPACES FROM THE EXTERNAL SURROUNDING SPACE.
FUNCTIONS OF WALLS
- STRENGTH AND STABILITY
- EXCLUSION OF MOISTURE/ WEATHER PROTECTION
- THERMAL INSULATION
- DURABILITY
- ACOUSTIC INSULATION
-AESTHETICS
39

SectionTopic- Staircase
5.5 STAIRCASE
A STAIR IS A SYSTEM OF STEPS BY WHICH PEOPLE AND OBJECTS MAY PASS FROM ONE LEVEL OF A
BUILDING TO ANOTHER.” A STAIR IS TO BE DESIGNED TO SPAN A LARGE VERTICAL DISTANCE BY DIVIDING
IT INTO SMALLER VERTICAL DISTANCES,CALLED STEPS.
FUNCTIONS OF STAIRCASE
- STABILITY
- PROTECTION FROM FIRE
- SUITABLE DIMENSIONS (FOR NORMAL,ELDERLY, DISABLED PEOPLE & CHILDREN)
- APPEARANCE
COMPONENTS AND TERMINOLOGY
FLIGHT- A PROGRESSION OF VENTURES BETWEEN VARIOUS LEVELS OR STORIES OF A BUILDING
LANDING - A REGION OF FLOOR AT THE HIGHEST POINT OF OR BETWEEN FLIGHTS OF STAIRS FOR
ALTERING COURSE IN THE STAIRS AND GIVING A RESTING PLACE BETWEEN LONG FLIGHTS OF STAIRS.
TREAD - THE PART OF THE STEP THAT IS STEPPED ON.
RISER - THE VERTICAL PORTION OF THE STEP BETWEEN STEPS.
NOSING - AN EDGE PART OF THE TREAD THAT EXTENDS FROM THE RISER BENEATH.
WINDERS - WINDERS ARE STEPS THAT ARE SMALLER ON ONE SIDE THAN THE OTHER.THEY ARE UTILIZED
TO ALTER THE COURSE OF THE STAIRS WITHOUT ARRIVALS.A PROGRESSION OF WINDERS SHAPE A
ROUND OR WINDING STAIRWAY.
STRINGER OR STRING - THE BASIC PART THAT BACKINGS THE TREADS.THERE ARE ORDINARILY TWO
STRINGERS, ONE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE STAIRS; HOWEVER THE TREADS MIGHT BE UPHELD NUMEROUS
DIFFERENT WAYS. THE STRINGERS ARE SCORED SO THAT THE RISERS AND TREADS FIT INTO THEM.
HANDRAIL: A RAIL FIXED PARALLEL ABOVE THE PITCH LINE AT THE SIDES OF A STAIR.
BALUSTERS-VERTICAL MEMBERS WHICH SUPPORT A HANDRAIL.
NEWEL- A VERTICAL POST WHICH MAY OFFER HELP FOR EITHER THE HANDRAIL,OR SUPPORT FOR THE
UPPER END OF AN EXTERNAL STRING.
40

5.5 STAIRCASE
PROCESS OF MAKING STAIRS
FOAMWORK
POURING CEMENT
FOAM REMOVED
SAMPLE OF STAIRCASE FROM OUR SITE
41

5.5 STAIRCASE
CONCRETE STAIRS
BUILDING INTERIOR CONCRETE STAIRS IS A COMPLEX PROJECT,AS YOU HAVE TO BUILD A FORMWORK,INSTALL A STRUCTURE OF REINFORCING BARS,POUR CONCRETE AND FINISH THE STAIRS WITH A FLOAT. AS
COMPARED TO REGULAR WOODEN STAIRS, CONCRETE STAIRS ARE MORE DURABLE AND RIGID,THEREFORE IT IS A PERFECT CHOICE IF YOU WANT LESS PROBLEMS FOR MANY YEARS IN A ROW.
MATERIALS
- FINE SAND AND GRAVEL,CEMENT
- WOODEN BOARDS (2×4)
- 4×4 POSTS – TO SUPPORT THE FORMWORK
- NAILS AND SCREWS
- REINFORCING BARS
SAMPLE OF STAIRS CONSTRUCTION FROM OUR SITE
42

