This document discusses vitamin B12, including its structure, function, sources, deficiency, and symptoms. Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism that is required by animals. It plays a key role in forming red blood cells and DNA, as well as brain and nerve cell function. Deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to anemia and symptoms like fatigue, shortness of breath, and neurological problems.

1. VITAMIN B 12
GROUP MEMBERS
IHTESHAM UL HAQ
AHMADJAN
YASSEN KHAN

2. VITAMIN B 12
• VITAMIN B₁₂, ALSO KNOWN AS COBALAMIN, IS A WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMIN
INVOLVED IN METABOLISM. IT IS ONE OF EIGHT B VITAMINS. IT IS REQUIRED BY
ANIMALS, WHICH USE IT AS A COFACTOR IN DNA SYNTHESIS, IN BOTH FATTY
ACID AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM.

3. • FORMULA: C₆₃H₈₈CON₁₄O₁₄P
• MOLAR MASS: 1,355.38 G/MOL
• CAS ID: 68-19-9
• METABOLISM: LIVER
• OTHER NAMES: VITAMIN B12, VITAMIN B-12, COBALAMIN
• AHFS/DRUGS.COM: MONOGRAPH

4. • CYANOCOBALAMIN (COMMONLY KNOWN AS VITAMIN B12) IS A
HIGHLY COMPLEX, ESSENTIAL VITAMIM ,OWING ITS NAME TO THE
FACT THAT IT CONTAINS THE MINERAL, COBALT.
• THIS VITAMIN IS PRODUCED NATURALLY BY BACTERIA 16, AND IS
NECESSARY FOR DNA SYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR ENERGY
PRODUCTION.
• VITAMIN B12 HAS MANY FORMS, INCLUDING THE CYANO-,
METHYL-, DEOXYADENOSYL- AND HYDROXY-COBALAMIN FORMS.

5. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B 12

6. FUNCTION OF VITAMIN B 12
• VITAMIN B12 IS NEEDED TO FORM RED BLOOD CELLS AND DNA.
• IT IS ALSO A KEY PLAYER IN THE FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BRAIN AND
NERVE CELLS.
• VITAMIN B12 BINDS TO THE PROTEIN IN THE FOODS WE EAT. IN THE STOMACH,
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND ENZYMES UNBIND VITAMIN B12 INTO ITS FREE FORM.
• KEY ROLE IN TREATING AND PREVENTING PSYCHOTIC CONDITIONS LIKE
ALZHEIMER’S, MEMORY LOSS AND DEMENTIA.

7. • IT ALSO EFFECTIVELY REDUCES THE RISK OF HIGH TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS IN THE
BLOOD WHICH CAUSES A MARKED REDUCTION OF HEART BLOCKS AND
STROKES.
• REGULAR INTAKE OF THE B12 VITAMIN HAS SHOWN TO REDUCE
HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS IN THE BLOOD; A PROTEIN THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
DAMAGING ARTERIAL WALLS, AN INCREASE OF WHICH CAN CAUSE HEART
AILMENTS AND ELEVATED RISK OF HARDENING OF ARTERIES I.E.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

8. DEFICIENCY
• VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY, ALSO KNOWN AS COBALAMIN
DEFICIENCY.
• VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IS A CONDITION IN WHICH YOUR
BODY DOES NOT HAVE ENOUGH HEALTHY RED BLOOD CELLS,
DUE TO A LACK (DEFICIENCY) OF VITAMIN B12.
• THIS VITAMIN IS NEEDED TO MAKE RED BLOOD CELLS, WHICH
CARRY OXYGEN TO ALL PARTS OF YOUR BODY. WITHOUT
ENOUGH RED BLOOD CELLS, YOUR TISSUES AND ORGANS DON’T
GET ENOUGH OXYGEN.
• ANEMIAS CAUSED BY A LACK OF VITAMIN B12 OR A LACK OF

9. • THE RED BLOOD CELLS DON’T DEVELOP NORMALLY
• . THEY ARE VERY LARGE. AND THEY ARE SHAPED LIKE AN
OVAL, NOT ROUND LIKE HEALTHY RED BLOOD CELLS.
• THIS CAUSES THE BONE MARROW TO MAKE FEWER RED
BLOOD CELLS. IN SOME CASES THE RED BLOOD CELLS DIE
SOONER THAN NORMAL.

10. SYMPTOMS
• VITAMIN DEFICIENCY ANEMIA USUALLY DEVELOPS SLOWLY OVER
SEVERAL MONTHS TO YEARS.
• SYMPTOMS MAY BE SUBTLE AT FIRST BUT USUALLY INCREASE AS
THE DEFICIENCY WORSENS. THESE MAY INCLUDE.
• FATIGUE
• SHORTNESS OF BREATH
• DIZZINESS
• PALE OR YELLOWISH SKIN

11. • IRREGULAR HEARTBEATS
• WEIGHT LOSS
• NUMBNESS OR TINGLING IN THE HANDS AND FEET
• MUSCLE WEAKNESS
• PERSONALITY CHANGES
• UNSTEADY MOVEMENTS
• MENTAL CONFUSION OR FORGETFULNESS

12. SOURCES OF VITAMIN B 12
• FISH
• LIVER
• RED MEAT
• EGGS
• POULTRY
• DAIRY PRODUCTS SUCH AS MILK, CHEESE, AND YOGURT
• FORTIFIED NUTRITIONAL YEAST
• FORTIFIED BREAKFAST CEREALS
• ENRICHED SOY OR RICE MILK

14. ANY QUESTIONS