3. Measuring Time
• Calendar
• Western Nations- begins
with Jesus birth
• Jewish begins 3, 760
years before Christian
calendar
• Muslims begins with
Muhammad leaving
Mecca (A.D. 622)
4. Timeline
• B. C. - Before Christ
• A. D. – Anno Domini (the year of our
Lord)
• B. C. E. - Before Common Era
• C. E. – Common Era
• What year came after 184 B. C. ?
Before?
• What year came after 201 AD?
Before?
5. Finding evidence
• Primary source
• Letters, diaries,
official records,
interviews, photos,
paintings, clothing,
tools
• Secondary Source
• Partially based on
primary source
• Biographies,
encyclopedias,
history books
9. • Archaeology is the study of:
• A. fossils
• B. past cultures
• C. ancient documents
• Why do archaeologists create a map of the site before they dig?
• A. to claim possession of the land
• B. To find out where they want to dig
• C. To locate buried treasure
• What is the best strategy for excavating an archaeological site?
• A. Shut your eyes, throw a coin, and start digging wherever the coin lands
• B. Pick an area based on a site map and divide it up into a grid pattern
• C. Dig from one end to another until you find something good
10. • Archaeologists look for different soil layers that they identify by color and
texture. If the layers haven’t been disturbed, what can they tell us?
• A. Artifacts found in the same layer are about the same age
• B. Artifacts found in a lower layer are younger
• C. They tell us where artifacts were made
• What kinds of tools do archaeologist use?
• A. round penetrating radar, aerial photography, and submarines
• B. Dental pick, shovel, and tape measure
• C. All of the above
• What are some of the most common objects found on an archaeological
site?
• A. old clothes
• B. broken pieces of pottery
• C. dried food
11. • Imagine you’re an archaeologist studying this object. What would you have
a hard time figuring out?
• A. how old it is
• B. What it was used for
• C. Why it broke
• What do archaeologists usually do with the objects they find?
• A. sell them over the Internet
• B. Bury them again where they were found
• C. study them in a lab in the country where they found them
• How do archaeologists spend most of their time?
• A. they search for lost treasure
• B. they study objects and analyze data in the lab
• C. They look for new sites
14. Components of Culture
Common Practices
• What people eat
• Clothing
• Sports
• Tools/technology
• Customs
• Work
Shared Understanding
• Language
• Symbols
• Religious beliefs
• Values
• Arts
• Political beliefs
Social Organization
• Family
• Class structure
• Relationships
• Government
• Economic system
• View of authority
Forming and Supporting opinions
In the U. S. culture which shared understanding do you
think is the most powerful? Why?
16. • Making Inferences.
• Judging from the divorce rate in Turkey, what
components of culture do you think are strong in that
country? Why?
17. Human Origins in Africa
Interaction with
Environment
•Fossil evidence
shows that the
earliest humans
originated in Africa
and spread across
the globe
22. Paleolithic or Old Stone Age (2.5 million- 8,000BC)
• Nomads- people who
moved from place to place
• Hunter-gatherers- depends
on food supply by hunting
or gathering food
• used stone to make tools
and weapons
• Mastery over fire
• development of language
36. Create a timeline
• 10000 BC Paleolithic Age
• 3000 BC Invention of writing
• 1302 BC- Birth of Ramses II
• 793 AD – Viking invasion of Britain
• 3200 BC Ancient Egypt
• 55 BC – Roman invasion of Britain
• 1789 AD – French Revolution
• 850 BC Assyrian Empire expands
• 1492 AD Columbus reached America
• 968 BC King Solomon temple construction
• 597 AD Christianity
• 1240 AD Mongols destroyed Kiev
• 202 BC Han Dynasty rules China
1. In what directions did Homo erectus migrate from
Kenya to east Africa to Indonesia
2. To what continents did Homo sapiens migrate from
Asia?
3. To what continents did Homo erectus groups migrate
after leaving Africa?
4. What is the approximate distance Homo erectus
traveled as they migrated from Ebeidiya, Israel to
Lantun, China?
5. What environmental factors may have influenced
migration routes?
6. On what countries are fossil sites of Homo erectus
located?
7. On what continents are there fossil sites of Homo
sapiens?
8. What do the dates of these sites reveal about the
chronology of early human migration?
9. What do the migration routes of Homo sapiens
reveal about their survival skills and ability to adapt?
10. What conclusion can you draw about early humans
from the information presented in the map?
Use the map on page 10
37. • In what directions did Homo erectus migrate from Kenya to east Africa to
Indonesia
• To what continents did Homo sapiens migrate from Asia?
• To what continents did Homo erectus groups migrate after leaving Africa?
• What is the approximate distance Homo erectus traveled as they migrated
from Ebeidiya, Israel to Lantun, China?
• What environmental factors may have influenced migration routes?
• On what countries are fossil sites of Homo erectus located?
• On what continents are there fossil sites of Homo sapiens?
• What do the dates of these sites reveal about the chronology of early human
migration?
• What do the migration routes of Homo sapiens reveal about their survival
skills and ability to adapt?
• What conclusion can you draw about early humans from the information
presented in the map?
Editor's Notes
The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was retrospectively established as the Islamic New Year of AD 622. During that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca  (now Medina) and established the first Muslim community (ummah), an event commemorated as the Hijra.