SectionTopic- Door
WrittenBy – Ong Kay Mun0326920
6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW
DOOR
A DOOR IS A MOVABLE STRUCTURE USED FOR OPENING AND CLOSING AN ENTRANCE OR FOR GIVING ACCESS TO
SOMETHING.
SLIDING DOOR
A SLIDING DOOR IS A TYPE OF DOOR WHICH OPENS
HORIZONTALLY BY SLIDING, USUALLY PARALLEL TO A WALL.
SLIDING DOORS CAN BE MOUNTED EITHER ON TOP OF A
TRACK BELOW OR BE SUSPENDED FROM A TRACK ABOVE
• Running track
• Single glazing
• Weather strip
• Glazing broad
• Multi-chambered sash
• Easy-to-fit runner
• Mainframe
• Thermal break
43

SectionTopic- Door
6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW
FLUSH DOOR
A FLUSH DOOR IS A COMPLETELY SMOOTH DOOR AND HAVING PLYWOOD OR MDF FIXED
OVER A LIGHT TIMBER FRAME.
1. OUTER COVERING
2. MAIN BOARD
3. BAR STRIP
4. WOOD PIN & FIX PLATE
5. WOOD PIN
6. INSULATION RUBBER SEAL
7. STEEL PLATE SLOT CANAL
8. QUALITY COLD-ROLLED STEEL
9. WOOD BLOCK FOR LOCK MOUNT
10. WOOD REINFORCED RIBBON
11. INFILLING
12. SOLID WOOD
PVC MEMBRANE
MDF BOARD
MDF WOODEN BAR
FIREWOOD SKELETON
MDF BOARD
44

SectionTopic- Window
6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW
WINDOW DEFINITION
• AN OPENING CONSTRUCTED IN A WALL, DOOR,OR ROOF THAT FUNCTIONS TO ADMIT SIDE HUNG
WINDOW LIGHT OR AIR TO AN ENCLOSURE AND IS OFTEN FRAMED AND SPANNED WITH GLASS
MOUNTED TO PERMIT OPENING AND CLOSING.
• A FRAMEWORK ENCLOSING A PANE OF GLASS FOR SUCH AN OPENING.
• A PANE OF GLASS OR SIMILAR MATERIAL ENCLOSED IN SUCH A FRAMEWORK.
GREENHOUSE WINDOW
• AN OPENING OR TRANSPARENT PART THAT RESEMBLES A WINDOW IN FUNCTION OR APPEARANCE.
TYPES OF WINDOWS : -
• AWNING WINDOW
A WINDOW CONSISTING OF SEVERAL TOP-HINGED SECTIONS
ARRANGED IN A VERTICAL SERIES.
• SIDE HUNG WINDOW
A FRAMEWORK OF WOOD OR METAL THAT CONTAINS A GLASS
WINDOWPANE AND IS BUILT INTO A WALL OR ROOF TO ADMIT
LIGHT OR AIR.
• GREENHOUSE WINDOW
IS A 4 GLASS SIDED WINDOW THAT COMES OUT FROM THE
HOUSE TO INCREASE LIGHT AND PROVIDE VIEWS AND FRESH AIR
FROM MULTIPLE SIDES.
• FIXED WINDOW
A WINDOW THAT CANNOT BE OPENED,WHOSE FUNCTION IS
LIMITED TO ALLOWING LIGHT TO ENTER. THE FRAMES OF THE
FIXED WINDOWS ON THE SITE ARE FROM ALUMINUM.
• TILT TURN WINDOW
IS A EUROPEAN-STYLE WINDOW WITH TWO DISTINCT
FUNCTIONS: SWING IT IN LIKE A DOOR OR TILT THE TOP OF THE
SASH INTO YOUR ROOM FOR VENTILATION.
45

