Sandeep Mewada Pharmacology & Medicinal Chemistry

1. Kanamycin
• kanamycin, is an antibiotic used to treat
severe bacterial infections and
tuberculosis.
• It is not a first line treatment.
• It is used by mouth, injection into a vein,
or injection into a muscle.
• Kanamycin is recommended for short-
term use only, usually from 7 to 10 days.
• As with all antibiotics, it is ineffective in
viral infections.

3. Common side effects
include
•hearing and balance
problems.
• Kidney problems
may also occur.

4. Contraindication
• During pregnancy as it may harm the
baby.
• It is likely safe during breastfeeding.
• Kanamycin is in the aminoglycoside
family of medications.
• It works by blocking the production
of proteins that are required for
bacterial survival.

5. History
•Kanamycin was first
isolated in 1957 by Hamao
Umezawa from the
bacterium Streptomyces
kanamyceticus.

6. Medical uses
• Spectrum of activity
• Kanamycin is indicated for short term treatment of
bacterial infections caused by one or more of the following
pathogens:
• E. coli,
• Proteus species (both indole-positive and indole-
negative),
• Enterobacter aerogenes,
• Klebsiella pneumoniae,
• Serratia marcescens, and Acinetobacter species.
• In cases of serious infection when the causative organism
is unknown, Kanamycin injection in conjunction with a
penicillin- or cephalosporin-type drug may be given
initially before obtaining results of susceptibility testing.
• Kanamycin does not treat viral infections.

7. Pregnancy and breastfeeding
•Kanamycin enters breast
milk in small amounts.
•The manufacturer therefore
advises that people should
either stop breastfeeding or
kanamycin.

8. Children
•Kanamycin should be used
with caution in newborns
due to the risk of increased
drug concentration
resulting from immature
kidney function.

9. Side effects
• Serious side effects include
• ringing in the ears or loss of
hearing,
• toxicity to kidneys,
• and allergic reactions to the
drug.

10. Other side effects include:
• Gastrointestinal effects
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
• Musculoskeletal effects
• Myasthenia gravis
• Neurologic effects
• Headache
• Paresthesias
• Blurring of vision
• Neuromuscular blockade
• Metabolic effects
• Malabsorption syndrome

11. Mechanism
• Kanamycin interacts with the 30S subunit of
prokaryotic ribosomes.
• It gives rise to substantial amounts of
mistranslation and indirectly inhibits
translocation during protein synthesis.
• Kanamycin works by interfering with protein
synthesis. It binds to the 30S subunit of the
bacterial ribosome.
• This results in incorrect alignment with the
mRNA and eventually leads to a misread that
causes the wrong amino acid to be placed into
the peptide.
• This leads to nonfunctional peptide chains.

12. Composition
• Kanamycin is a mixture of three main
components:
• kanamycin A, B, and C.
• Kanamycin A is the major component in
kanamycin.
• The effects of these components do not
appear to be widely studied as individual
compounds when used against
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

13. Biosynthesis
• The main product produced by Streptomyces
kanamyceticus is kanamycin A, additional products
are also produced, including kanamycin B,
kanamycin C, kanamycin D and kanamycin X.
• The kanamycin biosynthetic pathway can be
divided into two parts.
• The first part is common to several aminoglycoside
antibiotics, such as butirosin and neomycin. In it a
unique aminocyclitol, 2-deoxystreptamine, is
biosynthesized from D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate
.
• Both kanamycin B and kanamycin D can be
converted to kanamycin A

14. Use in research
• Kanamycin is used in molecular
biology as a selective agent most
commonly to isolate bacteria
(e.g., E. coli) which have taken up
genes (e.g., of plasmids) coupled
to a gene coding for kanamycin
resistance

15. KanMX marker
• The selection marker kanMX is
a hybrid gene consisting of a
bacterial aminoglycoside
phosphotransferase,
• Mammalian cells,
• yeast, and other eukaryotes