 AH (Latin: Anno Hegirae, "in the year of the Hijra")
 BH ("Before the Hijra").[2]
There is no year 0
Historians count backwards from AD 1
Dodecahedron- 12 flat pentagon share
- hundreds found all over Europe)
Speculated uses include candlestick holders (wax was found inside two examples);
- dice; survey instruments for estimating distances to (or sizes of) distant objects
- devices for determining the optimal sowing date for winter grain;
- gauges to calibrate water pipes or army standard bases.
- Use as a measuring instrument of any kind seems improbable since the dodacahedrons were not standardised and come in many sizes and arrangements of their openings.
- It has also been suggested that they may have been religious artifacts, or even fortune telling devices. This latter speculation is based on the fact that most of the examples have been found in Gallo-Roman sites.
- Â Several dodecahedra were found in coin hoards, providing evidence that their owners considered them valuable objects.
- Smaller dodecahedra with the same features (holes and knobs) and made from gold have been found in South-East Asia. They have been used for decorative purposes and the earliest items appear to be from the Roman epoch.
Antikythera mechanism
- used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes
- used modern computer x-ray tomography and high resolution surface scanning to peer inside fragments of the crust-encased mechanism and read the faintest inscriptions that once covered the outer casing of the machine
- 150-100 BC and had 37 gear wheels enabling it to follow the movements of the moon and the sun through the zodiac,Â
-
-
illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown writing system.
The vellum on which it is written has been carbon-dated to the early 15th century (1404–1438), and it may have been composed in Northern Italy during the Italian Renaissance.
The manuscript is named after Wilfrid Voynich, a Polish book dealer who purchased it in 1912.
studied by many professional and amateur cryptographers, including American and British codebreakers from both World War Iand World War II.
No one has yet succeeded in deciphering the text, and it has become a famous case in the history of cryptography.
overall impression given by the surviving leaves of the manuscript is that it was meant to serve as a pharmacopoeia or to address topics in medieval or early modern medicine.
However, the puzzling details of illustrations have fueled many theories about the book's origin, the contents of its text, and the purpose for which it was intended
Gobekli Tepe
Gobekli Tepe was a large city located at the top of a mountain ridge in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, and includes massive stone religious monuments and temples created by people who supposedly had not yet developed metal tools or even pottery.Â
the oldest dating back to 12,000 years! The structures predate pottery, metallurgy, the invention of writing, and the invention of the wheel. They were even built before animal husbandry or the neolithic revolution, which occurred at around 9,000 B.C.Â
Answer:
1. symbols, because of the tradition of displaying flags as a sign of patriotism
Answer:
1. The extremely low divorce rate shows that religious beliefs may play an important role in the lives of Turkish people
What do these footprints tell us? ..First, … that at least 3, 600,000 years ago, what I believe to be man’s direct ancestor walked fully upright…Second, that the form of the foot was exactly the same as ours…the footprint produced a kind of poignant time wrench. At one point, …she stops, pauses, turns to the left to glance at some possible threat or irregularity, and then continues to the north. This motion, so intensely human, transcends time.
Mary Leakey- east Africa (Ethiopia) 1974
- named after “Lucy in the sky with diamonds”
Developed opposable thumbs
Australopithecus – found in eastern Africa (1974)
Homo habilis- – Oldest…existed 2 million years ago – handy man. ” fossils found with tools
• Homo erectus means upright human – Existed 1.6 million years ago to about 200,000 years ago
– Taller and larger brain than Homo habilis – Smaller teeth than Homo habilis
– Lived in groups (suggest language use) and used fire
Homo neanderthalensis - Neanderthals – Emerged in Germany 300,000 years ago
– Lived till about 30,000 years ago – made stone tools and lived in organized social groups and had organized societies
– Brain was similar in size to modern humans
Homo sapiens- means wise human – Existed about 100,000 to 200,000 years ago
– Some believe they arose directly from Homo erectus while other believe they arose from Homo Neanderthals (who descended from Homo erectus) – By about 40,000 years ago,
H. sapiens were physically identical to modern humans
Found weights for digging sticks, hoe- like tools, flint-sickle blades, milling stones,
Discovered several pits probably used for storage of grains
Known as “forked mound”
Paintings of animal and hunting scences
Religious shrines – many dedicated to mother goddess
Lies along Mediterranean Sea
Best land farming Southwest Asia
Is a demigod of superhuman strength who builds the city walls of Uruk to defend his people and after the death of his friend Enikdu, travels to meet the sage Utnaphishtim, who survived the Great Flood
Theory: probably a king who reigned between 2800-2500 BC
The history of bartering dates all the way back to 6000 BC. Introduced by Mesopotamia tribes, bartering was adopted by Phoenicians. Phoenicians bartered goods to those located in various other cities across oceans. Babylonian's also developed an improved bartering system. Goods were exchanged for food, tea, weapons, and spices. At times, human skulls were used as well. Salt was another popular item exchanged. Salt was so valuable that Roman soldiers' salaries were paid with it. In the Middle Ages, Europeans traveled around the globe to barter crafts and furs in exchange for silks and perfumes. Colonial Americans exchanged musket balls, deer skins, and wheat. When money was invented, bartering did not end, it become more organized.
Due to lack of money, bartering became popular in the 1930s during the Great Depression. It was used to obtain food and various other services. It was done through groups or between people who acted similar to banks. If any items were sold, the owner would receive credit and the buyer's account would be debited.
A complication of bartering is determining how trustworthy the person you are trading with is. The other person does not have any proof or certification that they are legitimate, and there is no consumer protection or warranties involved