6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW
SIDE HUNG WINDOW
A CASEMENT IS A WINDOW THAT IS
ATTACHED TO ITS FRAME BY ONE OR MORE
HINGES. CASEMENT WINDOWS ARE
HINGED AT THE SIDE. THEY ARE USED
SINGLY OR IN PAIRS WITHIN A COMMON
FRAME, IN WHICH CASE THEY ARE HINGED
ON THE OUTSIDE. CASEMENT WINDOWS
ARE OFTEN HELD OPEN USING A CASEMENT
STAY.
TOP HUNG
FANLIGHT
MOLDING
HEAD
FRICTION
HINGE
JAMB
TOP
RAIL
SILL
MULLION
STAY
LOCKING
HANDLE
BOTTOM
RAIL
|————— HINGE LENGTH———|
STACK HEIGHT
-Top Hung
Swings from top with handle on the
bottom of the sash
-SIDE HUNG
SWINGS FROM ONE SIDE WITH HANDLE ON
OPPOSITE SIDE
Hung Type
46

6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW
FIXED WINDOW
A WINDOW THAT CANNOT BE OPENED,WHOSE FUNCTION IS LIMITED TO ALLOWING
LIGHT TO ENTER. THE FRAMES OF THE FIXED WINDOWS ON THE SITE ARE FROM
ALUMINUM.
SAMPLE FROM OUR SITE
OUTSIDE
CASING
RAIL
SILL
DRIP GAP
Jamb
LOWER SASH
INSIDE CASING
STOOL
APRON
HEIGHT
WIDTH
HEIGHT
WIDTH
47

6.0 DOOR AND WINDOW
DOOR
INSTALLATION
STEP 1
ASSEMBLE HANGERS AND RETAINING STOPS.
STEP 2
FIT HANGER APRON TO DOOR PANEL.
STEP 3
INSERT HANGERS AND RETAINING STOPS.
STEP 4
SECURE TRACK.
STEP 5
MORTISE DOORS AND FIT DOOR GUIDES.
STEP 6
FACE AND SOFFIT FIX OPTIONS.
STEP 7
ATTACH DOOR PANEL AND ADJUST UNTIL LEVEL.
STEP 8
POSITION AND SECURE RETAINING STOPS.
WINDOW
INSTALLATION
THIS INSTALLATION GUIDE
ASSUMES THAT A
FRAMEWORK OF STUDS
(OFTEN CALLED A BUCK
FRAME OR BLOCKING).
STEP 1
AFTER THE WINDOW OPENING HAS BEEN BLOCKED-UP, PLACE THE
WINDOW INTO OPENING MAKING SURE THAT THE HANDLE IS
TIGHTENED, AND THE WINDOW IS CLOSED.
STEP 2
ENSURE WINDOW IS ALIGNED AND PLUMB BY SHIMMING SILL
AND SIDE JAMBS AS NECESSARY. BE SURE TO CHECK BOTH
SIDE-TO-SIDE AND FRONT-TO-BACK FOR ALIGNMENT AND
PLUMB.
STEP 3
SECURE WINDOW USING FOUR (4) PAN HEAD OR ROUND
HEAD WOOD SCREWS (2ON EACH SIDE) THAT ARE SECURED
THROUGH THE SIDE WALL INSTALLATION CHANNELS (INSET
1).
STEP 4
APPLY SILICONE CAULK (OR OTHER TYPE OF APPROVED SEALANT)
TO THE OPENING BETWEEN THE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR
MAINFRAME AND WALL. 48

SectionTopic- Roof
WrittenBy – NataciaMarcellaGinola0331347
ROOF IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF A BUILDING.IT IS NEEDED TO KEEP OUT THE WEATHER AND TO CONTROL THE HEAT AND COOLING PROVIDED FOR HUMAN COMFORT INSIDE.
THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF ROOFS AND EACH SERVES A PURPOSE. THEY ARE DESIGNED TO KEEP THE INSIDE OF THE HOUSE WARM IN THE WINTER AND COOL IN THE SUMMER AS WELL AS KEEPING THE HOUSE FREE OF
MOISTURE, WHETHER RAIN, SNOW OR FOG.
FUNCTION
• PROTECT THE BUILDING BELOW FROM THE WEATHER.IN ORDER TO FULFILL THIS
FUNCTION OVER A PERIOD OF MANY YEARS, IT MUST BE STRONG, STABLE AND
DURABLE.
• PROVIDE RESISTANCE TO THE PASSAGE OF MOISTURE FROM EXTERNAL ELEMENTS.
• DO NOT CAUSE SURFACE CONDENSATION AND MOLD.
• PROVIDE REASONABLE LEVELS OF THERMAL INSULATION.
• PREVENT THE SPREAD OF FIRE FROM ADJACENT OR ADJOINING PROPERTIES.
7.0 ROOF
COMMON TYPE OF ROOF
Hip Roof
Gable Roof Gambrel Roof Mansard Roof
Flat Roof Shed Roof
49

THE FIRST SITE IS A GUEST HOUSE WHICH IS BEING BUILT CURRENTLY. THE ROOF OF THE BUILDING IS KNOWN AS TRADITIONAL ROOF BECAUSE IT IS BUILT USING THE TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND IS
A SLED ROOF / MONO-PITCHED ROOFS.
MONO-PITCHED ROOF FEATURES
MONO-PITCHED ROOFS ARE KNOWN TO BE THE SIMPLEST OF PITCH ROOFS. IT IS MADE OUT OF A SINGLE SURFACE OF THE SLOPING ROOF WHICH IS
GENERALLY NOT ATTACHED TO ANOTHER ROOF SURFACE. MONO MEANS SINGLE AND THE SLOPE IS REFERRED TO AS THE PITCH.
ADVANTAGES
• CAN BE EASILY CONSTRUCTED WITHOUT MUCH HASSLE WITHIN A VERY SHORT SPAN OF TIME.
• DOESN’T REQUIRE TOO MANY HANDS WHEN COMPARED WITH THE GABLE ROOFING.
• DOESN’T INVOLVED TOO MUCH EXPENSES.
MATERIALS
Claytiles Timber
SectionTopic– Rooftypeandconstructionprocess
7.1 ROOF TYPE & CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
SAMPLE OF ROOF FROM OUR SITE
50

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:ACUT ROOF
THE TRADITIONAL METHOD OF CUTTING THE TIMBER ON SITE AND BUILDING UP THE ROOF USING RAFTERS, JOISTS AND PURLINS, ETC. WITH THE EXACT DETAILS BEING DETERMINED BY THE SIZE OF ROOF, SIZE
OF TIMBERS ETC.
1. AFTER THE WALLS ARE BUILT, THE WALL PLATES ARE INSTALLED ON TOP OF EACH SIDE OF THE
WALL.
2. ONCE THE WALL PLATES ARE IN PLACE, THE CEILING JOISTS ARE PLACED SPANNING FROM ONE WALL
PLATE TO THE OTHER END BUILT INTO THE WALL.
3. RAFTERS ARE THEN NAILED TO THE WALL PLATE. THIS PROVIDES A FIXING FOR THE RAFTER FEET
AND SPREADS THE LOADS ALONG THE WALL.
4. CUT A BIRDSMOUTH JOINT INTO THE RAFTER TO ALLOW IT TO SIT SECURELY ON THE WALL PLATE.
51

ROOF COVERING PROCESS
1. INSTALL THE FASCIA BOARD TO PROTECT THE FEET OF THE
RAFTERS AS WELL AS SUPPORTS THE BOTTOM COURSE OF
TILES.
2. PLACED THE ROOF UNDERLAYMENT TO REDUCE THE FLOW OF AIR
THROUGH THE ROOM.
3. 4X4 BATTENS ARE THEN INSTALLED IN RIGHT ANGLE
TO THE RAFTERS. IT IS USED TO HOLD THE TILES IN
PLACE.
4. INSTALL THE TILES BY NAILING IT TO THE BATTENS.
5. ONCE THE ROOF IS COMPLETELY TILED, ENSURE TO INSTALL A ROW
OF TILES AROUND
THE EDGES, WHICH IS THE EDGING. THIS HELPS TO SECURE TILES IN
THEIR POSITION.
52

FLAT ROOF
FLAT ROOFS ARE FORMS OF ROOF CONSTRUCTION WITH ONLY A SHALLOW PITCH, POSSIBLY EVEN NONE AT ALL, AND A COVERING OF AN IMPERVIOUS
LAYER OF MATERIAL OVER THEIR ENTIRE AREA.
REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF FEATURE
THE ROOFS ON SITE ARE CONSTRUCTED USING REINFORCED CONCRETE.CONCRETE IS KNOWN TO BE INHERENTLY WEAK IN TENSION,
CRACKS AND VOIDS CAN ALSO FORM DUE TO THERMAL EXPANSION,CONTRACTION AND SHRINKAGE.AS A RESULT, WATER WILL SEEP
THROUGH THESE VOIDS.THEREFORE,WATERPROOFING IS REQUIRED TO KEEP THE ROOF WATER TIGHT SINCE THEY ARE EXPOSED TO THE
WEATHER.
CONCRETE ROOFS ALSO EXHIBIT EXCELLENT SOUND INSULATION PROPERTIES AND HAVE A HIGH THERMAL MASS, WHICH HAS A FAVORABLE
EFFECT ON THE INTERIOR CLIMATE.
SAMPLE OF ROOF FROM OUR SITE
53

ROOF CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
1. AFTER THE PLASTERBOARD CEILING IS INSTALLED AND THE CEILING
JOISTS ARE ATTACHED ON TOP, REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB IS
THEN PLACED.
2. A LAYER OF VAPOUR CONTROL BARRIER ARE ADDED IN ORDER TO
PREVENT THE INFILTRATION OF MOISTURE.
3. A THICK LAYER OF INSULATING MATERIAL IS PLACED AFTER FOR
THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION.
4. THE NEXT STEP IS WATERPROOFING, IT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
LAYER IN A FLAT ROOF. THE TASK OF THIS IS TO PROTECT THE
BUILDING AGAINST PRECIPITATION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS.
5. LASTLY, CEMENT SCREED IS USED AS THE ROOF FINISHES, IT IS LAID
DIRECTLY ON TOP OF THE WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE.
54

SectionTopic- Summary
8.0 SUMMARY
55

WEBSIDE
 https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/types-of-shallow-foundations/5308/
 http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/10/shallow-foundation-spread-footings.html
 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/soil/pile-foundation-suitability-classification-and-construction-features/45695/
 https://www.slideshare.net/Welltan/building-construction-36880123
 https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundation-types-and-uses/9237/
 http://www.oneprojectcloser.com/roof-designs-terms-types-and-pictures/
 https://myrooff.com/monopitch-roof/
 http://www.paversearch.com/roof-tile-advantages.htm
 http://www.ultimatehandyman.co.uk/how-to/diy-building/build-a-pitch-roof
 http://www.diydata.com/general_building/roof_construction/roof_construction.php
 http://www.uacg.bg/filebank/att_1321.pdf
 http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/how-to-plans/how-to/a2145/4224738/
 http://www.acivilengineer.com/2013/07/construction-process-of-rcc-column_27.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slab
 https://www.milgard.com/learn/understanding-windows-doors/components-windows-and-doors/what-its-called
 http://www.carinyawindows.com.au/types-windows-doors
 http://www.pella.com/glossary/window-styles/
8.1 REFRENCES
SectionTopic- Refrences
56

57
WEBSIDE
 https://www.thebalance.com/types-of-windows-844567
 https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-doors-building-works/11898/
 http://www.build.com.au/types-doors
 http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/doors-and-windows/how-to-install-a-new-window
 https://www.thisoldhouse.com/how-to/how-to-install-window
 https://www.familyhandyman.com/doors/installation/how-to-install-an-entry-door/view-all
 https://www.doorsplus.com.au/doorsplus-difference/expert-door-installation/
 http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/?option=com_content&view=article&id=584&Itemid=608
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_1994
BOOKS
 FLAT ROOF CONSTRUCTION MANUAL BY SEDLBAUER,SCHUNCK,BARTHEL, KUNZEL
 THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES BY DUNCAN MARSHALL,DEREK WORTHING, NIGEL DANN AND ROGER HEATH
SectionTopic- Refrences
8.1 REFRENCES

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